Numerical analysis of soil plug behaviour inside open-ended piles during driving

The plugging mechanism of infinitely-long open-ended piles is examined using numerical simulation of the wave propagation inside the soil plug and pile. It is shown that the key parameters for the plugging mechanism are the pile radius, the shape of the impact load, the shear wave velocity of the soil inside the pile, and the friction at the pile–soil interface. Consequently, the tendency of the pile to plug during driving can be assessed prior to the driving process by consideration of these key parameters. Existing one-dimensional models for the shaft response of open-ended piles are discussed and an improved model is presented. The differences between using one-dimensional models and finite element models to simulate the plugging process are examined. The differences are found to vary with the key parameters. Pile-in-pile and lumped-mass one-dimensional models are found to give satisfactory performance for some parameter combinations, while for others an axisymmetric finite element model must be used. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Thermal analysis of energy piles in sand

The present work investigates the behaviour of geothermal energy piles in sand subjected to thermal loading and the resulting soil-structure interaction, numerically using the finite element software Abaqus and user-defined material subroutines for soil. The stress-strain response of sand has been simulated using CASM constitutive model based on critical-state soil mechanics. Detailed parametric sensitivity studies have been carried out to understand the effects of different end conditions of the pile, relative densities of the soil, coefficients of lateral earth pressure of the ground, lengths and diameters of the pile, thermal loads, coefficients of friction at the pile-soil interface, critical-state friction angles of soil, thermal conductivity of soil, specific heat of soil and thermal conductivity of the pile on the stress response of soil, deformation of the pile and soil, and strains in the pile. The results show that negative shear stress is generated in the soil at the pile-soil interface. In the pile with both ends restrained the lateral earth pressure coefficient in soil increases due to high radial strain generation. Moreover, the lateral earth pressure coefficient in soil increases with the increase in the thermal load, the coefficient of friction at the pile-soil interface and the critical-state friction angle of the soil.     

黏土地基中能量桩力学特性数值分析

能量桩是将地源热泵系统中的换热管埋置在桩体内部,桩同时起到承载和换热的作用,是一种新型的基础型式。为了合理分析黏土地基中能量桩的力学特性,需要了解能量桩运行过程中桩和地基土的温度响应,并考虑温度变化对土体力学性能的影响。基于有限元软件ABAQUS建立了能量桩传热分析三维有限元模型,把能量桩的传热简化为换热管内液体与管壁之间的对流传热、桩体中的热传导和地基中的热传导,将计算结果与常规理论和实测数据进行了对比验证。对热力耦合边界面本构模型进行了二次开发,通过算例验证了模型对土体压缩和剪切性状温度效应的模拟能力。利用所提出的能量桩传热分析方法和热边界面模型,考虑不同的桩顶工作荷载水平,对正常固结黏土地基中能量桩单桩的长期性能进行了研究,分析了温度循环对桩顶沉降、桩侧摩阻力和桩身轴力的影响。结果表明,工作荷载越高,温度循环次数越多,桩顶累积沉降越大。     

Numerical modelling of the driving response of thin‐walled open‐ended piles

The driving response of thin‐walled open‐ended piles is studied using numerical simulation of the wave propagation inside the soil plug and the pile. An elastic finite element analysis is carried out to identify the stress wave propagation in the vicinity of the pile toe. It is found that the shear stress wave has the highest magnitude above the bottom of the soil plug. Below the bottom of the soil plug, the vertical stress wave has the highest magnitude. Although the shear stress wave propagating in the radial direction is similar in magnitude to the vertical stress wave at the bottom of the soil plug, it decays rapidly while travelling downwards. The highest vertical stress at the bottom of the soil plug appears after the vertical stress wave interacts with the shear stress wave travelling in the radial direction. Initially, the vertical stress wave propagates with the dilation wave velocity in both the radial and vertical directions. After it interacts with the shear stress wave, the vertical stress wave starts to propagate with the shear wave velocity in the radial direction and with the axial wave velocity downwards. It is concluded that at the bottom of the soil plug, the interaction between the waves travelling in radial and vertical directions is important. The capabilities of several one‐dimensional pile‐in‐pile models to reproduce the driving response given by a two‐dimensional axisymmetric finite element model is studied. It is seen that when the base of the soil plug fails, a one‐dimensional pile‐in‐pile model can be used to achieve results in agreement with the finite element model. However, when the pile is unplugged, where the base of the soil plug does not fail, a reduced finite element mesh that permits the radial wave propagation inside the soil plug must be used. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

