2010年滦县地震序列视应力变化研究

2010年3月6日河北滦县发生M_L4.5地震, 其前震较为活跃且余震丰富。 利用首都圈数字化地震台网监测到的2009年12月至2010年3月滦县M_L≥2.5地震的宽频带数字地震波资料, 计算得到地震视应力。 结果表明: ① M_L4.5地震视应力表现出震前存在高值异常, 震时达到峰值, 震后波动下降的变化特点, 而且主震视应力远大于多数余震, 由此推断该序列类型为主余型。 ② 视应力的数值变化可以反映震源区应力状态, 利用视应力的变化过程来探讨地震序列性质, 结合传统序列判别方法, 可以更准确地判别序列类型。 ③ 在震级M_L≤3.3范围内震级与视应力大体为正相关。     

2016年门源M_S 6.4地震前后视应力变化

利用青海区域地震台网数字地震波资料,计算2010—2016年研究区域184个M_L≥2.5地震及2016年门源地震序列150个M_L≥2.0地震的震源动力学参数,分析视应力时空变化。结果显示:视应力与震级呈正相关,随震级增大而升高;门源6.4级地震前中小震视应力存在起伏变化,可能反映了区域应力场的增强;门源M_L 5.0强余震前小震视应力呈升高趋势。     

2016年门源MS 6.4地震前后视应力变化

利用青海区域地震台网数字地震波资料,计算2010—2016年研究区域184个M_L≥2.5地震及2016年门源地震序列150个M_L≥2.0地震的震源动力学参数,分析视应力时空变化。结果显示：视应力与震级呈正相关,随震级增大而升高;门源6.4级地震前中小震视应力存在起伏变化,可能反映了区域应力场的增强;门源M_L 5.0强余震前小震视应力呈升高趋势。     

2014年2月12日新疆于田7.3级地震的震源参数研究

2014年2月12日新疆于田发生MS7.3地震,本文利用新疆区域数字地震台网记录到的前震和余震地震序列的波形资料,对S波记录谱进行仪器响应、传播路径和场地响应的校正后,基于Brune模型,利用遗传算法反演了于田地震序列102次ML≥3.0级地震的地震矩、视应力、拐角频率等震源参数。结果表明,该地震序列震级为3.0～5.0级;地震矩为3.46×1011～2.08×1015N?m;视应力为1.48×105～1.16×106Pa,均值1.71×105 Pa;拐角频率为1.4～7.1Hz。通过分析视应力及拐角频率随时间的变化特征可知,于田7.3级地震前震序列的视应力明显高于余震序列,而前震序列的拐角频率明显低于余震序列。主震前视应力出现高值,表明在主震区积聚了较多的应力,随后在应力值降低后的缓慢升高过程中发震,由于释放了大量的应力,震后视应力值又逐渐降低,表现为低应力的余震破裂。     

2014年2月12日新疆于田7.3级地震的震源参数

2014年2月12日新疆于田发生MS7.3地震,本文利用新疆区域数字地震台网记录到的前震和余震序列的波形资料,对S波记录谱进行仪器响应、传播路径和场地响应的校正后,基于Brune模型,利用遗传算法反演了于田地震序列102次ML≥3.0级地震的地震矩、视应力、拐角频率等震源参数。结果表明,该地震序列震级为3.0~5.0级;地震矩为3.46×1011~2.08×1015N·m;视应力为1.48×105~1.16×106Pa,均值1.71×105Pa;拐角频率为1.4~7.1Hz。通过分析视应力及拐角频率随时间的变化特征可知,于田7.3级地震前震序列的视应力明显高于余震序列,而前震序列的拐角频率明显低于余震序列。主震前视应力出现高值,表明在主震区积聚了较多的应力,随后在应力值降低后的缓慢升高过程中发震,由于释放了大量的应力,震后视应力值又逐渐降低,表现为低应力的余震破裂。     

青岛崂山地区环境应力与视应力变化分析

利用青岛市地震监测中心数字台网的地震波形记录,选取震级下限为ML1.0,计算了2003~2004年崂山地震序列过程中青岛地区地震视应力aσpp和环境剪应力τ0值的变化,结果表明,崂山地震序列的中等地震发生前相近震级小震所反映出来的应力增强变化并不明显,2003年以来青岛地区背景应力场也不存在明显的趋势性变化。对青岛崂山地震序列中261个小震的数字化波形记录计算分析后发现,环境剪应力0τ值和视应力aσpp值与震级明显相关,并且相同震级的地震事件所计算出二者的变化与地震序列的活动状态密切相关。     

2009年3月28日原平ML4．5地震对周边地震形势影响

2009年3月28日山西原平ML4．5地震的地震序列余震发育,序列多个指标表明本次地震类型为主震-余震型。主震视应力值接近背景水平,推断震中周边地区近期发生更大地震的可能性不大。     

新疆几次6级地震序列视应力特征研究

利用新疆区域数字化观测资料,计算了2011—2015年新疆3次6级地震序列的视应力值,并对视应力和震级的关系进行了讨论。结果表明:(1)主震视应力值高于余震视应力值,余震视应力和震级有一定的正相关关系;(2)主震后稍短时间内,视应力均处于整个序列的高值阶段,且在高值阶段会有较强余震发生,这可能是受到震后应力调整的影响;(3)强余震前,会出现视应力高值现象,强余震发生后,后续视应力值恢复到低值水平。计算了2016年底阿克陶6.7级和呼图壁6.2级地震余震视应力,目前阿克陶6.7级地震余震视应力处于高值状态,呼图壁6.2级地震余震视应力处于低值状态,对比研究5次余震视应力的值,对阿克陶6.7级和呼图壁6.2级地震序列类型进行了判定并对后续余震做了预测。     

利用重复地震观测滦县地区的地壳介质变化

运用双差定位法对滦县地区2002年1月至2010年8月ML≥2.0级地震进行精定位,利用射线追踪方法对滦县地区的重复地震进行位置归一处理,计算了滦县地区重复地震序列经过射线追踪方法校正后得到的P波走时差变化.研究发现,2004年1月20日滦县ML5.0级和2010年3月6日滦县ML4.7级2次中等地震前所选取的测震台站...     

2019年3月28日青海茫崖Ms5.0级地震特征研究

介绍了2019年3月28日青海茫崖Ms5.0级地震的构造背景、地震序列、震源机制解和视应力特征。结果表明:本次地震的发震构造位于油沙山—茫崖断裂带,地震序列类型为主震—余震型,震源机制解为逆冲型,视应力位于青海地区M_L≥3.0视应力均值线附近,序列视应力变化稳定。该结果有利于认识和了解本次茫崖Ms5.0级地震,为该区域中强地震对比分析研究提供参考依据。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.