月表地貌起伏形态分异特征及分级标准研究

月球地貌是月球表面发生的地质和地貌过程的结果,月球地貌单元的划分和等级分类体系的构建是月球地貌学研究的基础,也是月球地貌图制图的基础和关键科学问题。地貌学是研究形态和成因的科学,高程和起伏度是最基本的地貌指标。本文基于LOLA（Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter） DEM数据以及LOLA和SELENE TC（Terrain Camera）融合的DEM数据（SLDEM2015,文中简称SLDEM）,利用均值变点法确定月表起伏度计算的最佳窗口,并以起伏度100 m、200 m、300 m、700 m、1500 m及2500 m为阈值将月球表面分为微起伏平原（< 100 m）、微起伏台地[100 m, 200 m）、微小起伏丘陵[200 m, 300 m）、小起伏山地[300 m, 700 m）、中起伏山地[700 m, 1500 m）、大起伏山地[1500 m, 2500 m）及极大起伏山地（≥ 2500 m）地貌7个类型。划分结果显示：微起伏平原主要分布在月海平原区域、部分有玄武岩充填的撞击盆地的盆底区域以及撞击坑坑底区域;微起伏台地主要分布在月海和月陆区域的交界区域;微小起伏丘陵主要分布在月溪和皱脊等构造单元区域;小起伏山地主要分布在撞击坑中央峰及坑底断裂区域;中起伏山地主要分布在撞击坑坑底和坑壁过渡区域、撞击坑坑壁和坑缘过渡区域、撞击盆地盆底与盆壁过渡区域以及盆壁与盆缘过渡区域;大起伏和极大起伏山地主要分布在撞击坑坑壁区域及撞击盆地盆壁区域。本文确定的月表起伏度分级标准可以对月表数字地貌分类体系的构建和月球地貌图集的编研提供定量标准和重要参考。     

月表形貌特征研究进展及趋势分析

在月球探测及科学研究过程中,对月表形貌特征的认识和分析是月球探测计划的关键任务之一,有助于理解和揭示月球的形态特征及空间分异规律,对于分析月球岩石构造、估算月表年龄、反演月壤厚度、恢复月球的起源和演化历史等都具有重要意义。从月表形貌特征的塑造及表达、宏观特征的分析与定量刻画、月表撞击坑的识别与分类及空间分异特征等几方面进行了归纳和分析,提出了未来月表形貌的研究方向,包括全月球形貌特征的多级分区划分、撞击坑类型的划分、全月球撞击坑空间分异特征及规律的研究、基于撞击坑空间分布探讨月球演化、基于形貌特征的比较行星学研究等。     

鄱阳湖湿地典型植物群落沿高程分布特征

鄱阳湖湿地植物群落沿高程呈现不规则的带状分异。利用遥感解译数据和数字高程模型,采用高斯回归方法,分析鄱阳湖湿地3种典型植物群落在全湖的分布特征及其在不同湖区的分布差异。结果表明,从全湖范围来看,茵陈蒿(Artemisia capillaris)—狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)群落、芦苇(Phragmites australis)—南荻(Triarrhena lutarioriparia)群落、薹草(Carex spp.)—虉草(Phalaris arundinacea)群落分布的最适高程分别为14.3 m、13.2 m、12.5 m,依次降低;茵陈蒿—狗牙根群落的生态幅宽大于其它两种群落;与前人研究结果相比,3种群落的分布都有向低处延伸的趋向。从典型湖区的比较来看,3种群落在南矶湿地国家级自然保护区的分布高程都大于在鄱阳湖国家自然保护区的分布高程,高程差接近1 m。通过比较康山和都昌水文站的日平均水位发现,不同群落分布的高程差异及同一群落在不同湖区的分布差异与水文条件密切相关。本研究结果有助于认识大型湖泊湿地植物分布特征动态,对维护鄱阳湖湿地生态系统功能,降低区域生态灾害风险具有重要意义。     

试论我国历史文化名城的类型及其特征

本文论述了历史文化名城的涵义,指出我国历史文化名城的空间分布特征,阐述划分名城类型的方法。运用比值法,将我国99座历史文化名城分成六大类型,分析每一类型的主要特征,对城市建设和旅游业的发展提出建议。     

基于POI数据的环滇池地区城市旅游地空间分布特征分析

旅游已经成为目前城市的重要组成部分和主要的城市功能之一,对经济、社会、文化的发展具有重要的促进作用.基于环滇池地区8个县市区2 554条旅游地POI数据,运用复合分类法、泰森多边形、核密度分析法等研究方法,分析环滇池地区城市旅游地类型及空间分布特征.结果表明:结合2019年所获取的环滇池地区城市旅游地POI数据,可以将...     

