Thermotectonic evolution of Precambrian basement rocks of the Kuruktag uplift,NE Tarim craton,China: evidence from apatite fission-track data

The Kuruktag uplift is located directly northeast of the Tarim craton in northwestern China. Neoarchaean-to-Neoproterozoic metamorphic rocks and intrusive rocks crop out widely in the uplift; thus, it is especially suited for a more complete understanding of the thermal evolution of the Tarim craton. Apatite fission-track (AFT) methods were used to study the exhumation history and cooling of these Precambrian crystalline rocks. Nine apatite-bearing samples were collected from both sides of the Xingdi fault transecting the Kuruktag uplift. Pooled ages range from 146.0 ± 13.4 to 67.6 ± 6.7 Ma, with mean track lengths between 11.79 ± 0.14 and 12.48 ± 0.10 μm. These samples can be divided into three groups based on age and structural position. Group A consists of five samples with AFT apparent ages of about 100–110 Ma and is generally associated with undeformed areas. Group B comprises three specimens with AFT apparent ages lower than 80 Ma and is mostly associated with hanging wall environments close to faults. Group C is a single apatite sample with the oldest relative apparent age, 146.0 ± 13.4 Ma. The modelled thermal history indicates four periods of exhumation in the Kuruktag uplift: late-Early Jurassic (180 Ma); Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous (144–118 Ma); early-Late Cretaceous (94–82 Ma); and late Cenozoic (about 10 Ma). These cooling events, identified by AFT data, are assumed to reflect far-field effects from multi-stage collisions and accretions of terranes along the south Asian continental margin.     

龙门山冲断隆升及其走向差异的裂变径迹证据

大量的低温年代学研究用来讨论龙门山晚新生代的隆升,但很少涉及其走向差异和中生代隆升。本文分别沿龙门山北、中、南段3条剖面进行了锆石和磷灰石裂变径迹测试,结合已有的热年代学数据,以期揭示整个中-新生代期间龙门山隆升历史及其时空变化。中生代以来,龙门山主要有印支期(约200 Ma)、早白垩世末(约100 Ma)、早新生代(65～30 Ma)以及晚中新世(15～9 Ma)等或快或慢的冷却事件,总体上经历了中生代至早新生代的缓慢冷却和晚新生代快速冷却2个阶段,快速剥露开始于15～9 Ma,剥蚀速率由早期的0.1 mm/a增加到0.15～0.3 mm/a左右,局部可达0.9 mm/a左右。走向上,龙门山北段相对偏小的锆石裂变径迹年龄和相对偏大的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄反映其在中生代较中、南段隆升更快,而裂变径迹年龄总体上从北段向中、南段减小,表明中、南段在新生代发生了更快的隆升。倾向上,多种热年代学数据显示新生代期间在北川断裂和彭灌断裂两侧存在明显的差异剥露,这种差异在中、南段表现比北段更为突出。龙门山晚新生代快速隆升和剥露是青藏高原区域隆升背景上叠加的冲断活动所致,而非下地壳流动驱动。     

燕山及邻区晚白垩世以来山脉隆升历史的低温热年代学证据

本文根据以裂变径迹测年为主的低温热年代学方法，认为燕山及邻区在晚白垩世进入区域性伸展构造环境以来经历了造山带伸展裂解引发的6次强烈差异升降运动，分别发生在120～105Ma、95～85Ma、60～50Ma、38Ma左右、25～20Ma和10～5Ma，造成燕山及邻区约7～8km的剥蚀量。而在相邻两次强烈差异升降运动期之间的相对构造稳定期，则形成了燕山—太行山地5期夷平面以及周缘盆地多期沉积间断。燕山与邻区盆地之间晚中新世以来的快速差异升降运动导致燕山及邻区现今盆—山构造—地貌格局。     

