Geology and Human Relations in the Upper Huangho Region

1. The different geological formations and their ecouomie sigmficances. (a)Alluvium (b)Loess (c)Red beds (d)Upper coal series and Sandstone formations (e)Lower coal series (f)Metamorphic series     

Human–Nature Relations in Suburban Gardens

Gardens have been considered predominately in terms of a nature–culture binary, with nature positioned as a passive object of human control. Placing the human at the centre of the garden, these perspectives understand this space in terms of human cultures, needs and understandings. This paper critiques these perspectives, questioning whether gardens are ever simply human constructions. Actor–network theory (ANT) provides a framework for this research, which examines human–nature relations through a focus on the material processes of gardening. Drawing on interviews with suburban gardeners in northern Sydney and the analysis of two popular gardening magazines, the research shows that gardening entails an embodied engagement between active human and non-human actors. Involving processes of collaboration, negotiation, challenge and competition, gardening is a dynamic process. Describing human relations with the plants of the garden, this research argues for gardens to be understood as hybrid achievements.     

高铁对京津冀地区可达性及经济联系的影响

考虑市内交通衔接和乘客出行行为选择,通过加权平均旅行时间、经济潜力和空间自相关分析方法相结合,从不同尺度分析高铁建设对京津冀地区可达性的变化和经济活动空间分布格局的演变。结果表明：① 京津冀地区市域和县域的可达性水平得到明显的改善,形成以京津、京广、京沪方向为轴线向外扩展的不规则环状分布格局,且可达性水平呈现南高、北低的特征。② 高铁对沿线核心城市的经济潜力提升作用明显高于边缘城市,呈现出由中心向外圈层式递减,且以北京为顶点的“倒V”的空间格局。③ 随着可达性时间范围的扩大,京津冀区县的经济活动的空间集聚逐渐弱化,且最优辐射范围在3.5 h以内。     

大河源区生态地质环境系统共轭管理初步研究

大河源区生态地质环境安全关系整个流域乃至全国生态环境安全和社会经济发展.系统脆弱性、开发利用不合理、经济快速发展、管理中存在的不足使我国大河源区生态地质环境安全面临严峻挑战.维护地质格局的安全稳定、保障水热系统的健康安全、维持生物体系的动态平衡、保证开发利用的科学合理是大河源区生态地质环境系统共轭管理的目标要求.需由认知技术系统、开发利用技术系统、人类活动协调技术系统和生态地质环境安全防护技术系统组成的纷繁复杂的技术体系的支撑,建立一个具有综合科研能力、较强协调能力和人类活动最终否决权的管理机构;构建多元的经费保障机制;加强法制建设和生态环境意识教育,加强生态学、环境科学、生态工程学等相关学科技术研究,提高科技支撑能力,创建环境友好型高效经济发展模式,才能保证共轭管理的实施.     

淮河中上游山地和丘陵的植被改造

淮河中上游山地和丘陵地区的植被改造是农业生产中的一个主要活动内容，在分析了该区植被类型和植被改造的现状和特点后，对该区植被改造工作提出一些建议。从可持续发展的观点看，植被改造不能单一追求经济效益，而应兼顾社会效益和生态效益，要从淮河流域全局来考虑发展问题。     

大渡河上游地区土地利用/土地覆被变化与驱动力分析

本文以1967年、1987年、2000年三期遥感资料和1∶25万数字高程模型（DEM）及多种历史文献资料为基础,分析了大渡河上游地区18665 km²范围内的土地利用/土地覆被变化与驱动力。结果显示：1967～2000年,研究地区以林地为主导的覆被格局转变为以草地为主。其中,有林地面积的大幅度减少发挥着关键作用。33年间,有林地面积减少了319774 hm²,所占比例从30.92%下降为13.78%。通过对景观格局变化特征的分析,尤其是有林地斑块在破碎化过程中规则性的增强,同时结合历史资料分析,论证了政策因素在该地区土地利用/土地覆被变化中所发挥的主导作用。文中应用Logistic逐步回归方法,通过空间分析,在15个生物物理和社会经济因素中筛选出对不同地类具有重要影响的关键因素,并确定了它们之间的定量关系和影响大小。     

潮河上游降水-径流关系演变及人类活动的影响分析

以潮河密云水库上游流域为研究对象, 利用双累积曲线将1961~2005 年期间年降水- 径 流关系演变划分为三个阶段: 1961~1978, 1979~1993, 1994~2005。第二和第三阶段相对第一阶段 而言, 平均年径流有较大幅度的减少, 年径流对降水的响应程度在减弱。与此相对应, 进入1980 年代后, 流域内的人类活动强度在增加, 主要表现为小水库、塘坝等水利设施的大规模建成并投 入使用, 以及农垦和造林等土地利用活动导致耕地和林地面积的增加。人类活动使得流域总蒸发 和入渗增加, 从而改变水量平衡, 径流对降水的响应变得迟缓, 减少流域总径流; 不同降水年型降 水- 径流的关系表现出很大差异, 人类活动对枯水年份年径流的影响相对较大。     

