1998-2008年中国农作物化肥消费的时空分异(英文)

The agricultural and land policies in China are always focused on protecting its food supply and security because of the country’s large population and improved diets.The crop production guide ’Take Grain as the Key Link’ prompted peasants to plant grain on most of the agricultural land,leading to the majority of fertilizer being used in grain crops for many years in China.This situation has changed dramatically in recent years.Based on data pertaining to provincial crops sown area and fertilizer use per unit area in 1998 and 2008,the temporal and spatial variations of China’s fertilizer consumption by crops were analyzed at the provincial level,and the results are presented here.(1) Fertilizer consumption in China grew strongly in the last decade,while the growth was mainly attributable to the increase of fertilizer con-sumption by horticultural crops.The fertilizer consumption of grain crops dropped from 71.0% in 1998 to 57.8% in 2008.Thus,it is concluded that the emphasis of fertilizer consumption is shifting toward horticultural crops.(2) There were marked differences in the growth rates of fertilizer consumption from the regional point of view.The national average growth rate of fertilizer consumption was 31.9% during 1998-2008.The western and northeastern parts of the country came close to the national average,while the eastern part was lower,with an average of 13.0%,and central China was much higher(50.8%).The increase of fertilizer consumption in central and west China was higher than the other zones,which already ac-counted for 77.9% of the national total.Thus,it is concluded that the consumption emphasis of chemical fertilizer shifts toward the central and western regions.(3) The decline of fertilizer consumption by grain crops was largely due to the decrease in sown area compared with the increase by vegetable crops attributable to the enlarging sown area;the increase by orchard crops was affected by both expanding the sown area and fertilizer use per unit area.     

1980–2011年中国农作物种植结构时空变化（英文）

Understanding the spatial and temporal variations of cropping systems is very important for agricultural policymaking and food security assessment,and can provide a basis for national policies regarding cropping systems adjustment and agricultural adaptation to climate change.With rapid development of society and the economy,China's cropping structure has profoundly changed since the reform and opening up in 1978,but there has been no systematic investigation of the pattern,process and characteristics of these changes.In view of this,a crop area database for China was acquired and compiled at the county level for the period 1980–2011,and linear regression and spatial analysis were employed to investigate the cropping structure type and cropping proportion changes at the national level.This research had three main findings:(1) China's cropping structure has undergone significant changes since 2002;the richness of cropping structure types has increased significantly and a diversified-type structure has gradually replaced the single types.The single-crop types—dominated by rice,wheat or maize—declined,affected by the combination of these three major food crops in mixed plantings and conversion of some of their planting area to other crops.(2) In the top 10 types,82.7% of the county-level cropping structure was rice,wheat,maize and their combinations in 1980;however,this proportion decreased to 50.7% in 2011,indicating an adjustment period of China's cropping structure.Spatial analysis showed that 63.8% of China's counties adjusted their cropping structure,with the general change toward reducing the main food types and increasing fruits and vegetables during 1980–2011.(3) At the national level,the grain-planting pattern dominated by rice shifted to coexistence of rice,wheat and maize during this period.There were significant decreasing trends for 47% of rice,61% of wheat and 29.6% of maize cropping counties.The pattern of maize cropping had the most significant change,with the maize proportion decreasing in the zone from northeastern to southwestern China during this period.Cities and their surroundings were hotspots for cropping structural adjustment.Urbanization has significantly changed cropping structure,with most of these regions showing rapid increases in the proportion of fruit and vegetables.Our research suggests that the policy of cropping structural adjustment needs to consider geographical characteristics and spatial planning of cropping systems.In this way,the future direction of cropping structural adjustment will be appropriate and scientifically based,such as where there is a need to maintain or increase rice and wheat cropping,increase soybean and decrease maize,and increase the supply of fruit and vegetables.     

