CSAMT的各分量在山地精细勘探中的作用

为了在山地CSAMT精细勘探中取得好的效果,充分利用标量观测中的全部信息,在传统的比值视电阻率之外,本文分别研究了构成比值的单分量电场和磁场.野外实测结果和理论分析表明:电场对静态偏移、地形起伏等地表横向电性变化敏感,磁场不受静态偏移的影响,对地形影响不敏感;噪声和其他干扰对电场和磁场的影响也不相同;拟合反演计算表明C...     

瞬变电磁横磁场响应特征与探测能力分析

瞬变电磁法是重建地下电阻率等电性结构的重要方法.传统磁性源和电性源瞬变电磁法主要观测横电极化场,横电极化场仅对良导目标敏感,对高阻目标的分辨能力有限.横磁极化场对高阻目标具有较强的分辨能力,但未得到有效利用.双线源瞬变电磁法可以增强观测电场中横磁极化场的占比,但对该方法的响应特征和分辨能力缺乏系统性的研究.为此,本文以双线源为例开展瞬变电磁横磁场响应特征与分辨能力分析.双线源瞬变电磁水平电场的响应强度要小于传统接地导线源,在发射源的中垂线上,层状大地模型的响应为零,观测的水平电场响应只能由地下的三维目标体产生.分别提取双线源和传统接地导线源激发电磁场中的横磁场和横电场,双线源瞬变电磁场中的横磁场占比要大于传统接地导线源,特别是在中晚期,横磁场远大于横电场,横磁场占比得到明显增强.通过均方根差和三维数值模拟的计算,双线源瞬变电磁水平电场显示出相较于传统接地导线源更强的高阻目标分辨能力,特别是在赤道向,水平电场对高阻目标分辨能力的增强效果更加明显.     

点电荷微元与偶极子源的时域电磁场响应对比(英文)

电偶极子依靠两个等量异号电荷的加速运动实现电磁场辐射,同样地,时变点电荷微元可以依靠单个电荷的加速运动产生电磁场。基于这种电磁场理论实质,本文开展了点电荷微元与偶极子源的时域电磁场响应对比研究。首先,给出三维导电空间点源的时间域位函数;然后,利用辅助位函数与电场、磁场响应之间的关系,给出均匀无耗全空间的点电荷载流微元时间域电场、磁场的表达式。并从阶跃关断时刻、近源区场、远源区场等方面对比分析全空间中两种源的异同。研究结果表明:在近源区,两种源产生的场差别较大;在远源区,两种源产生的场几乎相同。通过实际观测的数据和使用电偶极子源公式对简化模型计算结果的对比,认为点电荷微元场的空间分布更符合实际场源产生的电场、磁场分布特征。     

极区电离层对流速度的浅层神经网络建模与分析

电离层对流是太阳风与地球磁场相互作用下驱动的磁层大尺度对流循环与对流电场在极区电离层的映射,与行星际磁场-地球磁场耦合系统息息相关.本文基于SuperDARN(Super Dual Aurora Radar Network)分布在北半球的23部高频相干散射雷达获取到的二维电离层对流速度对其进行建模研究.模型输入为行星际...     

基于电场矢量波动方程的三维可控源电磁法有限单元法数值模拟

从可控源电磁法的基本原理出发,推导了基于电场矢量波动方程的三维边值问题,利用广义变分原理,把边值问题转换为变分问题,并引入散度条件,避免了伪解的出现,使有限元计算在理论上更加完备.在准静态近似条件下,把水平电偶极子在空中和大地的远区电场闭合表达式作为有限元计算中的区域外边界条件,解决了边界条件加载的困难;把应用于地震模拟中的伪delta函数引入到可控源电磁法中的三维有限元模拟中,消除了源点的奇异性,提高了方程组的稳定性.通过对均匀大地和层状介质模型的模拟,检验了程序的正确性,并对典型的地质体模型进行了数值模拟,分析了其变化规律.     