长江上游典型地区SOTER数据库支持下的土壤肥力评价

在长江上游的典型地区彭州样区1：5万PXSOTER数据库的支持下，选取了表征土壤肥力的若干指标项目组成评价指标体系，在GIS环境中，应用层次分析（AHP）和模糊评价（Fuzzy)等数学分析原理，对该区水耕人为土的土壤肥力进行了综合评价，根据综合分值的高底将评价单元分为3个等级。基于SOTER的土壤肥力评价，实现了县域土壤肥力的分等评价自动化，提高了结果的科学性和客观性。     

新疆艾比湖湿地植被优势种种间关系研究

于2007年8月,采用样方法对新疆艾比湖湿地植物进行了调查,并应用Х^2检验、Pearson相关分析、Spearman秩相关分析对艾比湖地区野生湿地植物群落不同生活型主要种的种间关系进行了检验,共分析了19个种,共171个种对间的相关关系。结果表明,艾比湖湿地植物的种间关系中呈显著或极显著相关的种对数占种对数量的22．2％,种间联结主要为正关联。其中,同种生活型层内,草本层种间关联系数较大;不同生活型内,灌木层与草本层的优势种种间关联系数较大。调查情况表明,艾比湖湿地群落处于退化状态,群落内植物种以草本、灌木为主。其中,灌木对于该保护区内群落结构的保持有重要的作用,对草本层的生存产生有利的影响,群落内小斑块多呈灌一草结构。     

人类活动对长江上游近期输沙变化的影响

利用1956-2007年径流—输沙序列,分期定量研究了长江上游近期主要干支流输沙变化及其原因,结果显示:①长江上游1994-2002年输沙量减少1.43亿t/a,人为减沙占91.2%,主要来自嘉陵江措施减沙;2003-2007年减沙4.50亿t/a,径流减沙占14.1%,前期持续的人类活动减沙占39.8%,三峡水库蓄水拦沙、金沙江措施减沙等新增人为减沙占46.2%。②金沙江1983-2000年输沙量增加0.48亿t/a,人为增沙占74.7%,主要是工程增沙;2001-2007年输沙量减小1.183亿t/a,全部为人为减沙,包括二滩等各型水库拦沙、水保减沙和工程增沙减少。③嘉陵江1985-1993年输沙减少0.827亿t/a,人为减沙占81.4%,主要人为减沙包括农村社会经济因素变化导致的土壤减蚀和水库拦沙;1994-2007年输沙量减少1.285亿t/a,其中自然径流减沙占29.6%,前期持续人类活动减沙占42.1%,宝珠寺等新增水库拦沙和水保减沙占23.4%,另有4.9%的人为减水减沙。     

宁夏中部风沙区人类活动的经济分析

宁夏中部风沙区的沙质荒漠化在历史时期,尤其是本世纪50年代以来,具有明显扩展的趋势。过度开垦、过度放牧、滥肆樵采、工矿建设等人类活动对这一地区荒漠化的发展起了推动作用。对研究区域的经济结构、生产要素和经济行为3个方面分析认为,落后的产业结构和低劣的生产要素既是被动适应地理环境的结果,又成为导致人类不良经济行为和以牺牲地理环境为代价来求得生存发展的原因,防治荒漠化不应忽视通过改变现有经济结构、生产要素等途径和运用经济杠杆等手段规范人类活动。     

黑河干流肃南山地森林生态系统的景观格局变化研究

 肃南山地生态系统是黑河流域生存和发展的基础。以黑河干流肃南山地森林生态系统为研究对象,应用GIS手段,分析其动态变化与环境效应,认为肃南山地森林景观趋于破碎化、老龄化,森林生态系统退化严重,服务功能降低,逆向演化显著,进程加快。景观的稳定性变差,正由单一、均质和连续的整体逐渐向复杂、异质和不连续的斑块镶嵌体的过程转化。其原因是自然背景下的人类活动干扰所致。     

长江上游重点产沙区产沙量对人类活动的响应

对金沙江屏山站、嘉陵江北碚站、宜昌站20世纪50年代以来的输沙量和含沙量进行分析。结果表明,在年径流量相同的情况下,由于大规模矿山、钢铁工业、交通建设增加水土流失,屏山站1976~1996年年产沙量要高于1954~1976年。与此相反,由于修筑水库、塘坝拦沙,修建梯田、恢复植被减少侵蚀,北碚站1983~1996年年产沙量要大大低于1954~1982年;宜昌站1985~1996年年产沙量也低于1954~1984年。北碚、宜昌两站都存在一个使水利、水土保持减沙量为0的年径流量临界值,北碚站和宜昌站这一临界值分别为1142×10⁸m³和4800×10⁸m³。     