岩溶地区桩基的有限元分析

岩溶地区长桩存在着遇洞率的问题。为了研究岩溶地区桩的受力特点,采用有限元法模拟岩溶地区桩基的工作方式,分析了岩层厚度对桩的影响以及桩的受力状态,并研究了去桩的可能性。计算结果表明:岩层厚度对桩的影响较大,岩层的位置对桩的应力不产生影响,仅对桩的位移产生影响。     

被动桩中土拱效应问题的数值分析

被动桩对侧向位移的土层起到遮拦作用的机理主要是土拱效应。采用有限元软件Plaxis 8.1,详细地研究了被动桩中土拱效应的产生机理,分析了导致侧向位移的荷载大小、土体性质、群桩以及桩土接触面性质等影响因素对土拱效应性态和桩土应力分担比的影响,分析表明,桩间距是影响土拱效应的最主要因素。     

能量桩单桩工作特性简化分析方法

基于荷载传递法,建立了热力耦合作用下能量桩单桩工作特性的简化分析方法。该方法中将桩-土荷载传递函数取为双曲线,采用曼辛法则模拟温度循环过程中桩-土界面的卸载和再加载特性,通过再加载过程中刚度的折减近似考虑塑性变形的积累。利用矩阵位移法求解控制方程组后可直接得到任意温度-力学组合作用下的桩体变形、桩身轴力、桩侧阻力和桩端阻力,无需事先假设温度位移零点的位置。通过与试验数据的对比分析,验证了所提方法的可靠性。结合算例,研究了能量桩的长期工作特性。结果表明,温度循环会造成自由桩的桩顶沉降增加,固定桩的桩顶应力减小,温度循环的影响与桩顶静力荷载水平和土体刚度的衰减程度密切相关。     

Numerical analysis of the response of battered piles to inclined pullout loads

This paper presents a three‐dimensional finite element analysis of the response of battered piles to the combined lateral and vertical pullout loads. Analyses are carried out using an elastoplastic constitutive law based on the non‐associated Mohr–Coulomb criterion. The influence of the contact condition at the pile–soil interface is also investigated. Analyses show that the load's inclination with regard to the pile's axis affects both the lateral and axial response of the battered piles. Analyses also show that the pullout capacity of battered piles is affected by the pile's inclination regarding the vertical axis as well as the load's inclination regarding the pile's axis. The investigation of the influence of the contact condition at the soil–pile interface shows that the possibility of sliding at the soil–pile interface affects the response of battered piles subjected to loads with low inclination regarding the pile's axis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Three‐dimensional analysis of the seismic behaviour of micropiles used in the reinforcement of saturated soil

This paper includes a numerical study of the behaviour of micropiles used for the reinforcement of saturated soil. Analysis is carried out using the (u–p) formulation (displacement for the solid phase and pore‐pressure for the fluid phase) implemented in a three‐dimensional finite element program. The soil behaviour is described by means of a cyclic elastoplastic constitutive relation which was developed within the framework of the bounding surface concept. The paper is composed of three parts. The first one is concerned with a presentation of the numerical model; the second includes analysis of the seismic behaviour of a single micropile; the last part deals with the group effect under seismic loading. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

加筋效应对群桩相互作用系数的影响

群桩相互作用系数通常是采用平面应变模型进行分析,其研究方法具有较多的近似性。基于更为严格的虚拟桩模型,应用群桩相互作用的积分方程解答,以两桩相互作用的基本模型为例,研究加筋效应对群桩相互作用的影响。与弹性理论法和Mylonakis & Gazetas解答的对比表明,加筋效应对群桩相互作用系数有着较为明显的影响,并指出Mylonakis & Gazetas基于剪切位移法所得解答中存在的一些主要问题。     