环渤海地区农田氮素养分收支空间差异研究(英文)

The Bohai Rim region is one the most important bases for commodity grain pro-duction in China.With the rapid pace of agricultural industrialization,nitrogenous fertilizer has been used at an ever increasing rate,which resulted in the trace of accumulative nitrogen in the soil and caused serious environmental problems.In this study we made use of the farm-land nitrogen balance model to assess the spatial difference of farmland nitrogen nutrient budget in the Bohai Rim region in 2008 with the assistance of GIS.Our results indicated that:1) Farmland in this region has a nitrogen surplus totaling 5.0822 million tons,or an average of 288.54 kg/ha.2) In the Bohai Rim region,farmland nitrogen input and farmland nitrogen budget both show a spatial differentiation.Major grain-producing areas have a higher nitrogen input than that of the grazing-farming areas.The main sources of nitrogen input include chemical fertilizer,organic fertilizer,deposition from atmospheric drying and wetting,and biological fixation,which account for 79.47%,9.53%,4.62%,and 3.58% of the total input,respectively.Therefore,chemical fertilizer is the predominant source of nitrogen input to farmland.3) A total of 3.3398 million tons of nitrogen were output from the farmland via har-vested crops and it accounts for 52.36% of the total nitrogen output from farmland in this region.On average,the amount of nitrogen output from unit farmland is equal to 176.65kg/ha.This study has shed light on farmland nitrogen budget and its spatial variation in the study area,may provide scientific evidences for rationalizing the use of chemical fertilizer and managing agricultural operation on the regional scale and is also valuable for improving the economic and ecological efficiency of fertilizer use at the regional scale.     

定量分析1951–2010年北京地区气候变化对潜在蒸散量的影响（英文）

Climate change is likely to affect hydrological cycle through precipitation,evapotranspiration,soil moisture etc.In the present study,an attempt has been made to study the climate change and the sensitivity of estimated evapotranspiration to each climatic variable for a semi-arid region of Beijing in North China using data set from 1951 to 2010.Penman-Monteith method was used to calculate reference crop evapotranspiration(ETo).Changes of ETo to each climatic variable was estimated using a sensitivity analysis method proposed in this study.Results show that in the past 60 years,mean temperature and vapor pressure deficit(VPD) were significantly increasing,relative humidity and sunshine hours were significantly decreasing,and wind speed greatly oscillated without a significant trend.Total precipitation was significantly decreasing in corn season(from June to September),but it was increasing in wheat season(from October to next May).The change rates of temperature,relative humidity,VPD,wind speed,annual total precipitation,sunshine hours and solar radiation were 0.42℃,1.47%,0.04 kPa,0.05 m·s–1,25.0 mm,74.0 hours and 90.7 MJ·m–2per decade,respectively.In the past 60 years,yearly ETo was increasing with a rate of 19.5 mm per decade,and total ETos in wheat and corn seasons were increasing with rates of 13.1 and 5.3 mm per decade,respectively.Sensitivity analysis showed that mean air temperature was the first key factor for ETo change in the past 60 years,causing an annual total ETo increase of 7.4%,followed by relative humidity(5.5%) and sunshine hours(–3.1%);the less sensitivity factors were wind speed(0.7%),minimum temperature(–0.3%) and maximum temperature(–0.2%).A greater reduction of total ETo(12.3%) in the past 60 years was found in wheat season,mainly because of mean temperature(8.6%) and relative humidity(5.4%),as compared to a reduction of 6.0% in ETo during corn season due to sunshine hours(–6.9%),relative humidity(4.7%) and temperature(4.5%).Increasing precipitation in the wheat season will improve crop growth,while decreasing precipitation and increasing ETo in the corn season induces a great pressure for local government and farmers to use water more efficiently by widely adopting water-saving technologies in the future.     

