Ⅳ级自重湿陷性黄土区客运专线铁路路堤处理地基的现场试验研究

试验段为自重湿陷性Ⅳ级黄土场地,分3种不同地基处理措施试验分区,分区之间设地基不处理过渡段。柱锤冲扩桩段对22 m深湿陷性黄土层全部处理,水泥挤密桩段仅处理上部15 m深湿陷性黄土层,强夯段处理上部6 m深湿陷性黄土层。结果表明,处理深度范围内黄土的湿陷性已消除,地基承载力均大于标准值。柱锤冲扩桩与水泥土挤密桩复合地基沉降量小于15 mm,满足高速铁路对工后沉降量的要求,而强夯地基的沉降量不满足要求。柱锤冲扩桩区段,桩间土的最小和平均挤密系数不低于0.88和0.93的标准,但是桩身平均压实系数和压缩模量却分别低于0.97和100 MPa的标准。水泥挤密桩区段,桩间土的最小和平均挤密系数、桩身平均压实系数和压缩模量也低于同样的标准值。强夯地基的压缩模量小于15 MPa的标准。检测标准的合理取值有待深入研究。     

求取现场黄土饱和渗透系数的双环入渗法

土体渗透性参数的测定是解决与水有关的岩土工程问题的关键所在。为使现场原状土体饱和渗透系数的测定更为准确,通过一种易于安装和固定的防蒸发型双环入渗仪,研究黄土的入渗规律与特点,试验结果表明:黄土的入渗分区可分为饱和区、湿润区与干土区,其中饱和区的入渗深度约占总入渗深度的1/2,而湿润区土体的饱和度在70%以上,这一特征与Green-Ampt入渗模型的假设较为接近,但在应用基于Green-Ampt模型的规范法（SL237-042-1999）求取黄土的饱和渗透系数时,发现该法会高估黄土的饱和渗透系数。因此,结合Green-Ampt入渗模型与土水特征曲线主要增湿路径的特点,提出了能合理测定现场黄土饱和渗透系数的双环入渗法,对Green-Ampt入渗模型参数加以修正,即直接采用干土区的初始基质吸力水头值,且该值由张力计实测或由主要增湿曲线求得;需采用入渗试验前期的平均入渗率;所对应的湿润锋发展深度需经由水分传感器实测而得。研究结果表明该法能合理估算现场黄土的饱和渗透系数。     

干湿循环对地裂缝带黄土抗剪强度影响研究

为研究长期干湿循环作用对地裂缝带及其附近黄土强度的影响,以西安地裂缝场地典型黄土试样为研究对象,通过室内试验方法（主要为直接剪切实验）,研究地裂缝带黄土试样在干湿循环作用下不同含水率的抗剪强度参数及其强度衰减特性,提出了地裂缝带黄土衰减强度的求取方法,研究表明:（1）干湿循环作用下,地裂缝带黄土抗剪强度随着干湿循环次数及含水率的增加而逐渐减小,1次干湿循环或大于18%含水率对抗剪强度参数影响明显;（2）1次干湿循环作用其强度衰减最为明显,随着干湿循环次数的增加而增加且增幅逐渐下降;（3）1次干湿循环作用下其强度随含水率衰减最为明显,随着含水率的增加其逐渐减小,且在12%以下含水率时其强度衰减较高,大于12%含水率时强度衰减较小。     

Collapsibility and deformation characteristics of deep-seated loess in China

Lin, Z.G. and Wang, S.J., 1988. Collapsibility and deformation characteristics of deep-seated loess in China. Eng. Geol., 25: 271–282.

As part of a comprehensive research program, laboratory tests were conducted on samples of deep-seated loess from different locations of the loessial regions of northern China, including Shaanxi, Gansu, Shanxi and Honan Provinces. The information thus acquired on some aspects of the engineering properties of the samples, such as the unit collapse-pressure relationships, the initial collapse pressure versus the “preconsolidation pressure” and deformation–pressure characteristics, is interesting and may prove useful to geotechnical engineers who work on projects on water-poor plateaux or high river terraces in loessial regions throughout the world.     

