1998-2008年中国农作物化肥消费的时空分异(英文)

The agricultural and land policies in China are always focused on protecting its food supply and security because of the country’s large population and improved diets.The crop production guide ’Take Grain as the Key Link’ prompted peasants to plant grain on most of the agricultural land,leading to the majority of fertilizer being used in grain crops for many years in China.This situation has changed dramatically in recent years.Based on data pertaining to provincial crops sown area and fertilizer use per unit area in 1998 and 2008,the temporal and spatial variations of China’s fertilizer consumption by crops were analyzed at the provincial level,and the results are presented here.(1) Fertilizer consumption in China grew strongly in the last decade,while the growth was mainly attributable to the increase of fertilizer con-sumption by horticultural crops.The fertilizer consumption of grain crops dropped from 71.0% in 1998 to 57.8% in 2008.Thus,it is concluded that the emphasis of fertilizer consumption is shifting toward horticultural crops.(2) There were marked differences in the growth rates of fertilizer consumption from the regional point of view.The national average growth rate of fertilizer consumption was 31.9% during 1998-2008.The western and northeastern parts of the country came close to the national average,while the eastern part was lower,with an average of 13.0%,and central China was much higher(50.8%).The increase of fertilizer consumption in central and west China was higher than the other zones,which already ac-counted for 77.9% of the national total.Thus,it is concluded that the consumption emphasis of chemical fertilizer shifts toward the central and western regions.(3) The decline of fertilizer consumption by grain crops was largely due to the decrease in sown area compared with the increase by vegetable crops attributable to the enlarging sown area;the increase by orchard crops was affected by both expanding the sown area and fertilizer use per unit area.     

中国化肥利用率的区域分异

据全国各县近10年的化肥施用量和粮食产量数据，并从不同年份单位播种面积粮食产量和肥料施用量的变化，求出相应不施肥产量和通过施肥可能达到的最高产量，并以上述结果为基础计算出该地区化肥利用率，研究结果表明：当前我国化肥施用的地区差异明显，施用量较集中范围是180－270kg/hm^2和90－180kg/hm^2，部分地区的化肥施用已经过量；单位化肥的粮食产出率主要集中在10－30kg/kg，化肥利用率大多集中在15％－35％，且与化肥施用量有关，按地区统计，高施肥量区化肥施用明显过量，平均达339kg/hm^2，是全国平均用量（262kg/hm^2)的1．29倍，中施肥量区单位面积化肥平均施用量为252kg/hm^2，略低于全国平均水平，低施肥量区则仅为178kg/hm^2，是全国平均的67．8％，我国单位化肥的生产效率及化肥利用率均以低施肥量区最高，分别为17．5kg/kg和39．8％，中施肥量区为13．7和36。     

棉花滴灌专用肥氮磷钾元素在土壤中的运移及其利用率

棉花滴灌专用肥是基于绿洲干旱区域滴灌施肥和棉花需肥特点研发的新型复合肥。通过田间试验,对比研究了滴灌专用肥与常规肥的不同养分在土壤中的运移特点及滴灌棉花的养分利用率。结果表明:在膜下滴施条件下,滴灌专用肥的氮、磷、钾养分在土壤中的移动性强于常规肥,养分在土层中的分布与棉花根系分布特点吻合度好,促进了棉花根系养分吸收,提高了养分利用率;棉花滴灌专用肥氮、磷、钾的生理利用效率较常规肥分别提高了3.62%、4.18%和1.45%,农学利用率较常规肥分别提高了29.37%、29.2%和29.38%;在等养分条件下,滴施专用肥增产籽棉6.9%。     

Response of the water use efficiency of natural vegetation to drought in Northeast China

Drought has become a problem that is universally faced by global terrestrial ecosystems. Northeast China is located in a region sensitive to global climate changes, and one of the main impacts of climate changes in Northeast China is manifested as drought in growing seasons. This study analyzes the spatio-temporal evolution law of the water use efficiency (WUE) of the main natural vegetation (i.e., cold-temperate coniferous forests, temperate pine-broad-leaved mixed forests, warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests, and grasslands) in Northeast China based on public MODIS data products, including MCD12Q1, MOD15A2H, MOD16A2, and MOD17A3H, and meteorological data from 2002 to 2013. The influence of drought events on the WUE of different vegetation types and their response to drought events are also investigated. The study findings are as follows: (1) drought in Northeast China frequently occurs in the regions stretching from 114.55°E to 120.90°E, and the percentage of drought area among the forests is lower than that among the grasslands during these years; (2) the annual average WUE of the natural vegetation ranges from 0.82 to 1.08 C/kg^-1H₂O, and the WUE of forests (0.82 to 1.08 C/kg^-1H₂O) is universally higher than that of grasslands (0.84 to 0.99 C/kg^-1H₂O); (3) in 2008, the regions where the WUE in drought conditions is higher than that in normal water conditions account for 86.11% of the study area, and a significant linear positive correlation is found between the WUE in drought conditions and the WUE in normal water conditions, whereas the degree of drought does not influence the WUE of the natural vegetation in an obviously linear manner; and (4) the WUE for the cold-temperate coniferous forests and temperate pine-broad-leaved mixed forests with a high ET or low NPP is more likely to rise in drought conditions; the WUE for the grasslands with a low Evapotranspiration (ET), Net Primary Production (NPP), and Leaf Area Index (LAI) is more likely to rise in drought conditions; and the ET, NPP, and LAI have no significant influence on the WUE for the warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests in drought conditions. This study contributes to improving the evaluation of the influence of drought on natural ecosystems.     