On the understanding of cyclic interaction mechanisms in an energy pile group

Integrating ground heat exchanger elements into concrete piles is now considered as an efficient energy solution for heating/cooling of buildings. In addition to the static load of buildings, the concrete piles also undergo a cycle of thermal deformation. In the case of single energy pile, calculation methods already exist and permit to perform a proper geotechnical design. In the case of energy pile group, the thermo‐mechanical interactions within the group are more complex. Very few experimental results on the energy pile group are available so that numerical analysis can be an interesting way to provide complementary results about their behavior. This paper deals with a numerical analysis including a comparison between a single energy pile and an energy pile group with different boundary conditions at the pile head. In order to take into account the stress reversal induced by the thermal expansions and contractions, a cyclic elastoplastic constitutive model is introduced at the soil–pile interface. The analysis aims to give some insights about the long‐term cyclic interaction mechanisms in the energy pile group. Based on this qualitative study, some guidance can be brought for the design of energy piles in the case where group effects should be considered. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical modelling of large deformations associated with driving of open‐ended piles

This paper presents a ‘Eulerian‐like’ finite element technique to simulate the large accumulated displacements of piles subjected to multiple hammer blows. For each hammer blow, results are obtained using a standard small strain finite element model and, at the end of each hammer blow, material flow is taken into account with reference to a fixed finite element mesh. Residual stresses calculated at the Gauss integration points of the deformed finite element mesh are mapped on to the fixed finite element mesh, and these stresses are used as initial stresses for the next hammer blow. At the end of each hammer blow, stiffness and mass matrices are recalculated for the volume of material remaining inside the fixed finite element mesh. Results obtained with and without allowing material to flow through the fixed mesh are compared for several hammer blows. Build up of residual stresses, soil flow and yielded points around the pile are presented for plugged, partially‐plugged and unplugged piles. Using the new finite element technique, the driving of a pile from the soil surface is studied. The ability to analyse this and other large deformation problems is the main advantage of the new finite element technique. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

能量桩群桩工作特性简化分析方法研究

采用双曲线模型模拟桩土界面上的力学行为,利用剪切位移法反映剪应力在土层中的传递,考虑群桩之间的相互作用,建立了热-力耦合作用下能量桩群桩基础工作特性的简化分析方法。该方法能反映桩土界面上的非线性、桩顶的约束条件和能量桩位置的影响,可直接计算所有桩的位移和轴力。与现有方法相比,计算得到的双桩相互作用因子更加合理。通过与文献中试验数据的对比表明,若只有局部桩经历温度变化,能量桩运行过程中各桩之间存在差异变形,基础出现倾斜,桩顶荷载发生重分布。所建立方法计算方便,能合理模拟能量桩群桩基础的主要工作特性,可用于大规模能量桩群桩基础的设计计算。     

工作荷载下温度循环对桩基变形与应力的影响分析

目前针对工作荷载下温度循环对桩基承载力特性的研究相对较少,基于室内模型试验方法,对饱和砂土中工作荷载下桩体在多次冷热循环作用时的承载特性和传热特性进行研究,测得温度循环作用下桩体和桩周土体温度、桩周水平土压力、桩体应变以及桩顶位移随时间的变化规律。试验结果表明,施加温度循环作用后桩体及桩周土体温度变化不大,桩周水平土压力也能基本恢复到初值,但在桩体内部则会产生较少残余应变,桩顶下沉并随着循环次数的增加不断累积,从而影响结构的整体承载能力。     

考虑桩土侧移的被动桩中土拱效应数值分析

被动桩对侧向位移的土层起到遮拦作用的机制主要是土拱效应。采用土工有限元软件Plaxis Tunnel 3D 1.2,对堆载荷载作用下邻近桩基中的土拱效应产生机制和性状进行三维数值分析,指出目前被动桩中土拱效应二维有限元分析存在的问题。考虑桩土侧移与相对位移,再利用土工有限元软件Plaxis2D 8.2详细地研究了侧向土体位移大小、桩身水平位移大小、土体性质以及桩土接触面性质等影响因素对土拱效应性态和桩土荷载分担比的影响。     

