地下水防污性能评价方法探讨

地下水防污性能评价是环境规划和决策的有用工具,国外已有许多研究,也提出了各种计算防污性能指数模型。文中着重介绍使用最广泛的DRASTIC模型,并指出其不足之处。根据中国情况,提出用DRTA模型评价潜水的防污性能,用DLCT模型评价承压含水层的防污性能。DRTA模型包含有地下水埋深、包气带评分介质、包气带评分介质的厚度和含水层厚度4 个因子;DLCT模型包含有承压含水层埋深、隔水层岩性、隔水层的连续性和隔水层厚度4个因子。     

某油田区地下水综合防污性能评价

以某油田区地下水为研究对象,对DRASTIC模型的指标进行了继承和改进,评价了研究区地下水的综合防污性能.首先建立了该区潜水综合防污性能评价指标体系,选取了潜水固有防污性能指数、油井分布密度、土地利用类型三个指标.在此基础上,又选取潜水综合防污性能指数、上部隔水层厚度、承压含水层岩性和承压含水层埋深四个指标构建了承压水综合防污性能评价指标体系.采用正方形剖分法划分评价单元,应用AreGlS空间分析模块提取评价指标的性状数据,采用专家打分——层次分析法确定指标权重,选取综合指数模型对地下水综合防污性能进行评价及分区.结果表明:该区大部分地区地下水的综合防污性能较好,主城区及油井分布区的综合防污能力较低.经改进的评价方法能反映出油田区地下水的综合防污性能.     

基于GIS叶尔羌河流域地下水防污性能评价

地下水防污性能反映地下水系统天然防护能力,可以为土地利用规划、地下水防治区划、地下水污染风险等提供科学依据。结合叶尔羌河流域的水文地质条件,对DRASTIC评价模型进行了改善,建立了符合叶尔羌河流域的DRASTIC价模型。该模型由地下水埋深、渠系入渗补给系数、含水层岩性、地下水富水性、包气带介质等5个因子组成,应用GIS技术各因子加权叠加的综合指数进行等级划分,得到叶尔羌河流域地下水防污性能评价图。该模型的评价结果客观科学,能有效的为地下水保护、治理及资源管理部门服务。     

北京平原区地下水承压含水层组防污性能评价

防污性能研究是保护地下水环境工作的基础,为加强对承压含水层地下水资源的保护,本文分别对北京市平原区3个承压含水层组的固有防污性能进行评价。选取隔水层的岩性、厚度、连续性,含水层的岩性、分层状况和相邻含水层的水头差等要素,构建承压含水层组防污性能评价指标体系,采用评价指标评分加权计算的方法,开展分层评价,最终将防污性能划分为好、较好、中等、较差和极差5个等级。结果表明,由第一承压水层向深层,防污性能逐渐增强;每个层组的防污性能均具有一定的区域分布性,整体来看,平谷区防污性能差,大兴区和通州区防污性能好。     

基于改进的DRASTIC方法对宿州市城区中深层承压水脆弱性评价

为保护地下水饮用水源地,以中深层承压水为评价目标层,基于研究区103眼浅层地下水水位资料、9眼中深层地下水水位及水质资料,结合前人调查研究成果,采用DPTQHC评价模型对宿州市城区地下水脆弱性进行评价。评价模型选取水位降深、含水层渗透系数、弱透水层厚度、潜水水质、水头差、弱透水层渗透系数共6项影响因子,参照DARSTIC评价模型中权重范围值,结合研究区实际确定因子权重,借助Arcgis平台得到中深层承压水脆弱性综合指数及脆弱性分区图。结果表明：宿州市主城区中深层地下水脆弱性中等区域分布面积最广,其后依次为脆弱性较低区域、脆弱性较高区域、脆弱性高区域、脆弱性低区域。评价结果与该地区地下水质量吻合较好,适宜中深层地下水脆弱性评价。     

基于改进的DRASTIC方法对宿州市城区中深层承压水脆弱性评价

为保护地下水饮用水源地,以中深层承压水为评价目标层,基于研究区103眼浅层地下水水位资料、9眼中深层地下水水位及水质资料,结合前人调查研究成果,采用DPTQHC评价模型对宿州市城区地下水脆弱性进行评价。评价模型选取水位降深、含水层渗透系数、弱透水层厚度、潜水水质、水头差、弱透水层渗透系数共6项影响因子,参照DARSTIC评价模型中权重范围值,结合研究去区实际确定因子权重,借助Arcgis平台得到中深层承压水脆弱性综合指数及脆弱性分区图。结果表明：宿州市主城区中深层地下水脆弱性中等区域分布面积最广,其后依次为脆弱性较低区域、脆弱性较高区域、脆弱性高区域、脆弱性低区域。评价结果与该地区地下水质量吻合较好,适宜中深层地下水脆弱性评价。     