中国资源型城市产业结构升级对土地利用效率的影响

在中国经济面临结构转型和空间重塑的关键时期,探究资源型城市产业结构升级对土地利用效率的影响机理,对于破解资源型城市产业发展路径依赖与土地低效利用困境具有重要意义。基于中国115座地级资源型城市面板数据,运用产业结构层次指数与基于DEA的超效率SBM-Undesirable模型刻画资源型城市产业结构升级与土地利用效率的时空演化特征,通过面板Tobit模型探究资源型城市产业结构升级对土地利用效率的异质性影响及作用渠道。结果表明：(1)中国资源型城市产业结构升级成效显著,再生型、煤炭型和钢铁型城市升级效果更为明显。土地利用效率呈波动上升趋势,高值城市数量显著增加,以经济基础较好的再生型和成长型城市为主。(2)资源型城市产业结构升级对土地利用效率提升尚未形成普遍的驱动效应,其影响机制在不同类型城市中具有显著的异质性,仅再生型城市呈现显著的正向影响。(3)资源型城市产业结构升级通过经济产出提升、要素配置优化与环境污染控制等渠道驱动土地利用效率的动态演化。现阶段,土地经济产出偏低、用地结构失调、环境污染负外部性过高是制约资源型城市土地利用效率提升的主要症结。资源型城市转型具有长期性、系统性特征,应...     

干旱区绿洲城市土地利用效益研究——以乌鲁木齐为例

对绿洲城市土地利用效益进行评价和研究有助于衡量绿洲城市土地利用水平,实现绿洲城市土地的高效协调利用.选取典型干旱区绿洲城市乌鲁木齐,利用多时相TM影像数据,对乌鲁木齐1990-2005年土地利用的基本特征进行分析,在此基础上采用综合指标评价法、灰色关联度和相关数学方法从土地利用的经济、社会和生态效益三方面对1990-2...     

Spatiotemporal variations of water use efficiency and its driving factors in Inner Mongolia from 2001 to 2020

Water use efficiency (WUE) is an important variable to explore coupled relationships in carbon and water cycles. In this study, we first compared the spatial variations of annual gross primary productivity (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET) using four GPP and ET products. Second, we selected the products closest to the flux towers data to estimate WUE. Finally, we quantitatively analyzed the impact of climate change and soil water content on WUE. The results showed that: (1) Four GPP and ET products provided good performance, with GOSIF-GPP and FLDAS-ET exhibiting a higher correlation and the smallest errors with the flux tower data. (2) The spatial pattern of WUE is consistent with that of GPP and ET, gradually decreasing from the northeast to the southwest. Higher WUE values appeared in the northeast forest ecosystem, and lower WUE values occurred in the western Gobi Desert, with a value of 0.28 gC m^?2 mm^?1. The GPP and ET products showed an increasing trend, while WUE showed a decreasing trend (55.15%) from 2001 to 2020. (3) The spatial relationship between WUE and driving factors reveal the variations in WUE of Inner Mongolia are mainly affected by soil moisture between 0 and 10 cm (SM0-10cm), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and precipitation, respectively. (4) In arid regions, VPD and precipitation exhibit a major influence on WUE. An increase in VPD and precipitation has a negative and positive effect on WUE, with threshold values of approximately 0.36 kPa and 426 mm, respectively. (5) In humid regions, SM0-10cm, VPD, SM10-40cm, and SM40-100cm exert a significant impact on WUE, especially SM0-10cm, and weakens with increasing soil depths, these differences may be related to physiological structure and living characteristics of vegetation types in different climate regimes. Our results emphasize the importance of VPD and soil moisture in regional variability in WUE.     