Quantitative estimation of climate change effects on potential evapotranspiration in Beijingduring 1951-2010简

℃ Climate change is likely to affect hydrological cycle through precipitation, evapotranspiration, soil moisture etc. In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the climate change and the sensitivity of estimated evapotranspiration to each climatic variable for a semi-arid region of Beijing in North China using data set from 1951 to 2010. Penman-Monteith method was used to calculate reference crop evapotranspiration （ETo）. Changes of ETo to each climatic variable was estimated using a sensitivity analysis method proposed in this study. Results show that in the past 60 years, mean temperature and vapor pressure deficit （VPD） were significantly increasing, relative humidity and sunshine hours were significantly decreasing, and wind speed greatly oscillated without a significant trend. Total precipitation was significantly decreasing in corn season （from June to September）, but it was increasing in wheat season （from October to next May）. The change rates of tem- perature, relative humidity, VPD, wind speed, annual total precipitation, sunshine hours and solar radiation were 0.42℃, 1.47%, 0.04 kPa, 0.05 m.s-1, 25.0 mm, 74.0 hours and 90.7 MJ.m-2 per decade, respectively. In the past 60 years, yearly ETo was increasing with a rate of 19.5 mm per decade, and total ETos in wheat and corn seasons were increasing with rates of 13.1 and 5.3 mm per decade, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that mean air temperature was the first key factor for ETo change in the past 60 years, causing an annual total ETo increase of 7.4%, followed by relative humidity （5.5%） and sunshine hours （-3.1%）; the less sensitivity factors were wind speed （0.7%）, minimum temperature （-0.3%） and maximum temperature （-0.2%）. A greater reduction of total ETo （12.3%） in the past 60 years was found in wheat season, mainly because of mean temperature （8.6%） and relative hu- midity （5.4%）, as compared to a reduction of 6.0% in ETo during corn season due to sunshinehours （-6.9%）, relative humidity （4.7%） and temperature （4.5%）. Increasing precipitation in the wheat season will improve crop growth, while decreasing precipitation and increasing ETo in the corn season induces a great pressure for local government and farmers to use water more efficiently by widely adopting water-saving technologies in the future.     

南方水稻复种指数变化对国家粮食产能的影响及其政策启示（英文）

Changes in rice production in Southern China are crucial to national food security. This study employed Landsat images to map the distributions of paddy rice-cropping systems in Southern China in 1990 and 2015. The impact of rice multiple cropping index changes on grain production capacity was then evaluated. Three important results were obtained for the 1990 to 2015 study period. First, the multiple cropping index for rice decreased from 148.3% to 129.3%, and 253.16×10~4 ha of land area was converted from double-cropping to single-cropping rice, termed "double to single". The area with the most dramatic changes is in the Middle-Lower Yangtze Plain. The rice-cropping system distribution in Southern China showed a change from north to south with double-cropping rice shrinking and single-cropping rice expanding. Second, the "double to single" conversion led to a reduction of 6.1% and 2.6% in rice and grain production, respectively. Hunan and Jiangxi Provinces, located in the main rice producing areas, and Zhejiang, which has shown better economic development, exhibited large reductions in rice production due to the "double to single" conversion, all exceeding 13%. Third, the grain production capacity of converted "double to single" paddy fields is equivalent to that of 223.3 × 10~4 ha of newly reclaimed cultivated land, which is 54% of the total newly cultivated land reclaimed through the 2001–2015 land consolidation project. It is also 1.7 times the target goal for newly cultivated land in the national land consolidation plan for 2016–2020. Making full use of the converted "double to single" paddy fields can save 167.44 billion yuan in newly reclaimed cultivated land costs. Therefore, instead of pursuing low-quality new arable land, it is better to make full use of the existing high-quality arable land. Based on these results, the government should change the assessment method for cultivated land balance, and incorporate the sown area increased by improving the multiple cropping index into the cultivated land compensation indicator.     

鄱阳湖区2004-2010年水稻种植制度时空变化(英文)