区域地下水系统防污性能评价方法探讨与验证——以鲁北平原为例

区域地下水系统防污性能评价,面临影响因子多又复杂、评价指标难以客观性选定和权重不易确定等难题,以至严重影响评价结果的可信性。本文以鲁北平原为例,在以往地下水脆弱性评价常用的DRASTIC模型基础上,采用创新的迭置指数方法,改进为"DRITCS法",选择地下水位埋深、包气带综合岩性、地表2 m内单层厚度大于0.5 m的粘土层厚、含水砂层厚度及其渗透系数、和地下水净补给量等因子,组成区域地下水系统防污性能评价模型。合理地确定了区域地下水系统防污性能评价中关键指标——包气带粘性土层变化影响,并在鲁北平原示范性应用和通过以面源污染为主的三氮污染现状验证的结果表明:本文提出的方法能够客观地反映流域性相变造成的地下水系统防污性能空间差异性和区位分布特征,具有较强的实用性。     

哈拉哈塘油田哈6区地下水分布及化学特征研究

中石油塔里木油田分公司哈拉哈塘油田哈6区位于新疆库车县境内。本文在对研究区水文地质详查的基础上,通过水文地质钻探、抽水试验、样品分析等手段,查明区内地下水含水层的结构及富水性特征、埋深以及流量等参数,探讨地下水补径排情况和水化学特征,并对研究区地下水水质进行评价,结果可知:研究区内地下水类型主要为松散岩类孔隙水,潜水含水层岩性以粉砂为主,由西北向东南,含水层有略微变薄的趋势;承压含水层岩性以粉砂为主,沿地下水流方向由西北向东南,含水层总厚度呈减小的趋势。研究区内潜水矿化度均大于10 g/L,水化学类型主要为Cl·(SO4)-Na型。承压水矿化度均小于1 g/L,水化学类型具有较为明显的水平分带规律,由西向东,水化学类型依次为SO4·Cl-Na·(Mg)型、Cl·SO4-Na型和HCO3·Cl·SO4-Na型。研究结果为后期该地区地下地下水资源的开发利用提供理论基础和科学依据。     

华北平原地下水脆弱性评价

针对华北平原地域广阔,地貌和水文地质条件复杂、地下水开发利用程度高,地下水位埋深、包气带和含水层岩性差异性大等特点,基于大量钻孔和地下水位监测资料,厘定了包气带岩性和地下水位埋深变化对脆弱性评价影响,进而建立适宜华北平原的DRITC评价指标体系,并应用于华北平原地下水脆弱性评价。评价中,根据华北平原水文地质条件,划分4评价分区,剖分2 km×2 km单元34 253个,采用地下水位埋深、净补给量、包气带岩性、含水层累积厚度和渗透系数5个因子作为评价指标,求得地下水脆弱性综合指数及脆弱性分布图。结果表明,华北平原山前冲洪积扇和古黄河冲洪积平原的现代黄河影响带地下水脆弱性高或较高。野外采样7 472组地下水有机污染测试分析结果佐证,脆弱性高或较高区有机污染检出项数多,其他地区较少,由此验证评价结果的客观性。     

陕北能源化工基地潜水易污性评价

随着陕北能源化工基地的建设和发展,地下水污染问题日益突出。为了预防基地地下水的污染,保护水资源,依据陕北能源化工基地地下水勘查、地下水污染调查、野外包气带原位污水垂直入渗、水平运移试验等基础资料,选取潜水位埋深（D）、降雨入渗补给量（R）、含水层岩性（A）、土壤类型（S）、地形坡度（T）、包气带介质（I）和含水层渗透系数（C）7个指标,运用DRASTIC指标叠加法,建立了陕北能源化工基地潜水易污性评价指标体系,对陕北能源化工基地潜水进行了易污性评。依据评价结果,将研究区潜水区划分为易污性高、中、低3个区,并针对3个区提出了相应的防污建议。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the