Settlement analysis of rectangular piles in nonhomogeneous soil using a Winkler model approach

An analytical approach using a Winkler model is investigated to provide analytical solutions of settlement of a rectangular pile subjected to vertical loads in nonhomogeneous soils. For a vertically loaded pile with a rectangular cross section, the settlement influence factor of a normal pile in nonhomogeneous soils is derived from Mindlin's solution for elastic continuum analysis. For short piles with rectangular and circular cross sections, the modified forms of settlement influence factors of normal piles are produced taking into account the load transfer parameter proposed by Randolph for short circular piles. The modulus of subgrade reaction along a rectangular pile in nonhomogeneous soils is expressed by using the settlement influence factor related to Mindlin's solution to combine the elastic continuum approach with the subgrade‐reaction approach. The relationship between settlement and vertical load for a rectangular pile in nonhomogeneous soils is available in the form of the recurrence equation. The formulation of settlement of soils surrounding a rectangular pile subjected to vertical loads in nonhomogeneous soils is proposed by taking into account Mindlin's solution and both the equivalent thickness and the equivalent elastic modulus for layers in the equivalent elastic method. The difference of settlement between square and circular piles is insignificant, and the settlement of a rectangular pile decreases as the aspect ratio of the rectangular pile cross section increases. The comparison of results calculated by the present method for a rectangular pile in nonhomogeneous soils has shown good agreement with those obtained from the analytical methods and the finite element method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Winkler model approach for vertically and laterally loaded piles in nonhomogeneous soil

An investigation is made to present analytical solutions provided by a Winkler model approach for the analysis of single piles and pile groups subjected to vertical and lateral loads in nonhomogeneous soils. The load transfer parameter of a single pile in nonhomogeneous soils is derived from the displacement influence factor obtained from Mindlin's solution for an elastic continuum analysis, without using the conventional form of the load transfer parameter adopting the maximum radius of the influence of the pile proposed by Randolph and Wroth. The modulus of the subgrade reaction along the pile in nonhomogeneous soils is expressed by using the displacement influence factor related to Mindlin's equation for an elastic continuum analysis to combine the elastic continuum approach with the subgrade reaction approach. The relationship between settlement and vertical load for a single pile in nonhomogeneous soils is obtained by using the recurrence equation for each layer. Using the modulus of the subgrade reaction represented by the displacement influence factor related to Mindlin's solution for the lateral load, the relationship between horizontal displacement, rotation, moment, and shear force for a single pile subjected to lateral loads in nonhomogeneous soils is available in the form of the recurrence equation. The comparison of the results calculated by the present method for single piles and pile groups in nonhomogeneous soils has shown good agreement with those obtained from the more rigorous finite element and boundary element methods. It is found that the present procedure gives a good prediction on the behavior of piles in nonhomogeneous soils. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of piles subjected to lateral soil movements using a three‐dimensional displacement approach

An analytical approach using the three‐dimensional displacement of a soil is investigated to provide analytical solutions of the horizontal response of a circular pile subjected to lateral soil movements in nonhomogeneous soil. The lateral stiffness coefficient of the pile shaft in nonhomogeneous soil is derived from the rocking stiffness coefficient that is obtained from the analytical solution, taking into account the three‐dimensional displacement represented in terms of scalar potentials in the elastic three‐dimensional analysis. The relationship between horizontal displacement, rotation, moment, and shear force of a pile subjected to lateral soil movements in nonhomogeneous soil is obtainable in the form of the recurrence equation. For the relationship between the lateral pressure and the horizontal displacement, it is assumed that the behavior is linear elastic up to lateral soil yield, and the lateral pressure is constant under the lateral soil yield. The interaction factors between piles subjected to both lateral load and moment are calculated, taking into account the lateral soil movement. The formulation of the lateral displacement and rotation of the pile base subjected to lateral loads in nonhomogeneous soils is presented by taking into account the Mindlin equation and the equivalent thickness for soil layers in the equivalent elastic method. For lateral movement, lateral pressure, bending moment, and interaction factors, there are small differences between results obtained from the 1‐D and the 3‐D displacement methods except a very flexible pile. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of piled raft with nodular pile subjected to vertical load using a Winkler model approach