热交换桩的作用机制及其应用

将常规桩与地源热泵技术结合起来形成了一种新型基桩--热交换桩。首先介绍了热交换桩的概念和工作机制,并对其进行了总结和分类。桩体中埋设换热器并与地表管路连接,通过换热器中的交换液体与桩体、桩周土-地基土及地下水系统进行热交换,形成封闭的地源热泵的地热交换器,使得热交换桩具有常规基桩和地源热泵预成孔直接埋设换热器的双重作用。最后分析了热交换桩目前国内外的应用现状,指出了实际应用关键技术问题及其研究的方向。分析后可以看出,热交换桩是一种经济、环保、节能的新技术,值得推广使用。     

Non‐isothermal plasticity model for cyclic behaviour of soils

On the one hand, it has been observed that liquefaction‐induced shear deformation of soils accumulates in a cycle‐by‐cycle pattern. On the other hand, it is known that heating could induce plastic hardening. This study deals with the constitutive modelling of the effect that heat may have on the cyclic mechanical properties of cohesive soils, a relatively new area of interest in soil mechanics. In this paper, after a presentation of the thermo‐mechanical framework, a non‐isothermal plasticity cyclic model formulation is presented and discussed. The model calibration is described based on data from laboratory sample tests. It includes numerical simulations of triaxial shear tests at various constant temperatures. Then, the model predictions are compared with experimental results and discussed in the final section. Both drained and undrained loading conditions are considered. The proposed constitutive model shows good ability to capture the characteristic features of behaviour. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

刚柔性长短桩复合地基性状分析

对刚柔性长短桩复合地基的工程性状进行了分析研究。利用有限元方法对不同的垫层模量、垫层厚度、短桩模量及长桩长度对长短桩复合地基的总沉降、长短桩应力比和长短桩桩身应力所产生的影响及规律进行了分析。结果表明,优化材料参数可以较好地改善长短桩复合地基的受力性状,使基础受力更合理。另外,长桩的存在可有效减小地基沉降值。结合对温州某小区该类型地基埋设压力盒的现场监测,分析了实际工程中刚柔性长短桩复合地基的应力比和土压力的发展规律。其结果可为该类型复合地基的设计和应用提供参考。     

大规模超长群桩基础工作性能的数值模拟

超长桩基础在土木工程中的应用越来越多,但对其工作性状的研究相对滞后。以某超长群桩基础工程为例,用三维非线性有限元方法分析了超长单桩及群桩的工作性能。计算中桩、土和承台的有限元模型均用8节点六面体等参单元,桩-土界面用有厚度的接触面单元模拟;混凝土的应力-应变关系用线弹性模型,土体用非线性Duncan-Chang弹性模型模拟;承台施工过程用分级加荷的方法模拟,承台混凝土的硬化过程用变化模量的方法模拟。计算结果表明,超长单桩的承载性状属摩擦桩,其桩身失稳的原因是桩侧土体的破坏;在群桩基础中,不同位置基桩的工作性能不完全相同,承台周边桩的工作性能与单桩类似,而与内部桩的差别较大;现行规范中推荐的群桩效应系数和有限元计算结果间存在较大差别,表明现行规范可能不适用于超长群桩基础,对超长群桩基础的工作性能进行深入研究是必要的。     

施工期间人工挖孔桩桩间土稳定性分析

为预防人工挖孔桩窜孔,探讨了桩间土失稳机制,分析了桩间土失稳时的位移特征,建立了桩间土稳定性分析的力学模型,推导了桩间土稳定系数及安全桩净距的计算公式,提出了窜孔防治措施建议。结果表明,桩间土失稳时,滑动土体位移平行于桩心连线,其宽度等于两桩桩径较小值;桩间土稳定系数与滑动土体宽度及埋深成反比,与桩净距成正比,随滑动层的抗剪强度及残余抗剪强度增大而增大,而滑动层厚度则存在一个最不利值,可通过试算确定;控制桩孔间的混凝土面高差、增大桩孔开挖净距、加强护壁,减少桩间土的扰动等是防治窜孔的有效措施。工程实例表明,桩间土稳定性评价方法合理、实用,可为黏性土场地的人工挖孔桩施工提供参考。