库姆塔格沙漠地区土壤及分布特征

库姆塔格沙漠是我国最后一个进行大型资源环境综合考察的沙漠。该区域土壤研究被列为国家科技部科技基础工作专项“库姆塔格沙漠综合科学考察”的9个科学考察专题之一。通过2007年和2008年两次秋季野外集中科考,得到的初步结论是:在土壤类型和分布特征方面,库姆塔格沙漠地区地带性土壤类型为棕漠土,土壤分布高度地带性显著,存在多种地带与非地带性土壤类型中微域组合。在土壤形成发育和演变方面,表现出土壤形成过程中的风蚀、沙化严重,常使许多土壤类型处于复幼过程;土壤盐分表聚明显;土壤形成发育和演变过程受水文过程主导;区域土壤普遍肥力低下。     

不同气候带的河道与沙丘分布格局及其类型划分

风水交互作用是干旱区常见的地貌现象和重要的地表过程,干旱区河流通过提供物源和场所控制沙漠分布的格局,沙漠分布与风沙活动制约河道发育和泥沙输移,在不同时空尺度表现不一,但关于二者交互作用的分类处于探索阶段,尚未形成分类体系,尤其在地貌格局分类上多为定性描述。因此,自西向东选择位于3个气候带的中国西部克里雅河、中部毛不拉格孔兑以及东部西拉木伦河,利用遥感影像解译获取河道与沙丘信息,探讨近源沙丘的分布与河型之间的组合关系。结果表明：河型、河流流向与风向之间的关系、水文以及距离河道的远近影响河道与沙丘组合的地貌格局;在河道-沙丘尺度上,划分为弯曲河道-对称式边滩沙丘、顺直河道-边滩沙丘、分汊河道-心滩式沙丘、网状河道-格状镶嵌式沙丘4种类型。     

高密度城市的门槛标准及全球分布特征

当今世界,高密度城市已在全球范围内大量出现。本文采用2012年Demographia公司发布的世界50万人以上城市人口密度数据,研究了高密度城市的门槛标准与全球分布特征。研究表明：高密度城市的门槛标准为15000人/km2,它在土地利用、街区建筑、交通方式等方面的表现出明显的空间环境特点。世界高密度城市主要集中分布在发展中国家,这些国家普遍具有工业化程度低、城市化水平低和人口规模大的特点。发达国家和发展中国家的高密度城市发展路径有较大差异,前者是由“再城市化”引起,后者则由“城市化”过程带来。有关高密度城市的深入研究意义重大,应着重关注其在居住形态、交通组织、资源配置、公共卫生、绿化环境等方面产生的问题。     

国家重点风景名胜区的功能及其地域分布特征

自1982年国务院批准公布第一批国家重点风景名胜区,到2005年12月国务院审定并公布第六批以来,我国已建立国家重点风景名胜区187处.我国国家重点风景名胜区的主要功能包括保护独特的景观资源、提供良好的旅游活动场所、建立稳定的科教活动基地等.统计分析了国家重点风景名胜区在地域分布上的数量特征,并总结出东、中、西部的景观分布类型,认为我国的国家重点风景名胜区分布广泛又相对集中、空间发展不平衡、地域特色鲜明、区域间差异显著.     