空中电场大地电磁法

空中电场大地电磁法(Air Electric Field Magneto-Telluric method,简称AEMT),其基本的原理是,通过电容传感器测量近地表空中三个分量的交变电场,用磁棒观测交变磁场,再将所测电场和磁场转化为阻抗,通过对阻抗的解释,达到查明地下地质体的分布特征的目的.本文对AEMT基本原理进行较详细的论述,证明了电容传感器代替接电极原理的基本公式.分析了空气中垂直电场的来源,在介绍地面低频电磁波近似边界条件的基础上,导出了AEMT测量垂直电场分量时视电阻率的计算公式,并计算了一维情况下二层、三层地电模型AEMT视电阻率曲线.介绍了应用实例,最后讨论AEMT方法的技术特点.     

海底电性源频率域CSEM勘探建模及水深影响分析

为了探索我国海域油气和水合物等高阻目标体CSEM勘探的可行性和方法技术,本文研究了在海水中水平电性源激励下有限水深海洋地电模型的频率域电磁响应,为进一步的1D和3D仿真计算奠定了理论基础.在推导电磁响应公式时,首先给出了各层介质的Lorentz势,然后根据Coulomb势与Lorentz势的关系,得到了各层介质的Coulomb势.各层介质中的电磁场均可以由Lorentz势或者Coulomb势计算得到,但在有限元计算时Coulomb势具有优势.长导线源的电磁场和势函数可以由电偶源的电磁场和势函数沿导线长度积分得到.文中具体给出了海水中水平电偶源和长导线源在海水层的电磁场公式,并根据该公式计算了不同水深环境下海底表面的电磁场分布,分析了海水深度对海底油气储层电磁异常的影响.结果表明,随着水深减小,异常幅度和形态特征发生明显变化.当水深很浅时(如50 m),只有同线方向的E_x和E_z两个电场分量存在明显异常.最后,以两个已知海底油田为例,计算了不同水深环境下可观测到的电场异常,展示了电性源频率域CSEM在海底勘探中(包括浅海环境)的良好应用前景.对于该方法实用化过程中还需进一步解决的问题,文中结尾部分也进行了初步探讨.     

层状介质任意形状回线源瞬变电磁全区视电阻率的研究

利用时域垂直磁场求取全区视电阻率.任意形状回线的垂直磁场可以看成是多个水平电偶极子的垂直磁场累加而成;因此,不论回线是何形状,只要将其分解为水平电偶极子,就可利用水平电偶极子的垂直磁场求取任意形状回线的全区视电阻率.     

2003年11月20日磁暴主相期间磁鞘的观测研究

2003年11月20日磁暴主相期间,Cluster卫星正好处在黄昏侧的磁鞘附近.在主相期间磁鞘磁场Bz分量大约为-60 nT,这和ACE卫星观测值基本一致.同时,磁鞘中的离子速度分布对磁鞘中的磁场方向有很强的依赖性.行星际电场Ey在磁鞘中大约是50 mV/m.磁鞘中这些极端的磁场,电场和离子的流动驱动了迄今23个太阳活动周期中最大的磁暴,其Dst指数是-472 nT.Cluster卫星观测发现磁鞘中离子的数密度比较低,这可能是由磁云经过地球时太阳风的低密度造成的.磁鞘中能量范围为1～10 keV的H+,He+和He2+的数密度主要是由磁鞘中太阳风的数密度决定的.同时,对磁鞘中存在大量的1～10 keV氧离子进行了讨论.在极端的南向行星际磁场条件下,磁层顶受到很强的压缩.氧离子可以利用较大的回旋半径,在强压缩的磁层顶和磁鞘对流的共同影响下进入磁鞘.这也表明了磁层对极端行星际条件的一种响应.Cluster卫星在11月20日磁暴事件中的观测研究,对进一步全面认识大磁暴事件有很重要的作用.     