回填湿陷性黄土地基强夯法有效加固深度影响因素分析

西北某回填湿陷性黄土地基强夯处理项目,施工完成后部分区域土层湿陷性未完全消除。对强夯法加固回填湿陷性黄土地基有效加固深度的影响因素进行分析,认为夯击能量和夯击次数是影响有效加固深度的首要因素,此外还有地基土含水量、不同土层的厚度及埋藏顺序、回填土层的密实程度及强夯设计参数等。     

基于收缩试验的膨胀土地基变形预测方法

进行膨胀土的三相收缩试验,确定了广西膨胀土的体积收缩指数。对依托工程膨胀土进行了现场静力触探试验,根据比贯入阻力随深度的变化曲线特征,确定了膨胀土活动区深度,给出了膨胀土裂隙开展深度的理论解,膨胀土裂隙开展深度的计算值与静力触探试验确定的膨胀土活动区深度和现场观测的裂隙开展深度基本一致。最后介绍了基于三相收缩试验基础上的膨胀土地基变形计算方法,并在试验基础上给出了膨胀土地基变形计算模式和计算结果。以膨胀土地基变形量作为膨胀土地基的分类指标,对膨胀土地基进行了分类,对膨胀土基础选型具有重要意义。     

Lithomorphic stresses and cleavage of loess

Lateral stresses existing in soil deposits are important clues to recent stress history because they tend to remain “locked in” following adjustments in the overburden load: Thus a high lateral stress is partly retained following a reduction in vertical stress, as by glacial melting or erosion. Conversely, during loess deposition a low lateral stress should be retained if the soil structure is preserved under increasing vertical stress. This has not previously been verified in the field because of the difficulty of measuring lateral stresses in situ in an hydrocollapsible material.

Tests were conducted at two sites in Missouri river valley loess using theK_o Stepped Blade, which uses data extrapolation to give stress on a zero thickness blade. In basal loess where the moisture content was at or above the liquid limit,K_o = 1.0 ± 0.02. In the upper to middle loess zoneK_o is as low as 0.2 to 0.4, lower than the values of 0.4 to 0.5 that would be expected if the soil were normally consolidated. Near the ground surface, lateral stresses are higher soK_o > 1, attributed to post-depositional weathering and the presence of smectite clay minerals. The vertical sequence of lateral stress from high to low to high again should contribute a tension-induced cleavage if lateral confinement is removed by excavation or erosion. This stress condition is most pronounced in loess close to its source, where the potential tension zone was found to extend to a depth of about 7 m compared to 4 m at the other site. Loess cleavage appears to result from stress relief and is not a unique directional property of this material.     

Causes of Land Subsidence in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

The occurrence of land subsidence in the Kingdom Saudi Arabia is either natural or man-made. Natural land subsidence occurs due to the development of subterranean voids by a solution of host rocks in carbonate and evaporite terrains, over many areas of Saudi Arabia. Man-induced land subsidence is either due to the removal of groundwater in the agricultural areas or to wetting of unstable soils. Therefore, earth fissures and a lowering of the ground surface in unconsolidated sediments took place in alluvial plains and volcanic vent terrains. Unstable soils include Sabkha soils and loess sediments. These types of soils occur in coastal plains, desert areas and volcanic terrains. When this soil is wetted either during agricultural activities, waste disposal or even during a rain storm, subsidence takes place due to either the removal of salts from the Sabkha soil or the rearrangement of soil particles in loess sediments.     

Stability of loess

Lutenegger, A.J. and Hallberg, G.R., 1988. Stability of loess. Eng. Geol., 25: 247–261.

The natural stability of loess soils can be related to fundamental geotechnical properties such as Atterberg limits, water content and void ratio. Field observations of unstable conditions in loess deposits in the upper midwest, U.S.A. show relationships between instability and the in situ moisture content and the liquidity index of the loess. Unstable loess can attain natural moisture contents equal to, or greater than, its liquid limit. Implications of these observations for applied engineering works are described.     

Stress deformation properties of macroporous loess soils

Milovic, D., 1988. Stress deformation properties of macroporous loess soils. Eng. Geol., 25: 283–302.

Herein are presented the results of laboratory and field tests which were carried out on loess in Yugoslavia.

Experience gained during recent decades show that the loess soil in some cases undergoes structural collapse and subsidence due to inundation. In order to find the explanation of such behaviour, numerous laboratory and field load tests on loess soil have been performed. Using the obtained results, several correlations have been established.

On the basis of the unconfined test results, a correlation between the initial dry density, initial water content and unconfined compression strength has been established.

A relatively large number of the consolidation subsidence tests (about 550), carried out on undisturbed loess samples, made possible the determination of the degree of subsidence and the corresponding values of the dimensionless coefficients of subsidence. These coefficients have been determined for several values of the initial dry density, for various degrees of saturation and for several stress levels upon wetting. Using these coefficients, the values of the additional settlement caused by flooding of loess under the foundation can easily be calculated. It is of particular interest to note that, in general, water penetrates under one part of the building, producing differential settlements, which are in most cases very dangerous.

By the comparative laboratory investigation of the undisturbed loess samples obtained by thin walled sampler and samples obtained from pits, it has been shown that the mechanical disturbance is an extremely important factor which governs the shear and deformation parameters of loess soils.