新疆旅游资源的类型、等级及空间分布特征

在全面掌握新疆旅游资源的实查资料基础上,对全疆旅游资源做系统分类与定量评价,总结其类型、等级和空间分布特征,并从新疆地理环境变迁和多民族、多文化的社会环境两方面分析新疆高品质旅游资源的成因。结果表明:新疆旅游资源类型多样,与全国相比,主类、亚类齐全,基本类型占66.5%;八大类中建筑与设施和地文景观的种类较丰富;建筑与设施类景点最多,水域风光和生物景观次之;新疆旅游资源等级较高,优良级占43.6%,整体为中间大两头小的谷仓型结构;高等级集中于凸峰、观光游憩湖区、林地、草地、野生动物栖息地、废城与聚落地、石窟、边境口岸、特色街巷、传统手工产品与制品、民间演艺等类;空间分布呈现为三带两环状和六点状集聚特征,这与新疆地貌格局和高品质景点的聚群作用有关;新疆自然旅游资源是整个地理环境演变过程的产物;而多民族、多文化的社会环境是人文类的主要成因。     

Morphological differentiation characteristics and classification criteria of lunar surface relief amplitude

Lunar landforms are the results of geological and geomorphic processes on the lunar surface. It is very important to identify the types of lunar landforms. Geomorphology is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of morphological landforms on planetary surfaces. Elevation and relief amplitude are the most commonly used geomorphic indices in geomorphological classification studies. Previous studies have determined the elevation classification criteria of the lunar surface. In this paper,...     

Performance of shape indices and classification schemes for characterising perceptual shape complexity of building footprints in GIS

Shape characterisation is important in many fields dealing with spatial data. For this purpose, numerous shape analysis and recognition methods with different degrees of complexity have so far been developed. Among them, relatively simple indices are widely used in spatial applications, but their performance has not been investigated sufficiently, particularly for building footprints (BFs). Therefore, this article focuses on BF shape characterisation with shape indices and classification schemes in a GIS environment. This study consists of four phases. In the first phase, the criteria for BF shape complexity were identified, and accordingly, benchmark data was constructed by human experts in three shape complexity categories. In the second phase, 18 shape indices were selected from the literature and automatically computed in GIS. The performance of these indices was then statistically assessed with histograms, correlation matrix and boxplots, and consequently four indices were found to be appropriate for further investigation. In the third phase, two new indices (Equivalent Rectangular index and Roughness index) were proposed with the objective to measure some BF shape characteristics more efficiently. The proposed indices also were found to be appropriate with the same statistical assessment procedures. In the final phase, BF shape complexity categories were created with the pairs of six appropriate indices and four choropleth mapping classification schemes (equal intervals, natural break, standard deviation, and custom) in GIS. The performance of the index–scheme pairs was assessed against the benchmark data. The findings demonstrated that both new indices and two of the selected indices (Convexity and Rectangularity) delivered higher performance. The custom classification scheme was found more ideal to reveal absolute shape complexity with the index value ranges derived from the boxplots while the other classification schemes were more appropriate to reveal relative shape complexity.     

Climatological characteristics of the tropics in China： climate classification schemes between German scientists and Huang Bingwei

Reviewing some important German scientists who have developed climatic regionalization schemes either on a global or Chinese scale, their various definitions of the tropical climate characteristics in China are discussed and compared with Huang Bingwei‘s climate classification scheme and the identification of the tropical climate therein. It can be seen that, due to different methodological approaches of the climatic regionalization schemes, the definitions of the tropics vary and hence also their spatial distribution in China. However, it is found that the tropical climate type occupies only a peripheral part of southern China, though it firmly represents a distinctive type of climate that is subsequently associated with a great economic importance for China. As such, the tropical climate type was mostly identified with its agro-climatological significance, that is by giving favourable growing conditions all-year round for perennial crops with a great heat demand. Tropical climate is, hence, conventionally regarded to be governed by all-year round summer conditions “where winter never comes“.     

中国热带气候特征

Reviewing some important German scientists who have developed climatic regionalizationschemes either on a global or Chinese scale, their various definitions of the tropical climatecharacteristics in China are discussed and compared with Huang Bingwei's climate classificationscheme and the identification of the tropical climate therein. It can be seen that, due to differentmethodological approaches of the climatic regionalization schemes, the definitions of the tropics varyand hence also their spatial distribution in China. However, it is found that the tropical climate typeoccupies only a peripheral part of southern China, though it firmly represents a distinctive type ofclimate that is subsequently associated with a great economic importance for China. As such, thetropical climate type was mostly identified with its agro-climatological significance, that is by givingfavourable growing conditions all-year round for perennial crops with a great heat demand. Tropicalclimate is, hence, conventionally regarded to be govemed by all-year round summer conditions "wherewinter never comes".     