新疆博格达—哈尔里克山晚新生代压扭性变形与隆起成山

压扭性走滑变形是陆内变形的最主要构造样式之一,并且是陆内造山系统得以形成的最基本构造样式。位于天山东部的博格达—哈尔里克山链,横亘在吐哈盆地和准噶尔盆地之间,是研究新生代山脉形成理想的野外实验室。本文结合压扭造山带的研究,通过野外地质填图、遥感解译和DEM分析,裂变径迹测试等研究,确认博格达—哈尔里克山与山脉隆起相关的断裂构造主要为北东东向和北西西向压扭性走滑断裂,认为它是晚新生代压扭造山带(transpressional orogen)。主要证据是:首先博格达—哈尔里克山与山脉隆起相关的构造变形为北东东70°走向和北西西290°走向,山脉两侧呈现向盆地方向的逆冲冲断构造,体现了近南北向为构造主压应力场特点;其次天池河床砂岩屑AFT分析出的年龄峰值集中在42.8 Ma(62.8%)、18.8 Ma(29.0%)、3.2 Ma(8.2%),表明样品所代表的流域地质体在42.8 Ma、18.8Ma、3.2 Ma经历了3次冷却事件。依据裂变径迹等年龄投影圈闭图显示博格达山裂变径迹年龄存在中间新,两边老的特点。基于相同的大地构造背景,压扭造山模式也可以解释整个天山晚新生代山脉强烈隆升。     

宁芜、庐枞盆地玢岩铁矿成矿深度及成矿后抬升、剥蚀情况: 来自磷灰石裂变径迹的证据

矿床形成深度及成矿后的变化与保存是目前深部找矿亟待解决的关键问题.选取4个成矿年龄均为130 Ma左右的典型玢岩铁矿, 分别为宁芜盆地中矿体已经出露地表并经受过剥蚀的东山铁矿和矿体埋藏距地表 40 m以下的梅山铁矿, 庐枞盆地中矿体埋藏距地表400 m以下的罗河铁矿和矿体埋藏距地表600 m以下的泥河铁矿, 采用双重定年技术对这4个矿床主成矿阶段矿石矿物组合中的磷灰石进行了裂变径迹研究.结果显示: (1)东山铁矿AFT合并年龄为106.3±5.4 Ma, 梅山铁矿为94.2±4.0 Ma, 罗河铁矿为81.3±4.0 Ma, 泥河铁矿为79.1±3.3 Ma, 且AFT年龄和围限径迹长度随样品埋藏深度减小而增大, 分别更接近成矿年龄和原始径迹长度, 显示4个矿床成矿后差异抬升剥蚀作用导致磷灰石样品通过部分退火带时的冷却速率存在差别; (2)热史模拟反映这4个矿床成矿后均经历了早期短暂快速冷却和后期长期缓慢冷却2个阶段, 两阶段之间的拐点温度接近, 对应深度为1.7~1.8 km, 结合其他证据证明宁芜、庐枞盆地玢岩铁矿成矿深度均为2 km左右.说明这4个矿床现今埋藏深度的差异主要是由于成矿后的抬升、剥蚀作用导致.(3)自110 Ma以来宁芜盆地的整体抬升剥蚀幅度大于庐枞盆地, 导致宁芜盆地大部分玢岩铁矿矿体接近或暴露地表.2个盆地早期抬升剥蚀作用与区域性黄桥事件同步.      

天山、西昆仑山中、新生代幕式活动的磷灰石裂变径迹记录

通过对天山独山子—库车公路、西昆仑山新疆—西藏公路出露的7个花岗岩样品的磷灰石裂变径迹分析，研究了天山、西昆仑山脉低温（＜110℃）热历史。磷灰石裂变径迹年龄范围为（9.6±0.8）～（89.2±2.3）Ma，平均裂变径迹长度变化范围为（7.9±3.7）～（11.6±1.9）μm。磷灰石裂变径迹年龄反映冷却作用时代，地质资料和磷灰石裂变径迹分析数据表明，天山在白垩纪存在一次抬升作用，天山和西昆仑山在中新世发生另一次抬升作用。     

The Exhumation History of North Qaidam Thrust Belt Constrained by Apatite Fission Track Thermochronology: Implication for the Evolution of the Tibetan Plateau