Rice cropping systems not only characterize comprehensive utilization intensity of agricultural resources but also serve as the basis to enhance the provision services of agro-ecosystems.Yet,it is always affected by external factors,like agricultural policies.Since 2004,seven consecutive No.1 Central Documents issued by the Central Government have focused on agricultural development in China.So far,few studies have investigated the ef-fects of these policies on the rice cropping systems.In this study,based upon the long-term field survey information on paddy rice fields,we proposed a method to discriminate the rice cropping systems with Landsat data and quantified the spatial variations of rice cropping systems in the Poyang Lake Region(PLR),China.The results revealed that:(1) from 2004 to 2010,the decrement of paddy rice field was 46.76 km2 due to the land use change.(2) The temporal dynamics of NDVI derived from Landsat historical images could well characterize the temporal development of paddy rice fields.NDVI curves of single cropping rice fields showed one peak,while NDVI curves of double cropping rice fields displayed two peaks an-nually.NDVI of fallow field fluctuated between 0.15 and 0.40.NDVI of the flooded field during the transplanting period was relatively low,about 0.20±0.05,while NDVI during the period of panicle initiation to heading reached the highest level(above 0.80).Then,several temporal windows were determined based upon the NDVI variations of different rice cropping systems.(3) With the spatial pattern of paddy rice field and the NDVI threshold within optimum tem-poral windows,the spatial variation of rice cropping systems was very obvious,with an in-creased multiple cropping index of rice about 20.2% from 2004 to 2010.The result indicates that agricultural policies have greatly enhanced the food provision services in the PLR,China.     

华北地下水超采区冬小麦退耕的生态补偿（英文）

The land fallow policy was adopted by central and local governments to encourage the abandonment of water-intensive crops, such as winter wheat, in groundwater over-exploited areas. At the same time, since the 1990 s, many households in the North China Plain(NCP) have chosen to replace the winter wheat and summer maize double-cropping system with the spring maize single-cropping system. Therefore, it is crucial to identify target land parcels for winter wheat abandonment and to design reasonable and proper standards for ecological compensation prior to the implementation of the land fallow policy in the NCP. In this study, multi-level logit models were used with household survey data in order to detect determinants across land parcel, household and village levels on household cropping system decisions; the opportunity costs for winter wheat abandonment were also calculated using cost–benefit analysis. The results show that:(1) land quality and irrigation condition at parcel level are two essential elements influencing household cropping system decisions. Nearly 70% of the total area of poor land and more than 90% of the total area of unirrigated land has suffered winter wheat abandonment. Target land parcels for the land fallow policy should be those that are irrigated and of high quality.(2) There were no significant differences between net profits from spring maize and summer maize under similar farming conditions, and the opportunity cost for winter wheat abandonment should be equal to the net profit of winter wheat.(3) The primary purpose of the land fallow policy is to induce groundwater recovery and restoration as a preliminary stage. A higher level of 350 yuan/mu is recommended as subsidy for ecological compensation at this stage. Later, the primary purpose of the policy should be a transition to a balance between exploitation and supplementation of water resources, and a lower level of 280 yuan/mu is recommended as a subsidy at this stage.     

Change analysis of rice area and production in China during the past three decades

Rice＇s spatial-temporal distributions, which are critical for agricultural, environ- mental and food security research, are affected by natural conditions as well as socio-eco- nomic developments. Based on multi-source data, an effective model named the Spatial Production Allocation Model （SPAM） which integrates arable land distribution, administrative unit statistics of crop data, agricultural irrigation data and crop suitability data, was used to get a series of spatial distributions of rice area and production with 10-km pixels at a national scale -it was applied from the early 1980s onwards and used to analyze the pattern of spatial and temporal changes. The results show that significant changes occurred in rice in China during 1980-2010. Overall, more than 50% of the rice area decreased, while nearly 70% of rice production increased in the change region during 1980-2010. Spatially, most of the increased area and production were in Northeast China, especially, in Jilin and Heilongjiang; most of the decreased area and production were located in Southeast China, especially, in regions of rapidly urbanization in Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang. Thus, the centroid of rice area was moved northeast approximately 230 km since 1980, and rice production about 320 km, which means rice production moved northeastward faster than rice area because of the significant rice yield increase in Northeast China. The results also show that rice area change had a decisive impact on rice production change. About 54.5% of the increase in rice pro- duction is due to the expansion of sown area, while around 83.2% of the decrease in rice production is due to contraction of rice area. This implies that rice production increase may be due to area expansion and other non-area factors, but reduced rice production could largely be attributed to rice area decrease.     