An investigation is made to present analytical solutions provided by a Winkler model approach for analysis of piled rafts with nodular pile subjected to vertical loads in nonhomogeneous soils. The vertical stiffness coefficient along a piled raft with the nodular pile in nonhomogeneous soils is derived from the displacement given by the Mindlin solution for elastic continuum analysis. The vertical stiffness coefficients for the bases of the raft and the nodular part in the nodular pile in a soil are expressed by the Muki solution for the 3‐D elastic analysis. The relationship between settlement and vertical load on the pile base is presented considering the Mindlin solution and the equivalent thickness in the equivalent elastic method. The interaction factor between the shaft of the nodular pile and the soil is expressed taking into account the Mindlin solution and the equivalent elastic modulus. The relationship between settlement and vertical load for a piled raft with the nodular pile in nonhomogeneous soils is obtained by using the recurrence equation of influence factors of the pile for each layer. The percentage of each load carried by both nodular pile and raft subjected to vertical load is represented through the vertical influence factors proposed here. Comparison of the results calculated by the present method for piled rafts with nodular piles in nonhomogeneous soils has shown good agreement with those obtained from the finite element method and a field test. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

瞬态横向振动桩的Winkler参数

应用Fourier变换,推导了瞬态横向振动桩桩周土阻力在频率域中的Baranov公式,并得到瞬态横向振动桩Winkler参数k和c的表达式。该式因计算复杂不便于桩瞬态横向振动的计算,笔者应用Hankel函数渐近展开式得到k和c的简化式。对桩的瞬态横向振动的计算表明,简化式的精度满足要求,且大大提高了计算速度。     

考虑位移的土压力模型在横向承载桩分析中的应用

桩与地基土之间的相互作用是横向承载桩研究的重要组成部分,相互作用的土反力是挠度和深度的非线性函数,即桩的变形和受力之间呈非线性变化,这种非线性导致了横向承载桩的分析计算十分繁杂。针对问题研究的复杂性,从考虑位移的朗肯土压力理论入手,根据桩出现挠度后引起周边土体的位移量,推导出桩周土反力表达式,在不引入任何地基模型的条件下计算桩身任意深度处基于桩体位移的土反力,简化了问题的分析过程。通过设定算例进行分析,所得出的结果与p-y曲线结果以及实际情况一致,证明了该计算方法的合理性。     

A three‐dimensional displacement approach for analysis of laterally loaded piles in nonhomogeneous soil

An analytical approach using the three‐dimensional displacement of a soil is investigated to provide analytical solutions of the horizontal response of a circular pile subjected to lateral loads in nonhomogeneous soil. The rocking stiffness coefficient of the pile shaft in homogeneous soil is derived from the analytical solution taking into account the three‐dimensional displacement represented in terms of scalar potentials in the elastic three‐dimensional analysis. The lateral stiffness coefficient of the pile shaft in nonhomogeneous soil is derived from the rocking stiffness coefficient taking into account the rocking rotation of a rigid pile shaft. The relationship between horizontal displacement, rotation, moment, and shear force of a pile subjected to horizontal loads in nonhomogeneous soil is obtainable in the form of the recurrence equation. The formulation of the lateral displacement and rotation of the pile base subjected to lateral loads in nonhomogeneous soils is presented by taking into account Mindlin's equation and the equivalent thickness for soil layers in the equivalent elastic method. There is little difference between lateral, rocking, and couple stiffness coefficients each obtained from both the two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional methods except for the case of Poisson's ratio near 0.5. The comparison of results calculated by the current method for a pile subjected to lateral loads in homogeneous and nonhomogeneous soils has shown good agreement with those obtained from analytical and numerical methods. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

侧移土体被动桩成拱效应分析

在分析某工业厂房坍塌原因的基础上,认为由于侧移土体被动桩的成拱效应,地面超载引起的土压力被传递到桩身上,导致桩身发生了较大的侧向变形是这起事故发生的主要原因,事故的发生证明了侧移土体被动桩成拱效应的存在。在此基础上,建立了三维数值模型,对土拱效应的形成过程进行了模拟。对三维情况下被动桩的成拱效应与相同条件二维情况的形式和变化规律进行了比较,对不同桩间距、不同堆载大小情况下的被动桩成拱效应进行了分析,并对成拱效应随时间的变化规律进行了探讨。     