Determining the spatio-temporal distribution of the deformation tied to the India-Eurasian convergence and the impact of pre-existing weaknesses on the Cenozoic crustal deformation is significant for understanding how the convergence between India and Eurasia contributed to the development of the Tibetan Plateau. The exhumation history of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau was addressed in this research using a new apatite fission track (AFT) study in the North Qaidam thrust belt (NQTB). Three granite samples collected from the Qaidam Shan pluton in the north tied to the Qaidam Shan thrust, with AFT ages clustering in the Eocene to Miocene. The other thirteen samples obtained from the Luliang Shan and Yuka plutons in the south related to the Luliang Shan thrust and they have showed predominantly the Cretaceous AFT ages. Related thermal history modeling based on grain ages and track lengths indicates rapid cooling events during the Eocene-early Oligocene and since late Miocene within the Qaidam Shan, in contrast to those in the Cretaceous and since the Oligocene-Miocene in the Luliang Shan and Yuka region. The results, combined with published the Cretaceous thermochronological ages in the Qaidam Shan region, suggest that the NQTB had undergo rapid exhumation during the accretions along the southern Asian Andean-type margin prior to the India-Eurasian collision. The Cenozoic deformation initially took place in the North Qaidam thrust belt by the Eocene, which is consistent with the recent claim that the deformation of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau initiated in the Eocene as a response to continental collision between India and Eurasia. The immediate deformation responding to the collision is tentatively attributed to the pre-existing weaknesses of the lithosphere, and therefore the deformation of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau should be regarded as a boundary-condition-dependent process.     

宁武盆地及周缘岩体裂变径迹对山西地块中—新生代构造演化的约束

宁武盆地及周缘岩体的抬升剥蚀对于山西地块中—新生代构造演化具有重要的指示意义。本文对宁武盆地及周缘岩体进行裂变径迹分析,磷灰石裂变径迹年龄97～47 Ma,锆石裂变径迹年龄161～141 Ma。裂变径迹记录了早白垩世早期(145～125 Ma)、晚白垩世(85～70 Ma)、古新世晚期—始新世早期(59～53 Ma)和渐新世晚期(28 Ma)的4次抬升剥蚀事件。综合分析山西地块的裂变径迹数据,表明隆起区晚古生代以来发生了多期抬升剥蚀事件。山西地块中—新生代构造演化具有时空差异。周缘岩体样品的裂变径迹年龄大于盆地内沉积地层样品的年龄,指示了周缘山体先于盆地抬升剥蚀。晋东北抬升剥蚀时限早于晋西南。山西裂谷系西南端裂开较早。裂谷系发育具有由南向北扩展的特征,这与地层保留记录相一致。山西地块现今地貌格局是在中生代发育一系列雁行状排列的复背斜和复向斜构造基础上发展而成的。     

缅甸中央盆地北部新生代隆升的裂变径迹证据

缅甸中央盆地北部新生代隆升作用的研究,不仅对全面认识西缅地块的演化具有重要的意义,而且对该地区的油气勘探也具有重要的指导意义.对采自研究区的2个碎屑岩样、1个钻井基底样品进行了磷灰石裂变径迹测年及热历史模拟分析.在弧前钦敦坳陷西缘冲断带、东缘冲起带和西缅岛弧带获得了逐渐变年轻的裂变径迹年龄（分别是70.6±9.3 Ma、53.4±7.5 Ma和22.7±3.0 Ma）,表明缅甸中央盆地北部在空间上存在自西向东的递进变形过程.磷灰石的热历史模拟分析显示,缅甸中央盆地北部自晚白垩世（80±1 Ma）开始,经历了隆升→快速隆升→平稳→缓慢隆升4个阶段.缅甸中央盆地29~20 Ma的快速隆升冷却事件是缅甸北部区域性隆升剥露作用的体现;4 Ma以来缅甸中央盆地缓慢隆升,这一构造事件是印度板块向东挤压碰撞作用的响应.研究表明缅甸中央沉积盆地的空间发育演化与递进式构造变形（隆升）是新特提斯洋/印度洋岩石圈在新生代期间向西缅地块下的多期次俯冲的直接响应.      