中国南方调整水稻种植格局——一种水稻生产预先适应气候变化的选择(英文)

Rice planted in southern China accounts for 94% of the total in sown acreage and 88% of the total in production, which matters a lot to Chinese food security. However, due to the prolonged conflict between water availability and rice growth in spatial/temporal distribu-tion, rice production suffers from seasonal drought at acreage of 16%-22%, which compro-mises food production capacity and food security. Focusing on the spatial distribution of seasonal drought with rice and the practices to adapt to it, and based on an analysis of bal-anced water supply for and demand by rice at a growing season scale during 1981-2030, this paper assesses the changing seasonal drought in the process of rice production under the changing climate in the future, and identifies general rice re-cultivation options for climate change adaptation. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows. (1) Rice suggests a decline in seasonal drought, with early season rice (early rice hereafter) by 12,500 km2, middle season rice (middle rice) by 80,000 km2, and in particular late season rice (late rice) by 25,000 km2, which accounts for almost 20% of its cultivated acreage. It is indicated that due to climate change, seasonal drought in major rice producing areas tends to alleviate in general, late season rice in particular. (2) Future climate change brings about a significant impact on the spatial/temporal distribution of water resources in rice producing areas in China. Based on ’pre-designed’ adaptation actions for rice-re-cultivation, the rice cultivation pattern undergoes a significant alteration between 1981-2000 and 2001-2030. In eastern Guizhou and western Hunan, the pattern of single early plus single dry farming is changed into double cropping. In eastern Hunan, the pattern of dry cropping is changed into single early plus single dry farming. In northern Anhui, the pattern of dry farming cropping is changed into middle rice. All this is aimed at a potential adequate availability of water for rice production in the future. (3) Rice re-cultivation patterns developed in this paper help re-balance water demand and supply for rice growth using the spatial analysis tool to adapt rice growth to the changing water avail-ability from spatial perspective, and come up with rice producer-friendly re-cultivation options in response to climate change.     

中国化肥利用率的区域分异

据全国各县近10年的化肥施用量和粮食产量数据，并从不同年份单位播种面积粮食产量和肥料施用量的变化，求出相应不施肥产量和通过施肥可能达到的最高产量，并以上述结果为基础计算出该地区化肥利用率，研究结果表明：当前我国化肥施用的地区差异明显，施用量较集中范围是180－270kg/hm^2和90－180kg/hm^2，部分地区的化肥施用已经过量；单位化肥的粮食产出率主要集中在10－30kg/kg，化肥利用率大多集中在15％－35％，且与化肥施用量有关，按地区统计，高施肥量区化肥施用明显过量，平均达339kg/hm^2，是全国平均用量（262kg/hm^2)的1．29倍，中施肥量区单位面积化肥平均施用量为252kg/hm^2，略低于全国平均水平，低施肥量区则仅为178kg/hm^2，是全国平均的67．8％，我国单位化肥的生产效率及化肥利用率均以低施肥量区最高，分别为17．5kg/kg和39．8％，中施肥量区为13．7和36。     

中国粮食生产潜力和化肥增产效率 的区域分异

根据我国各地区1990－1998年化肥施用量和作物产量，以粮食作物为主要研究对象，从不同年份单位播种面积的粮食产量和肥料施用量变化，求出相应的单位播种面积可能达到的粮食生产潜力，并以此为基础计算出该地区单位播种面积的粮食的增产潜力。研究表明：我国粮食单产大多在3500－5250kg/hm^2范围，粮食单产增产潜力一般在300－600kg/hm^2左右，增施化肥的增产效果一般在5－10kg/kg（粮食／化肥）范围，但是各地区的差异较大，对不同地区的比较研究表明：我国粮食单产（5372kg/hm^2)和生产潜力（7462kg/hm^2)均东部地区（高施肥水平）最高，中部地区（中等施肥水平）的粮食单产和生产潜力居中，分别为4940kg/hm^2和7216kg/hm^2，西部地区（低施肥水平）的粮食单产和生产潜力最低，分别为3844kg/hm^2和5470kg/hm^2，按播种面积计算，粮食单产的增产潜力以西部地区最高，平均达948kg/hm^2，东部地区局中，平均为754kg/hm^2，中部地区则相应较低，为714kg/hm^2，化肥增产效率（增施单位化肥的粮食增产量）以西部地区最高，达9．41kg/kg(粮食／化肥），中部地区居中，为7．17kg/kg(粮食／化肥）；而东部地区最低，为－11．1kg/kg(粮食／化肥），从全国来看，东部地区虽然粮食生产潜力大，但是增产潜力很小，由于施肥量较大，增施化肥的增产效果不明显，因此，今后我国的化肥应该重点考虑投向中部和西部地区。     