边坡土体侧移模式对抗滑桩影响分析

在开挖、降雨或地震等外部因素作用下,边坡土体很容易进入局部或瞬态大变形乃至失稳滑动,使抗滑桩产生附加位移及弯矩。基于两阶段分析方法,采用Winkler模型模拟抗滑单桩与土之间的相互作用,建立单桩水平位移控制方程组,根据内力与位移的连续条件得到考虑不同土体侧移模式下求解桩身响应的矩阵解析表达式,并采用现场监测数据及Poulos弹性理论进行验证,证明该方法是合理可行的,并通过参数分析土体侧移对抗滑桩水平承载性状的影响程度。分析结果表明,土体侧移模式包括最大侧移值、分布形状及重心、侧移势等,对抗滑桩的挠度和弯矩均有显著影响,在工程设计中应予以充分重视。     

双层地基水平受荷桩受力变形分析

基于双层地基中的水平受荷桩的特性,对其受力变形进行了分析。将水平受荷桩视为竖直放置的弹性地基梁,基于Winkler弹性地基梁理论,考虑桩土共同工作得到水平受荷桩位移控制微分方程及其幂级数解答,进而根据内力与位移的连续条件得到了由桩顶受力及变形条件表示任一深度处桩身的水平位移、转角、弯矩及剪力的计算矩阵表达式。通过一具体算例将幂级数解计算结果与《公路桥涵地基与基础设计规范》推荐的简化计算公式计算结果进行了比较。结果表明：当第1层地基土的厚度在某一定值时,《规范》简化计算方法所得结果与幂级数解接近;但当层厚不在该值附近时,两个方法计算结果存在差异。     

Analysis of laterally loaded piles with rectangular cross sections embedded in layered soil

An analysis is developed to determine the response of laterally loaded rectangular piles in layered elastic media. The differential equations governing the displacements of the pile–soil system are derived using variational principles. Closed‐form solutions of pile deflection, the slope of the deflected curve, the bending moment and the shear force profiles can be obtained by this method for the entire pile length. The input parameters needed for the analysis are the pile geometry and the elastic constants of the soil and pile. The new analysis allows insights into the lateral load response of square, rectangular and circular piles and how they compare. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

矩形桩沉桩挤土效应透明土模型试验研究

矩形桩沉桩挤土效应与传统圆形截面桩不同,传统的理论模型和试验技术不适用于研究矩形截面桩沉桩挤土效应。基于透明土变形可视化技术,研究了矩形截面桩沉桩挤土的位移场变化规律。试验结果表明,矩形桩沉桩后,桩周可以分为两块区域：靠近矩形桩身的过渡区域,在此区域内挤土位移模式呈现非柱对称特征,过渡区半径约为4deq～5deq,远离桩身的圆孔扩张区域,该区域内挤土位移呈现柱对称特征。根据矩形截面桩的沉桩挤土试验,推导出了矩形桩截面的修正扩孔理论,并将理论计算的位移值与模型试验测量值进行对比,验证修正扩孔理论的合理性。     

软土中已打入桩对土体位移的遮帘作用研究

采用侧向移动土中桩的理论分析结果以及有限元数值模拟,较为系统地分析了沉桩工程中已打入桩对土体侧向位移及地表隆起的遮帘作用,结果表明已打入桩对土体侧向位移的总体遮帘作用并不显著。采用不同切向劲度系数的接触面单元以模拟已打入桩间隔时间长短对地表隆起的遮帘效应,结果表明：打入桩间隔期较短时,已打入桩对地表隆起的遮拦作用主要体现在对土体位移的“水平阻隔”上,土体沿桩土界面发生流动向上隆起;而间隔期较长时,桩土间存在有较大的摩阻力而限制了土体的位移,此时已打入桩对地表隆起的遮拦作用体现在竖向摩阻力对土体隆起的“抑制”上。     

成层地基中倾斜偏心荷载下单桩计算分析

针对工程中地基土性质变化的具体情况,假定地基系数满足(mz+C)的线性增长规律,考虑P-Δ效应并计入桩身自重和桩侧摩阻力的影响,采用矩阵计算方法,分别得到单层土中倾斜偏心荷载作用、桩段顶端倾斜偏心荷载作用以及桩身水平分布荷载共同作用下的竖向单桩计算分析的幂级数解答。并在此基础上,利用上述两幂级数解答对成层地基中倾斜偏心荷载下单桩的受力进行了分析计算,列出了具体的计算步骤;最后,结合某具体实例,对上述方法进行了验证,结果表明,该解答与实际吻合较好,具有一定的应用价值。     