鄂尔多斯盆地渭北隆起岐山－麟游地区中新生代构造热演化及地质响应——来自裂变径迹分析的证据

本文通过对渭北隆起西南缘岐山-麟游地区构造变形特征进行研究,结合磷灰石、锆石裂变径迹测试分析及热史模拟,探讨了研究区中新生代构造热演化过程及地质响应。结果表明,燕山运动对研究区影响最大,使得研究区发生大规模构造变形及抬升,研究区中生代以来至少包括三次构造抬升:晚侏罗-早白垩世早期(138~128Ma)、早白垩世末以来,主要是晚白垩世(86~69Ma)和始新世(50~40Ma)。AFT年龄的空间分布暗示了研究区抬升冷却具有南早北晚、后期整体抬升的特点。热史模拟结果表明研究区南部在158Ma达到最大古地温,158~130Ma,样品快速抬升至部分退火带,130~40Ma为缓慢抬升,40Ma以来抬升速率明显加快。研究区中新生代构造热演化过程与相邻构造单元的相互作用具有密切的联系,晚侏罗世构造抬升与秦-祁造山带此时进入强烈多旋回陆内造山过程相对应,早白垩世稳定沉降期是鄂尔多斯盆地油气成熟的关键时期,晚白垩世以来的构造抬升与秦岭造山带抬升具有一致性,始新世以来的快速隆升,与渭河盆地北缘翘倾作用有关。     

南黄海中部隆起晚白垩世以来地层剥蚀的磷灰石裂变径迹分析

南黄海中部隆起自印支期以来经历显著的构造隆升及剥蚀过程.基于大陆架科学钻探CSDP-2井的钻井岩心,应用磷灰石裂变径迹技术研究了南黄海中部隆起晚白垩世以来的剥蚀过程及响应特征.所获得的8个磷灰石样品的裂变径迹年龄显示出两个年龄组,除单个样品为38±3 Ma外,其余样品都集中在（52±4）~（65±5）Ma范围内,基本反映了同一期构造热事件年龄,并且均远小于样品所处的二叠纪年龄,表明样品完全退火并记录了晚白垩世以来的热历史.样品热史模拟结果表明,基于泥岩镜质体反射率计算的最高古地温处于样品退火带温区范围内,各样品从晚白垩世早期（约100 Ma）以来经历持续的降温过程,在约80~75 Ma开始进入部分退火带.南黄海中部隆起第一期快速冷却降温过程出现在晚白垩世末期,并持续至古新世早期,随后进入古近纪表现为持续相对缓慢的降温过程,降温幅度约30 ℃,渐新世末期到中新世早期存在另一期快速冷却过程.热史模拟结果较好地指示了南黄海中部隆起晚白垩世以来的地层剥蚀响应特征.      

阿尔金-祁连山晚新生代隆升-剥露过程——来自岩屑磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学的制约

阿尔金-祁连山位于青藏高原北缘, 其新生代的隆升-剥露过程记录了高原变形和向北扩展的历史, 对探讨高原隆升动力学具有重要意义。本文采用岩屑磷灰石裂变径迹测年分析, 利用岩屑的统计特征限定阿尔金-祁连山新生代的隆升-剥露过程。磷灰石裂变径迹测试结果表明, 阿尔金-祁连山地区存在4个阶段的抬升冷却: 21.1~19.4 Ma、13.5~10.5 Ma、9.0~7.3 Ma、4.3~3.8 Ma。其中, 4.3~3.8 Ma抬升冷却事件仅体现在祁连山地区, 9.0~7.3 Ma抬升冷却事件在区内普遍存在, 且9.0~7.3 Ma隆升-剥露造就了现代阿尔金-祁连山的地貌。区域资料分析表明, 9~7 Ma(或者8~6 Ma)期间, 青藏高原北缘、东缘, 甚至整个中国西部地区发生了大规模、区域性的抬升, 中国现今"西高"的构造地貌形态可能于当时开始形成。阿尔金-祁连山地区4期抬升冷却事件与青藏高原的隆升阶段有很好的对应关系, 应该是对印度-欧亚板块碰撞的响应。     

Mesozoic exhumation of the southern Cape, South Africa, quantified using apatite fission track thermochronology