The 2nd IALE Asia-Pacific Region Conference Landscape Change and Human Activity

Lanzhou, China, Sept. 22-25th, 2001 ( First circular announcement) Jointly organized by: IALE-China; IALE-Australia Cold and Arid Regions Environmental & Engineering Research Institute, CAS Programme Committee: Richard Hobbs (Australia), Xiao Duning (China) Nobukazu Nakagoshi (Japan), Sun-Kee Hong (Korea), Parida Kuneepong (Thailand), Elena Klimina (Russia), Kalpana Bhakuni, (India), Zhan Zhiyong (Hong Kong, China), Chun-Yen Chang (Taibei, China)Objectives and Topics: A Theoretical aspects and quantitative approaches (Landscape pattern and processes, Landscape modeling, GIS and Remote sensing). B Landscape change and driving forces (Monitoring of landscape changes, Human activity and land use, Culture and landscape). C Landscape management and reconstruction (Ecological restoration of natural areas, Landscape planning in rural areas, Ecological risk and security assessment for catchments, Ecological engineering in agricultural landscapes). D Environment protection and ecological development in western China (Management of oasis landscape, desert landscape and desertification control, Biodiversity conservation, landscape Resources and tourism). E Urban landscape ecology Preliminary conference program: September 22, arrival in Lanzhou, Registration. September 23, plenary sessions; September 24, in-conference excursion (Lanzhou city) September 25, parallel sessions Working language: English Post conference excursions: September 26-29, 2001 No.1 Silk Road and Arid Region Landscape: Desert, Oasis, and Dunhuang. No.2 Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau, Meadow, Salt Lake and Qinghai Lake, Cool Desert No.3 World Natural Heritege: Jiuzhaigou, Sichuan Province (Forest and Waterfall)Call for papers: Participants intending to present a paper or a poster during the conference are requested to send an abstract (no longer than 500 words) as email or TXT format attachment to the conference secretary (Landscape2001@sina.com). Or, you can send the hard copy to: Dr. CAO Yu, Institute of Applied Ecology, CAS, P.O.Box 417, Shenyang, 110015, China. Please include the participant's full address (postal, phone, fax, email) in the abstract. The deadline for abstract submission is June 30th, 2001. Abstracts will be published as conference proceedings, which will be available at the conference. Selected papers will be published after the conference.Registration fee for the conference: US$300, including all meals during the conference, and coffee break refreshments. Room rent will be on your own.Registration fee for the excursions: US$500, including transportation and accommodations. Please notify the conference secretary about your interest for participation. Further conference announcement and registration forms will be sent to you later soon.Contact address: Academic information (Abstract etc.): Dr. LI Xiuzhen; Dr. CAO Yu (Institute of Applied Ecology, CAS) Shenyang 110015, China Tel: 86-24-23916291 Fax: 86-24-23843313 General information: Prof. WANG Genxu; Dr. JIAO Yuanmei (Cold and Arid Regions Environmental & Engineering Research Institute) Lanzhou 730000, China Tel: 86-931-8275120, 8275122 Fax: 86-931-8273894 Email: Landscape2001 @sina.com     

Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities on Water Suitability in the Upper and Middle Reaches of the Tao’er River Area

Due to the impact of climate change and human activities, the upper and middle reaches of the Tao’er River have become an ecologically sensitive area in Northeast China. It is important to evaluate the contributions of climate change and human activities to water suitability in the Tao’er River area. From the perspective of water and heat balance, the water suitability index (c_r) was used to analyze the water suitability of the upper and middle reaches of the river. The nonparametric Mann-Kendall, moving t-test and cumulative anomaly methods were used to detect abrupt changes in Taonan station runoff from 1961 to 2012. Three inflexion years were detected. Thus, the entire time period was divided into four periods: 1961-1974, 1975-1983, 1984-1998, and 1999-2012. In order to estimate the impacts of climate change and human activities on runoff, the slope change ratio of cumulative quantity (SCRCQ) was adopted. Finally, the contribution of climate change and human activity to c_r was transformed from the contribution of climate change and human activity to runoff by the sensitivity coefficient method and SCRCQ method. The results showed that the water suitability index (c_r) had a decreasing trend 1961-2012. Factors influencing c_r, such as net radiation and runoff, also exhibited a decreasing trend, while precipitation exhibited an increasing trend over the past 52 years. The trends of c_r, net radiation and runoff were obvious, which passed the Mann-kendall test of significance at α=0.05. Human activities were the main factors that affected runoff, although the degree of impact was different at different times. During the past 52 years, the biggest contributor to the change in c_r was precipitation.