Climatological characteristics of the tropics in China: climate classification schemes between German scientists and Huang Bingwei

Reviewing some important German scientists who have developed climatic regionalization schemes either on a global or Chinese scale, their various definitions of the tropical climate characteristics in China are discussed and compared with Huang Bingwei's climate classification scheme and the identification of the tropical climate therein. It can be seen that, due to different methodological approaches of the climatic regionalization schemes, the definitions of the tropics vary and hence also their spatial distribution in China. However, it is found that the tropical climate type occupies only a peripheral part of southern China, though it firmly represents a distinctive type of climate that is supsequently associated with a great economic importance for China. As such, the tropical climate type was mostly identified with its agro-climatological significance, that is by giving favourable growing conditions all-year round for perennial crops with a great heat demand. Tropical climate is, hence, conventionally regarded to be governed by all-year round summer conditions "where winter never comes".     

全球及区域模式中陆面过程的地表植被覆盖分类方法

全球和区域尺度上陆面生态系统与气候密切相关。全球和区域模式的发展对于我们认识气候与陆地生态的变化起到重要作用。在这些模型中,植被覆盖是影响大气-植被间热量、水分和CO2等交换的重要陆面参数。在分析了陆地植被覆盖分类原理基础上,介绍了目前全球不同植被覆盖分类方案,包括基于地基观测的植被分布、基于生物气候特征的分类方案（如：Holdridge的方案）;特别近年来陆面过程试验表明,各种遥感数据源（如：NOAA—AVHRR,EOS—MODIS,Landsat—TM）等为我们提供了有利的工具来监测全球植被动态,完善植被分类,并且采用高时空分辨率的全球土地覆盖状况特征,在不同时空尺度揭示植被-大气相互作用。本文分析了代表性的3种基于卫星遥感技术的陆面植被分类方案,分别是BATS（18类）、SIB（9类）、SIB2（12类）和BIOME—BGC（31类）陆地模式的植被覆盖分类方案．最后分析了目前可用于全球植被覆盖分类的新的遥感数据库。     

全球文化景观遗产的时空分布及列入标准分析

经过长期的探索,自1992 年文化景观被正式列入世界文化遗产类型到2013 年的20 余年间,共有54个国家和地区的85 项文化景观遗产诞生。文章以联合国教科文组织世界遗产官网的文化景观遗产信息为数据源,统计并分析其时空分布、评价标准和遗产类别,结果显示：1）文化景观遗产数量在20 a间呈持续增长趋势,欧洲增长趋势与全球类似,亚洲增长潜力大;2）文化景观遗产集中分布在气候条件适宜人类生活且经济较发达的北半球中纬地区,欧美地区文化景观遗产数量超过全球的50%。大洲中欧洲约占全球的一半,亚洲其次,遗产大国以欧洲发达国家如意大利（6 项）、法国（5 项）、英国（4 项）和德国（4 项）为主,中国也已有4 项;3）入选的85 项遗产主要符合评价标准（iii）、（iv）和（v）,说明文化景观遗产价值的评价焦点为表现遗产地独特人地关系的持续演进和延续能力;4）对51 项文化景观遗产类型进行的统计表明：具有持续特征的有机演进类约占60%,是国际主要关注类型;5）世界文化景观遗产全球共识将在未来使其空间分布相对均衡,中国尚有较大的申报空间,重构文化景观遗产类别将利于其申报和保护。     

全月球撞击坑识别、分类及空间分布

撞击坑是月球表面分布广泛的地貌单元,是研究月球的最直接窗口。本文以嫦娥一号卫星获取的遥感影像和DEM,以及国际天文学联合会(IAU)公布的撞击坑名录为基础数据源,以全月球表面撞击坑为研究对象,采用遥感图像处理与专家知识融合的目视解译法确定撞击坑的边界,识别出全月球表面直径大于500 m的撞击坑共计106030个,采用累积频率和与IAU公布撞击坑对比两种方法对目视解译的撞击坑进行精度评价,其识别的总体误差率为10.97%;按照形态特征指标,将全月球撞击坑分为六大类,对比分析了不同类的撞击坑影像及形貌差异性;对全月球撞击坑分类进行统计分析,得出了不同类型撞击坑在月球表面的数量与密度特征及空间分布情况。