基于作物生长期的江苏省沿海地区气候生产潜力估算

江苏沿海地区是中国重要的耕地后备资源基地之一,气候生产潜力能够反映该地区粮食安全保障能力大小。考虑作物不同生长期光温水协调程度,对现有气候生产潜力模型基于作物生长期进一步改进,估算江苏沿海地区14个县市三大粮食作物气候生产潜力。结果表明：基于作物生长期的气候生产潜力模型具有可行性。江苏省沿海地区水稻和小麦作物气候生产潜力受太阳有效辐射、温度和降水因素共同影响;玉米气候生产潜力主要受太阳有效辐射和温度影响,不受降水因素限制。从地域分布特征看,江苏沿海地区水稻和玉米气候生产潜力南北方向呈现梯度递增规律;小麦气候生产潜力南北方向差异不大。     

中部地区粮食生产比较优势分析与基地建设

中部地区是中国重要的粮食主产基地,在分析中部地区粮食生产规模优势、效率优势、综合比较优势和集中度的基础上,进一步探讨了中部地区粮食生产基地建设对策。结论如下:① 1978 年以来,中部地区水稻和小麦具有稳定的比较优势,而玉米和大豆没有比较优势。其中水稻生产的综合优势指数均在1.10 以上;小麦综合优势表现为稳中有升,从1978 年为1.00 上升到2012 年为1.16;玉米的综合优势指数小于0.80;大豆的综合优势呈现下降趋势,从1978 年为0.90 下降到2012 年为0.80。② 整体从横向来看,水稻、小麦、玉米、大豆四大粮食作物的比较优势结构发生了变化。1978 年规模优势大小顺序为:水稻 > 大豆 > 小麦 > 玉米;效率优势为:小麦 > 水稻 > 玉米 > 大豆;综合优势为:水稻 > 小麦 > 大豆 > 玉米。2012 年规模优势为:水稻 > 小麦 > 大豆 > 玉米;效率优势为:小麦 > 水稻 > 大豆 > 玉米;综合优势为:小麦 > 水稻 > 大豆 > 玉米。③ 中国四大区域中的东部地区、西部地区和东北地区粮食生产的集中度均有波动,唯有中部地区的粮食集中度保持稳定上升,其粮食、水稻、小麦、玉米的集中度由1978 年的28.65%、38.13%、28.83%、16.16%分别上升到2012 年的30.08%、39.87%、42.40%、17.16%,2012 年中部地区粮食、水稻、小麦的集中度位于四大区域之首。④分析表明,中部地区粮食生产在全国的地位越来越重要,应采取各项措施促进中部地区粮食生产的稳定与增长。     

鲁西北地区土地现实生产力调查与估算

以鲁西北地区县级1∶5万土壤类型图图斑作为基础评价单元,根据农户现有的投入水平,采用“调查法”模拟分析农业土地资源的现实生产力,并与统计资料和“机制法”模型模拟结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明,现实投入水平下鲁西北地区夏玉米单产略高于冬小麦单产,对冬小麦的投入从整体上来看相当于中等投入,但又存在着区域差异。对夏玉米的投入具有南北向的差异,由南到北投入水平逐渐降低。鲁西北地区土地现实生产力以宁津县最高,庆云县最低,与“机制法”模型模拟结果比较,各县市之间土地生产潜力差距较大。由此可以说明,各县市土壤质量本身对土地年生产力的大小起着重要作用,进一步证明“调查法”能充分反映土壤在土地综合性质中的主要作用。     