Southern Africa's topography is distinctive. An inland plateau of low relief and high average elevation is separated from a coastal plane of high relief and low average elevation by a steeply dipping escarpment. The origin and evolution of this topography is poorly understood because, unlike high plateaus elsewhere, its development cannot be easily linked to present day compressional plate boundary processes. Understanding the development of this regional landscape since the break-up of Gondwana is a first order step towards resolving regional epeirogenesis. We present data that quantifies the timing and extent of exhumation across the southern Cape escarpment and coastal plane, using apatite fission track analysis (AFTA) of 25 outcrop samples and 31 samples from three deep boreholes (KW1/67, SA1/66, CR1/68). Outcrop fission track (AFT) ages are Cretaceous and are significantly younger than the stratigraphic ages of their host rocks, indicating that the samples have experienced elevated paleotemperatures. Mean track lengths vary from 11.86 to 14.23 μm. The lack of Cenozoic apatite ages suggests that major cooling was over by the end Cretaceous. The results for three boreholes, situated seaward (south) of the escarpment, indicate an episode of increased denudation in the mid-late Cretaceous (100–80 Ma). An earlier episode of increased denudation (140–120 Ma) is identified from a borehole north of the escarpment. Thermal modelling indicates a history involving 2.5–3.5 km of denudation in the mid-late Cretaceous (100–80 Ma) at a rate of 175 to 125 m/Ma. The AFT data suggest that less than 1 km of overburden has been eroded regionally since the late Cretaceous (< 80 Ma) at a rate of 10 to 15 m/Ma, but do not discount the possibility of minor (in relative amplitude) episodes of uplift and river incision through the Cenozoic. The reasons for rapid denudation in these early and mid-Cretaceous episodes are less clear, but may be related to epeirogenic uplift associated with an increase in mantle buoyancy as reflected in two punctuated episodes of alkaline intrusions (e.g. kimberlites) across southern Africa and contemporaneous formation of two large mafic igneous provinces (~ 130 and 90 Ma) flanking its continental margins. Because Cenozoic denudation rates are relatively minimal, epeirogenic uplift of southern Africa and its distinct topography cannot be primarily related to Cenozoic mantle processes, consistent with the lack of any significant igneous activity across this region during that time.     

青藏高原中-南部新生代构造演化的热年代学制约

青藏高原新生代以来的隆升过程及特征长期以来广存争议.岩体中不同单矿物所记录的中低温热年代学信息适用于揭示较新年代地质体的隆升过程,可以为之提供有效制约.在青藏高原部分岩浆岩与变质岩露头区原位采集15块样品,利用锆石与磷灰石裂变径迹等热年代学结果为青藏高原中生代末期以来的隆升过程提供约束.其中,所获10块样品的锆石裂变径迹数据年龄范围为182~33 Ma,分别记录了渐新世之前青藏高原内不同块体间相互碰撞及高原内不同地区的构造热事件.特别是沿雅鲁藏布江缝合带分布的3个样品,锆石裂变径迹年龄结果一致显示始新世末期-渐新世早期该带存在一期显著的构造热事件.该构造热事件暗示在约36~33 Ma沿雅江缝合带发生过强烈的陆-陆硬碰撞.所获14块样品的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄范围为70.4~5.0 Ma,综合热史反演结果显示青藏高原南部中新世中晚期以来存在整体性隆升,特别是从上新世开始隆升速率显著加快.磷灰石裂变径迹年龄在空间分布上具有向高原东南部变年轻的趋势,表明青藏高原东南部在上新世以来的构造隆升较其他地区要强烈,暗示印度-亚洲板块碰撞驱动机制对该时期的高原隆升具有控制作用.此外,青藏高原中部在白垩纪末期-始新世可能即已隆升至相当高度,此后至今保持了相当低的剥蚀速率.      

伊犁盆地白垩纪剥露事件的裂变径迹证据

本文利用砂岩中磷灰石的裂变径迹方法, 研究了伊犁盆地中生代抬升-剥露事件。根据磷灰石裂变径迹测年结果, 开展了温度-时间热模拟反演研究, 结果揭示出伊犁盆地在115~95Ma期间存在一期重要的抬升-剥露冷却事件, 剥蚀量至少可达1.8km, 剥蚀速率至少为0.09mm/a。区域资料对比分析表明中晚白垩世的抬升剥露事件, 在天山地区乃至整个新疆的造山带普遍存在。      

金川铜镍矿床成矿后的抬升破坏:来自热年代学的证据

以热年代学原理为指导,在以往成岩成矿年龄的基础上,结合矿区内裂变径迹测试结果,认为金川矿床经历了初期的急速抬升冷却、中期(827 Ma±766 Ma±乃至403 Ma)、晚期(308 Ma)和中、新生代的快速折返冷却过程,也遭受了1 508~827 Ma、403~308 Ma两次增温改造事件;而同一样品中相似的磷灰石和锆石裂变径迹年龄表明金川矿区至少在晚白垩纪早期经历了极速的抬升冷却、剥蚀事件。F8断裂西侧的抬升明显慢于其东侧,体现出矿区内抬升速率的差异性,这对找矿预测具有借鉴意义。     