土体水平位移对邻近既有桩基承载性状影响分析

城市建设中经常会遇到由于堆载或基坑开挖所引起的土体水平位移现象,土体水平位移的作用会使邻近建筑物的桩基础产生附加内力或变形,并可能导致邻近桩基的破坏而发生工程事故。针对此类问题,基于Winkler地基模型以及桩-土变形协调条件,建立单桩水平位移控制方程,根据内力与位移的微分关系,采用两阶段方法进行求解。结合典型的工程事故,通过参数分析,研究土体水平位移对邻近桩基承载性状的影响程度。分析表明,基坑工程围护墙体的稳定和开挖深度对邻近桩基的安全有着重要影响,并提出了近期发生在上海的某小高层楼房整体倒覆事故的一种可能原因。     

粉质粘土中的刚性桩在横向载荷作用下失稳的模型试验研究

为解释横向载荷作用下刚性桩的失稳机理,针对桩头自由的刚性桩做了一系列横向加载试验。基础土为粉质粘土,含水量介于9.85 %～13.85 %之间。由载荷-位移全过程曲线发现,刚性桩在横向载荷达到一定值时会失稳;由试验录像及土体剖面发现,由于土体的软化破坏,在桩后土体内会出现贯穿的局部破坏并形成一楔体,同时在土面伴随一不完全的椭圆形鼓包及一条平行于加载方向的拉伸裂缝,而在桩前土中,由于桩的挤压会形成一条侵彻沟。分析认为,对大位移刚性桩桩后土体的破坏是桩失稳的根本原因。     

地面超载条件下土体侧移模式及对邻近桩基影响分析

建立了三维数值模型,进行堆载-弹塑性地基-桩基共同作用有限元数值分析。在地面超载条件下,对自由场土体的侧向位移模式进行了探讨,得出了土体侧向变形规律。在此基础上,对堆载作用下邻近桩基的力学性状进行了分析,包括不同堆载大小、不同堆载距离和不同桩间距等情况下桩基的侧向变形和弯矩的变化规律。分析结果表明：随着堆载的增加,桩基的变形和弯矩都有显著的增长,桩基逐渐弯曲。在同样条件下,增加桩的刚度,桩身弯矩迅速减小,桩身刚度很大时,会发生整体侧移。桩间距和堆载距离对桩身弯矩和变形有重要影响,随着桩间距和堆载距离的增大,桩身的变形和弯矩都将减小。     

交通荷载下加筋土桥台工作性能试验研究

加筋土桥台因其具有良好的复合体特性,被广泛应用于各项工程建设,研究它在实际工程条件下的工作性能对其设计和推广具有重要意义。加筋土桥台在服役过程中主要承受交通荷载作用,通过室内大比例缩尺模型的加速应力试验,研究交通荷载条件下加筋土桥台的工作性能,考虑加筋间距与筋材刚度的影响,综合分析了不同交通荷载等级和循环次数下桥台变形与筋材应变的变化规律。研究结果表明,加筋土桥台在交通荷载作用下整体变形随循环次数趋于收敛,其顶部沉降、面板水平位移与筋材应变均远小于规范给出的阈值;各变形值随加载时间呈阶梯状发展,不同条件下变形收敛趋势有所差异;增大筋材刚度和减小加筋层间距有利于控制桥台的变形,筋材刚度对变形的控制作用要优于加筋间距;交通荷载作用下面板水平应变与顶部竖向应变并不满足2倍关系,二者之间的定量关系有待进一步研究。     

考虑土体屈服的纵横荷载单桩变形内力分析

为提高桩身变形较大时纵横荷载单桩的设计计算水平,假定地基反力系数沿深度线性增加,考虑土体屈服及纵向荷载的P-?效应并计入桩身自重和桩侧摩阻力的影响,得到了地面以下桩身变形和内力的幂级数解。结合已有的地面以上桩身响应的幂级数解,采用Fortran语言编制了计算程序。计算结果表明：桩顶位移、地面处桩身位移及桩身最大弯矩均随纵横向荷载和自由段桩长的增加而增大,并随土体屈服位移的增加而减小;纵向荷载足够大时桩基失稳;桩顶约束条件对桩的响应影响很大。计算值与模型试验的实测值吻合较好,所得解和程序是可靠的。