海底大地电磁场二维正演TE模式空气层选取

在对比空气和海水介质中不同频率电磁波的穿透深度差别的基础上,根据大地电磁场二维正演理论及算法编写了海洋大地电磁场二维正演程序,并验证程序的正确性.对比相同地质条件下,含空气层与不含空气层模型的TE模式正演响应结果,发现薄海水层完全可以取代空气层,使TE模式下海水面上的电场和磁场分量接近于一个常数.研究同时也得到了一些其他结果.     

Vibration isolation by trenches in continuously nonhomogeneous soil by the BEM

Vibration isolation of structures from ground-transmitted waves by open trenches in isotropic, linearly elastic or viscoelastic soil with a shear modulus varying continuously with depth is numerically studied. Both an exponential and a linear shear modulus variation with depth are used in this work. Waves produced by the harmonic motion of a rigid surface machine foundation are considered. The problem is solved by the frequency domain boundary element method employing the Green's function of Kausel-Peek-Hull for a thin layered half-space. Thus only the trench perimeter and the soil-foundation interface need essentially to be discretized. The proposed methodology is first tested for accuracy by solving two Rayleigh wave propagation problems in nonhomogeneous soil with known analytical solutions and/or for which experimental results are available. Then the method is applied to vibration isolation problems and the effect of the inhomogeneity on the wave screening effectiveness of trenches is studied.     

太湖春季浮游动物磷释放的初步研究

浮游动物是湖泊生态系统的主要组成之一,于2004年3月至5月间调查了太湖梅梁湾、五里湖浮游动物数量,并在实验室条件下分别测定了浮游动物正磷酸盐(PO4-P)的释放率．结果表明,研究期间梅梁湾的枝角类密度都高于五里湖,五里湖的轮虫数量高于梅梁湾,两水域桡足类密度上的差异不明显;梅梁湾和五里湖浮游动物PO4-p释放率的范围分别为0．20-O．43 mg／(g(DW)·h)和0．19-0．54 mg／(g(DW)·h)．因此浮游动物营养盐释放对湖泊生态系统营养盐循环具有一定的作用．     

SCNAs recorded in florence by a riometer

Summary Some cases of Sudden Cosmic Noise Absorption, observed on 27.6 MHz, are reported. Most of these events appear to be stricly time correlated with solar flares.     

Crater formation in soils by raindrop impact

The process of crater formation by the impact of water drops on soil, sand and various other target material was studied. Craters of various shapes and sizes were observed on different target materials or conditions, ranging from circumferential depression to completely hemispherical shape. Crater shape was dependent upon target material, its ?ow stress or shear strength and the presence and thickness of water on the surface. Between 5 and 22 per cent of impact energy was spent on cratering, but the relationship between crater volume and kinetic energy of a raindrop was curvilinear, indicating a lower ef?ciency of impact energy in removing target material as the energy increases. Impact impulse, on the other hand, showed a more linear relationship with crater volume, and the ratio of impulse over crater volume (I/V) remained constant for the entire range of drop sizes, impact velocities, and surface conditions used in this study. Surface shear strength, represented by the penetration depth of fall‐cone penetrometer, appeared to be a key factor involved in this process. An equation was developed which related crater volume to cone penetration depth and impact impulse. Crater volume, which appeared to be a better indicator of the total amount of material dislodged by a raindrop than splash amount, can thus be predicted using this equation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Plastic ingestion by petrels breeding in Antarctica

Plastic particles were found to be common pollutants in stomachs of Wilson's Storm Petrels and Cape Petrels breeding on the Antarctic continent. Highest incidence of plastics was found in chicks of Wilson's Storm Petrels that had died before fledging. Few or no plastics were found in Snow Petrels and Antarctic Petrels. Evidence suggests that most plastics originate from wintering areas outside the Antarctic, and that relatively few plastics are available in Antarctic waters. Possible hazards of plastic levels observed in Wilson's Storm Petrels are discussed.     