阿尔金山北段阿克塞—当金山口一带新生代山体抬升和剥蚀的裂变径迹证据

阿尔金山北段阿克塞—当金山口一带的裂变径迹测年证据表明,该地区于9～7 Ma以来发生过快速抬升和剥蚀,并且一直持续形成了现今所见的阿尔金山。新生代以来至少经历了三次抬升:早期43.6～24.3Ma、中期19.6～13.6 Ma、晚期9～7 Ma。抬升速率先缓慢、后相对快速,9～7 Ma以来的抬升速率为0.94 mm/a。晚期的构造拾升可能与阿尔金断裂带左行走滑活动有关,而与相邻的柴达木盆地北缘地区的构造抬升并不一致。     

Neogene exhumation of the Marrakech High Atlas (Morocco) recorded by apatite fission-track analysis

Apatite fission-track (AFT) data have been obtained along a traverse across the Marrakech High Atlas to constrain its tectono-thermal evolution. AFT ages vary between 212 ± 15 Ma and 20 ± 4 Ma. An Early Miocene AFT age accompanied by long mean track length from the central part of the chain has been interpreted as the timing of the main inversion of this region with the creation of relief because of the shortening induced by the interplay between the African and Eurasian plates. Thermal modelling of samples collected south of the South Atlas Fault Zone indicates a Middle-Late Miocene or even later cooling that has been attributed to the component of the uplift of the chain related to the thermal anomaly present beneath the Atlas Mountains.     

青藏高原西北缘祁漫塔格山中新世快速抬升的磷灰石裂变径迹证据

对祁漫塔格山体不同海拔高度所取的9个磷灰石样品的裂变径迹分析结果表明,东昆仑西段中新世早中期为主要的隆升期且隆升速率较高,早期隆升速率为111m／Ma,晚期隆升速率为98m／Ma,总体隆升速率为100m／Ma。样品显示出磷灰石裂变径迹长度大致分2类,一类磷灰石裂变径迹长度为（12．21±10．20）-（13．75±0．30）μm,径迹长度分布图基本上为窄而对称的正态分布,反映具有快的剥露冷却速率,未受到后期热事件的干扰。另一类磷灰石裂变径迹长度为（11．88±0．33）～（13．32±0．27）μm,较前一类具有稍慢的剥露冷却速率,并且受到了后期热事件的干扰。     

Late- and post-Variscan cooling and exhumation history of the northern Rhenish massif and the southern Ruhr Basin: new constraints from fission-track analysis

Apatite fission-track analyses were carried out on outcrop and core samples from the Rhenish massif and the Carboniferous Ruhr Basin/Germany in order to study the late- and post-Variscan thermal and exhumation history. Apatite fission-track ages range from 291±15 Ma (lower Permian) to 136±7 Ma (lower Cretaceous) and mean track lengths vary between 11.6 m and 13.9 m, mostly displaying unimodal distributions with narrow standard deviations. All apatite fission-track ages are younger than the corresponding sample stratigraphic age, indicating substantial post-depositional annealing of the apatite fission-tracks. This agrees with results from maturity modelling, which indicates 3500–7000 m eroded Devonian and Carboniferous sedimentary cover. Numerical modelling of apatite fission-track data predicts onset of exhumation and cooling not earlier than 320 Ma in the Rhenish massif and 300 Ma in the Ruhr Basin, generally followed by late Carboniferous–Triassic cooling to below 50–60°C. Rapid late Variscan cooling was followed by moderate Mesozoic cooling rates of 0.1–0.2°C/Ma, converting into denudation rates of <1 mm/a (assuming a stable geothermal gradient of 30°C/km). Modelling results also give evidence for some late Triassic and early Jurassic heating and/or burial, which is supported by sedimentary rocks of the same age preserved at the rim of the lower Rhine Basin and in the subsurface of the Central and Northern Ruhr Basin. Cenozoic exhumation and cooling of the Rhenish massif is interpreted as an isostatic response to former erosion and major base-level fall caused by the subsidence in the lower Rhine Basin.