中国绿色生产效率区域差异及空间格局演变

绿色生产效率评价是评估中国生态文明建设和经济转型可行性的重要途径。基于“人地协调”理念和“过程+格局”思维,建立了衡量绿色生产效率的投入—产出指标,采用数据包络分析法对中国30个省(市、区)近10年的绿色生产效率进行测度,运用熵值法、基尼系数、探索性空间数据分析、空间自相关等方法,结合ArcGIS、Geoda软件,对中国2005-2014绿色生产效率差异以及空间格局的时空演变进行研究。结果表明：①2005-2014年中国绿色生产效率呈上升趋势,呈现从“大差距低水平”向“小差距高水平”转变的时序特征;②2005-2014年中国四大地区绿色生产效率呈现东部地区>东北地区>中部地区>西部地区的空间分异特征;③中国绿色生产效率呈现东高西低的率三级阶梯空间格局特征;④中国各省(市、区)绿色生产效率值与相邻地区存在相似性,表现出一定的空间集聚特征;⑤经济发展基础和差别化的资源环境区域政策是绿色生产效率区域差异的主要因素。     

中国东部南北样带森林生态系统WUE和NUE空间格局及驱动因子(英文)

From July 2008 to August 2008, 72 leaf samples from 22 species and 81 soil samples in the nine natural forest ecosystems were collected, from north to south along the North-South Transect of Eastern China (NSTEC). Based on these samples, we studied the geographical distribution patterns of vegetable water use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and analyzed their relationship with environmental factors. The vegetable WUE and NUE were calculated through the measurement of foliar δ 13C and C/N of predominant species, respectively. The results showed: (1) vegetable WUE, ranging from 2.13 to 28.67 mg C g-1 H2O, increased linearly from south to north in the representative forest ecosystems along the NSTEC, while vegetable NUE showed an opposite trend, increasing from north to south, ranging from 12.92 to 29.60 g C g-1 N. (2) Vegetable WUE and NUE were dominantly driven by climate and significantly affected by soil nutrient factors. Based on multiple stepwise regression analysis, mean annual temperature, soil phosphorus concentration, and soil nitrogen concentration were responding for 75.5% of the variations of WUE (p<0.001). While, mean annual precipitation and soil phosphorus concentration could explain 65.7% of the change in vegetable NUE (p<0.001). Moreover, vegetable WUE and NUE would also be seriously influenced by atmospheric nitrogen deposition in nitrogen saturated ecosystems. (3) There was a significant trade-off relationship between vegetable WUE and NUE in the typical forest ecosystems along the NSTEC (p<0.001), indicating a balanced strategy for vegetation in resource utilization in natural forest ecosystems along the NSTEC. This study suggests that global change would impact the resource use efficiency of forest ecosystems. However, vegetation could adapt to those changes by increasing the use efficiency of shortage resource while decreasing the relatively ample one. But extreme impacts, such as heavy nitrogen deposition, would break this trade-off mechanism and give a dramatic disturbance to the ecosystem biogeochemical cycle.     

中国生态足迹和生物承载力构成比例变化分析

基于生态足迹模型,计算了中国1995-2006年人均生态足迹和生物承载力的各构成组分.运用统计-动力学建模方法,构建生态足迹和生物承载力各组分构成比例变化的普适预测模型.结果表明:①1995.2006年,中国人均生态足迹构成以能源足迹和耕地足迹为主,耕地、林地、建设等足迹比例在波动中不断下降,草地、水域足迹比例先上升后下降,能源足迹比例不断增加;人均生物承载力构成以耕地为主.林地、建设、水域承载力比例相差不多,草地承载力比例最小,其中耕地、草地承载力比例不断增加,林地、水域、建设等承载力比例不断下降,且变化幅度均很小.②2007-2015年,耕地、林地足迹比例继续下降,草地、水域、能源足迹比例将逐渐上升,建设足迹比例将在下降一段时间后出现增加趋势,耕地、林地、草地等承载力比例将不断增加,其中耕地、林地承载力比例增加幅度很小.草地承载力比例相对增幅较大;水域、建设承载力比例均呈下降趋势.文章还探讨了可能导致中国人均生态足迹和生物承载力构成比例出现上述变化的原因,给出相应的政策建议,并分析了二者之间的内在变化规律.研究结果对指导我国调整产业结构、土地利用规划和改善生态环境有较重要的启示和借鉴意义.     

2000-2013年中国城市群经济绩效动态实证分析——基于DEA和Malmquist生产率指数法

在全球化和新型城镇化大背景下,城市群是辐射面最广、潜力最大、活力最强的核心增长极,但其高速成长背后是各类要素的大量投入,客观评估城市群经济绩效对于推动中国城镇化持续健康发展意义深远。在总结既有研究的基础上,选取中国13个典型城市群为样本,以2000-2013年为研究时段,采用资本、土地、劳动、科技和经济五大要素长时间序列数据,在全要素生产率(TFP)分析框架下,通过数据包络分析方法(DEA)静态评价时间截面的城市群投入产出效率,进而运用Malmquist生产率指数法动态分析城市群TFP年际变化,探讨其时空格局和内在演化机制。研究发现：城市群经济绩效进步明显,但空间分布仍不均衡;科技进步贡献的滞后在一定程度上抵消了通过规模扩张和资源配置优化带来的正效应,只有长三角、珠三角和京津冀三大城市群初步实现依靠科技进步促进发展,表明各城市群所处发展阶段和动力机制差异显著。据此,提出针对不同地区、不同发展阶段城市群的发展策略。