Paleoflood events recorded by speleothems in caves

Speleothems are usually composed of thin layers of calcite (or aragonite). However, cemented detrital materials interlayered between laminae of speleothemic carbonate have been also observed in many caves. Flowstones comprising discontinuous carbonate layers form due to flowing water films, while flood events introduce fluviokarstic sediments in caves that, on occasion, are recorded as clayey layers inside flowstones and stalagmites. This record provides a potential means of understanding the frequency of palaeofloods using cave records. In this work, we investigate the origin of this type of detrital deposit in El Soplao Cave (Northern Spain). The age of the lowest aragonite layer of a flowstone reveals that the earliest flood period occurred before 500 ka, though most of the flowstone formed between 422 +69/‐43 ka and 400 +66/‐42 ka. This suggests that the cave was periodically affected by palaeoflood events that introduced detrital sediments from the surface as a result of occasional extreme rainfall events, especially at around 400 ka. The mineralogical data enable an evolutionary model for this flowstone to be generated based on the alternation of flood events with laminar flows and carbonate layers precipitation that can be extrapolated to other caves in which detrital sediments inside speleothems have been found. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Plastic ingestion by Procellariiformes in Southern Brazil

The Procellariiformes are the birds most affected by plastic pollution. Plastic fragments and pellets were the most frequent items found in the digestive tract of eight species of Procellariiformes incidentally caught by longline fisheries as well as beached birds in Southern Brazil. Plastic objects were found in 62% of the petrels and 12% of the albatrosses. The Great shearwater, Manx shearwater, Cory's shearwater and Antarctic fulmar were found to have greater quantities and frequencies of occurrence of plastic. There was no significant difference in the number of plastics between the birds from longline fisheries and beached birds. No correlation was found between the number of prey and number of plastics in the digestive tract of the birds analyzed, but this does not discard the hypothesis that, in some cases, the presence of plastic in the digestive tract has a negative effect on the feeding efficiency of these birds.     

四川省天然地震的次生水灾害

四川省是一个天然地震的多发地区,历史上天然构造地震产生了多次重大的次生水灾害,危及了人民的生命,并造成了重大的财产损失。四川省水利水电资源极其丰富,目前水利水电建设呈现出在高烈度地区高速度建设高坝水库的"三高"特点,若是不对水库诱发地震进行有效监测预测,则可能面临的灾害后果是十分严重的。     

单台初至P波震级计算方法在广东河源地区的应用

利用广东数字化地震台网70个M_L2.5~5.2的广东河源水库地区地震事件,选取震中距小于100 km台站的垂直向地震波形记录,通过函数形式Bt·exp(-At)来分别拟合单台初至P波前1 s、2 s、3 s时间窗内数据的包络线,采用最小二乘法求出参数B,经回归分析得到了震级与包络参数B、P波速度记录最大值之间的统计关系。结果显示估算震级结果比较可靠,使用三种时间窗分别计算,得到的平均震级偏差都在0.4级以内,单台震级偏差70%以上在0.5级以内,可有效用于预警震级计算,减少预警数据处理时间。     

Sunrise effects in the lowerD-Region by solar eclipse

Summary In contrast to the well known fact that the ionospheric absorption minimum falls behind the maximum phase of the solar eclipse, in the present work the reverse effect is discovered and analysed, namely that the ionospheric absorption minimum falls before the maximum phase of the eclipse, while the maximum absorption comes behind it. Such anomalies can be observed only on paths of long waves at oblique incidence of the layer (length of the path over 1300 km). The theoretical analysis shows that the established effects are due to the considerable increase of the factor of negative ions, respectively of the effective recombination coefficient in the first phase of the eclipse for heights between 65 and 70 km, i. e. in the lower boundary of theD-Region (CR-Layer). In the second phase of the eclipse falls rapidly because of which at a constant electron production inCR-layer a strong increase of the absorption is observed similar to the known sunrise effects in theD-Region. The electron drift is intensified about the maximum phase of the eclipse.