The laboratory test results obtained on undisturbed loess samples, cut from blocks in the vertical and horizontal direction, have shown that this soil exhibits anisotropic properties. For this reason a stress deformation problem in an anisotropic medium has been treated by the finite element method.

Static penetration tests and field load tests in loess soils with natural water content and also after saturation have been performed and are described.

The results of the observed settlements for two statically identical multi-storey buildings are also presented. Using the coefficients of subsidence for the undisturbed samples cut from blocks, very good agreement between the calculated and the observed settlements has been obtained.     

Geotechnical engineering practice for collapsible soils

Conditions in arid and semi-arid climates favor the formation of the most problematic collapsible soils. The mechanisms that account for almost all naturally occurring collapsible soil deposits are debris flows, rapid alluvial depositions, and wind-blown deposits (loess). Collapsible soils are moisture sensitive in that increase in moisture content is the primary triggering mechanism for the volume reduction of these soils. One result of urbanization in arid regions is an increase in soil moisture content. Therefore, the impact of development-induced changes in surface and groundwater regimes on the engineering performance of moisture sensitive arid soils, including collapsible soils, becomes a critical issue for continued sustainable population expansion into arid regions.In practicing collapsible soils engineering, geotechnical engineers are faced with (1) identification and characterization of collapsible soil sites, (2) estimation of the extent and degree of wetting, (3) estimation of collapse strains and collapse settlements, and (4) selection of design/mitigation alternatives. Estimation of the extent and degree of wetting is the most difficult of these tasks, followed by selection of the best mitigation alternative.     

Earth Fissuring and Land Subsidence in Western Saudi Arabia

The present investigation deals with the engineering geological evaluation of earth fissuring associated with land subsidence in Wadi Al-Yutamah. The investigations include surface mapping and sampling, in situ and laboratory soil testing, water well inventory, geophysical survey, and monitoring of open fissures and the level of the wadi floor.The earth fissures in the area developed as a result of land subsidence due to man-induced water level declines caused by pumping water from the wadi aquifer above a safe yield. This situation has produced a compaction of underlying unconsolidated sediments and formed hair fissures above ridges and steps of buried surface bedrock. These hair fissures enlarged later after flood erosion and possible enhancement with hydrocompaction.The wadi soil in the study area consists mainly of silt of low plasticity, low density and high void ratio and it was classified as loess like material and collapsing soil. The settlement in the area is greatly increased by excessive wetting under constant pressures. The calculated coefficients of subsidence (collapse) show that the wadi soils were considered to pose moderate problems when wetted.Monitoring of the existing open earth fissures using extensometers indicates that the width of the fissure increases after flooding or rain falls. Monitoring of the ground level using GPS techniques, shows a good relation between the declination of the water table and the subsidence of the ground of the wadi floor.     

Performance of heavy structures founded upon loess at varying moisture conditions

Saye, S.R., Nass, K.H. and Easton, C.N., 1988. Performance of heavy structures founded upon loess at varying moisture conditions. Eng. Geol., 25: 325–339.

The site preparation for foundations and records of performance of three storage structures founded on loess are presented to illustrate the engineering problems and the range in compressibility of loess associated with different moisture conditions. The sites are located in western Iowa and eastern Nebraska. The structures are a 7500 m³ capacity steel water storage reservoir founded on dry collapsible loess along the bluff line of the Missouri River; a 7200 m³ capacity concrete grain elevator supported by a rigid mat founded on saturated and partially saturated loess; and a 10 m high soil preload for a 54 m diameter ammonia storage tank underlain by saturated and partially saturated loess.

The foundation design, the site preparation and the observed settlements are presented for each structure. The settlement behavior varies markedly with the individual moisture conditions and the apparent preconsolidation of the loess. The apparent preconsolidation is attributed to desiccation and appears to vary systematically.     

Comparison between naturally consolidated and laboratory consolidated loess

Rendell, H.M., 1988. Comparison between naturally consolidated and laboratory consolidated loess. Eng. Geol., 25: 229–233.

Preliminary results of a comparison between naturally consolidated and laboratory consolidated loess are presented. Mercury intrusion porosimetry was used to compare nominal pore size distributions of loess before and after laboratory consolidation with those for samples that had undergone “natural” compaction. Although changes in density appear to be modelled well by the oedometer tests, the pore size distributions approach, they do not mirror exactly those for naturally consolidated loess.     