水稻施用硅肥研究综述

文章首先综述了水稻施用硅肥后增产的机理，以及施用硅肥对水稻的叶片、植株、根系和抗逆性产生的积极影响，然后对水稻施用硅肥的增产效果以及增产幅度与土壤有效硅含量的关系作了总结，认为各地区施用硅肥的增产幅度存在差别，且北方一般高于南方；不同土壤类型，缺硅临界值应不同，并提出了华北平原的缺硅临界值为250mg/kg。最后，对今后的研究趋势作了论述。     

干旱沙漠地区春小麦的水分与氮肥利用效率研究

在沙坡头试验站养分循环池进行的水肥正交试验中, 研究了不同水肥条件对小麦生长和产量形成的影响及其水肥利用效率。试验结果表明, 在设计水肥条件下, 肥料因素对小麦生长和产量形成的影响大于水分因素; 中高水肥条件下, 水肥协调有利于小麦生长和获得高产。灌浆期植株上部有效叶面积的大小和维持时间与经济产量的形成有很显著的正线性相关。该地区小麦水分利用效率较高的适宜土壤水分范围在田间持水量的40%左右, 适宜的肥料(N肥)经济施用量为300kg·hm^-2左右, 目标产量为7.0t·hm^-2。     

北京地区冬小麦/夏玉米连作条件下NO3-N淋失

分析评价了北京草甸褐土冬小麦 /夏玉米连作条件下NO3 N累积、淋失以及同氮肥水平的关系。设置 4个氮肥处理 :0、 1 2 0、 2 4 0、 360kgN/ha。在每一处理区 2 0、 40、 60、 80、1 0 0、1 4 0、 2 0 0cm埋设土壤溶液提取器 ,在试验地同期设置两个直径 0 48m、深 2m的原状土柱 ,氮肥水平为 0和 2 4 0kg/ha。土壤剖面取样分析发现 :不施肥种植降低土体NO3 N储量 ,施肥种植增加 0～ 1 0 0cm土体NO3 N储量 ,但只有 360kg/ha才能维持 1 0 0～ 2 0 0cm土体NO3 N储量 ,种植和施肥改变了土壤中NO3 N的含量和空间分布。利用土壤溶液提取器取得剖面2m处土壤溶液NO3 N年均浓度和土柱底部同期排水量估算得到大田不同氮肥水平NO3 N淋失年均通量分别为 :1 8、 2 41、 5 52、 1 7 1 2kg/ha ;施肥处理表观氮淋失百分率为 :0 33 %、 1 0 3 %、3 1 9%。试验结果有益于指导合理施肥和更好地认识农业氮肥应用与地下水NO3 N污染的关系。     

秸秆覆盖下的夏玉米蒸散、水分利用效率和作物系数的变化

农业用水占华北水资源的70%以上,提高农业用水的效率对华北水资源安全具有重要意义。在节水农业研究中,利用农艺节水提高农田水分利用效率是节水农业的重要组成部分,其中减少农田无效棵间蒸发耗水和优化供水制度是主要的农艺节水措施。夏玉米是华北太行山山前平原的主要作物之一,一般在冬小麦收获前的5～7天套种在其中,以延长夏玉米的生育期。随着联合收割机的广泛应用,冬小麦收获后的秸秆直接覆盖夏玉米,对夏玉米的农田蒸散特别是苗期的蒸散产生影响;夏玉米生长在6～9月的雨季,一般年份降水能够满足夏玉米的需水要求,但夏季降水的分布变异较大,再加上近6年来的夏季干旱,使灌水对夏玉米的高产至关重要。为了提高夏玉米的农田水分利用效率,本研究的目的是建立秸秆覆盖下的夏玉米优化供水制度和研究秸秆覆盖对减少棵间无效耗水的影响及秸秆覆盖下的夏玉米作物系数的变化,为制定秸秆覆盖下的夏玉米优化供水制度提供依据。2年的实验结果显示,秸秆覆盖下的夏玉米产量在8000kg/ha,总蒸散量在390mm,水分利用效率在2.2kg/m3。干旱年份,夏玉米在灌四水的条件下产量最高,再增加灌水量,产量减少。水分利用效率随着灌水量的增加有所递减。