干湿循环作用下压实黄土湿陷特性试验研究

压实黄土作为重要的填筑材料,广泛应用于我国西北、华北公路、铁路、机场等基础设施建设中.由于降雨及蒸发的周期性变化,黄土路基及基础经历着强烈的干湿交替作用.基于此,开展压实黄土风干干燥-滴水增湿条件下的干湿循环试验,利用双线法测试最佳含水量条件下不同初始压实度的黄土土样干湿循环前后的湿陷系数.结果表明：没有经历干湿交替作用的土样,湿陷系数随着压实度的增大而快速减小,当压实度达到90%,提高压实度对于黄土湿陷变形特征的影响较小;5次干湿循环作用后,不同压实度下的试样的湿陷系数均明显增大,且压实度越大,干湿作用对其湿陷变形的影响越显著;压实度K=95%试样在经历5次干湿循环作用后土样上部出现肉眼可见的细微孔隙,体积膨胀,有可溶盐析出,湿陷系数达到0.017,土样出现二次湿陷.     

湿陷性黄土地基综合处理新技术的现场试验与效果分析

针对湿陷性黄土地区的铁路、公路路基及堤基浸水湿陷的工程问题,在业已提出的处理方法（IDITI）,即浅层阻水、浅层排水、浅层防水、封闭截水、深层导水的基础上,首先进行了湿陷性黄土地基处理的现场浸水试验。试验表明,浸水后探井不同深度采取土样的含水量变化小,IDITI法具有明显的阻水、排水效果。其次,用数值分析方法模拟了连续多日强降雨情况下经处理后地基的渗流场,围封处理范围内地基土体的含水量增长较小。验证了IDITI法抑制湿度增长,利用天然土承载能力,处理湿陷性黄土地基的可行性。     

湿陷性黄土地区高层建筑地基处理方法探讨

针对湿陷性黄土场地的岩土工程条件和高层建筑的特性,结合多种地基基础处理方法的特点,从技术可靠、经济合理和施工方便可行的观点出发,对湿陷性黄土场地高层建筑地基处理方法的选择进行探讨。通过工程实例着重阐述灰土挤密桩（DDC法）复合地基处理方法、素土挤密桩和CFG桩复合型地基处理方法、素土挤密桩和钢筋混凝土桩复合型地基处理方法在湿陷性黄土场地高层建筑中的应用。对湿陷性黄土地区高层建筑的地基处理有一定的借鉴作用。     

大厚度自重湿陷性黄土湿陷变形特性水分入渗规律及地基处理方法研究

为研究大厚度自重湿陷性黄土的湿陷变形特性、水分入渗规律以及地基处理合理方法等问题,选择典型大厚度自重湿陷性黄土场地,进行了布置沉降观测点和埋设水分计的浸水试验以及挤密桩、DDC（孔内深层强夯）桩地基处理试验。试验结果表明,在水分入渗过程中,深度22.5～25.0 m以上土体易发生湿陷,该深度以下土体则含水率增加缓慢,达不到湿陷起始含水率,不易发生湿陷,因此该深度考虑可作为现场湿陷性评价的临界深度,也可作为大厚度湿陷性黄土地区进行地基处理时可参考的地基处理下限深度。DDC桩间距为1.0～1.4 m时,无论从挤密系数还是湿陷系数都能满足规范要求;挤密桩15 m试验区域沉降量较小,但其剩余湿陷量任未满足要求,这也佐证了关于22.5～25.0 m深度难于发生湿陷的结论。试验成果可作为今后大厚度自重湿陷性黄土地区工程建设以及黄土规范进一步修订的参考。     

孔内深层强夯法处理湿陷性黄土地基的一个实例

在湿陷性黄土地基中,经常要求既消除黄土地基的湿陷性又提高地基的承载力,而孔内深层强夯法(DDC)是一种相对较新的地基处理方法,具有自身的特点和优势。通过对孔内深层强夯法处理的地基工程的桩体载荷试验、桩间土载荷试验和桩间土挤密效果的试验及其结果分析,表明孔内深层强夯法能消除湿陷性黄土地基的湿陷性,形成的复合地基能显著地提高地基承载力、改善地基土的承载性状,是一种有效的地基处理方法。     

公路黄土地基处治前后沉降变形分析

在湿陷性黄土地区,黄土作为高速公路地基的主要原料其强度和变形特性不能满足要求,主要有振动碾压、冲击碾压和强夯3种有效且实用的处治方法。本文根据原位试验和室内试验的数据,进行有限元模拟,在不同高度路堤和不同加载方式情况下,地基沉降变形随着处治能级的增加而减小,路堤本身的沉降保持不变。对于地基处理的深度和沉降变形减小的效果,强夯最好,冲碾次之,振碾最弱。处治前后地表中心沉降变形值与加载路堤高度之间的关系均可用二阶多项式回归拟合。2～4m高的路堤采用振碾的方式处理地基,5～10m高的路堤采用冲碾方法,大于10m的路堤多用强夯或者直接修桥来代替,对于黄土地区高速公路建设与维护具有重要意义。