Modeling the compression behavior of remolded clay mixtures

Clay mixture is a waste material in open pit mining from the excavation of various soil layers. In the present study, a general constitutive framework is proposed for the prediction of compressibility of remolded clay mixtures. First, the resulting structure of a clay mixture is simplified as a composite structure, in which the elements of the constituents are randomly distributed in a representative elementary volume. Afterwards, the initial water contents of the constituents are estimated based on a simplified model for the undrained shear strength of the clay mixture. Then, the representative elementary volume of the mixed soil is divided into separate individual parts and the volume fractions of the constituents are formulated as functions of the overall porosity and those of the constituents. Finally, a homogenization law is proposed based on the analysis of the randomly arranged structure together with a simple compression model for clay mixtures. Parameters required by the model correspond only to the constituents, which are simple to calibrate based on standard laboratory tests. By making comparisons of the predictions with test data, it is shown that the proposed model can well represent the compression behavior of the clay mixtures.     

重塑超固结上海软土力学特性及弹塑性模拟

对典型上海软土重塑样进行了围压不变和平均主应力不变的三轴排水剪切试验,得到重塑上海软土在不同初始超固结比和围压条件下的应力-应变关系,弄清了超固结比、围压以及应力路径对重塑上海软土的变形和强度特性的影响;根据土体的应力-应变曲线得到重塑上海软土的临界状态应力比及内摩擦角。采用姚仰平等建议的基于伏斯列夫面的超固结土本构模型,并根据等向压缩及三轴排水剪切试验确定其模型参数,对保持围压和平均主应力不变的三轴压缩试验进行了模型预测。预测结果表明,此超固结土本构模型能较好地反映重塑超固结上海软土的变形和强度特性。     

The combined effect of clay and moisture content on the behavior of remolded unsaturated soils

The behavior of unsaturated clayey soil is highly influenced by the coupled interaction between water and clay content. Various aspects of the behavior of artificial clay–sand mixtures with variable water content were experimentally studied. Laboratory tests were utilized for the determination of consistency limits, the stress–strain relationship, strength parameters, hydraulic conductivity, and volume change characteristics for various combinations of water and clay content in soil mixtures.

Results presented for various clay–sand mixtures include: new normalized consistency limits; the combined effect of clay content and water content on the stress–strain relationship and on the strength parameters (c and φ); and the effect of clay content on hydraulic conductivity and swelling potential. The cohesion of clayey sand is found to increase with increasing water content to a certain limit, above which it decreases. The angle of internal friction for clayey sand is found generally to decrease with increasing water content. The degree of saturation is found to be better than the water content in explaining the strength behavior. The hydraulic conductivity sharply decreases with increasing clay content up to 40% beyond which the reduction becomes less significant. Simple empirical equations are proposed for predicting the swelling potential of clayey soils as a function of either the clay content or plasticity index.     

上海第4层黏土力学特性的弹塑性本构模拟

上海第4层黏土是典型的结构性海相软土,用一个本构模型统一地模拟不同应力路径下的力学特性对数值计算具有重要意义。对UNIFIED模型的结构性及超固结发展函数进行了改进,并提出了一种确定原状土材料参数和初始状态的方法。为了验证修正模型的正确性,用块状取土法取得上海第4层原状土样,进行了固结试验和三轴排水、不排水剪切试验。通过比较试验结果和本构模拟结果,明确了新的本构模型仅用一组材料参数就能统一地模拟上海第4层黏土在固结、排水及不排水三轴试验得到的应力-应变关系。模拟结果揭示了上海第4层黏土的结构比较稳定,即使在经历三轴剪切发生35%轴应变后仍能保持较高位的结构性。     

Modelling the behaviour of an embankment on soft clay with different constitutive models

The paper investigates the effect of constitutive models on the predicted response of a simplified benchmark problem, an embankment on soft soil. The soft soil is assumed to have the properties of POKO clay from Finland and five different constitutive models are used to model the deposit. Two of the models are isotropic models, i.e. the Modified Cam Clay model and the Soft‐Soil model. The other models are recently proposed constitutive models that account for plastic anisotropy. The S‐CLAY1 and S‐CLAY1S models are embedded in a standard elasto‐plastic framework and account for anisotropy via a rotational hardening law. In addition, the S‐CLAY1S model accounts for bonding and destructuration. In contrast, the Multilaminate Model for Clay (MMC) accounts for plastic anisotropy by utilizing so‐called multilaminate framework. The results of numerical simulations show that accounting for anisotropy results in notable differences in the predicted settlements and horizontal movements compared to the predictions using the isotropic models. There are also significant differences in the K₀ predictions by the different constitutive models and this has a significant impact on the results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

重塑上海淤泥质粘土直剪试验

直剪试验是测定土体抗剪强度常用的方法。通过对重塑上海第4层淤泥质粘土分别进行固结快剪和慢剪试验,对慢剪和快剪的剪应力和剪切位移曲线以及慢剪和快剪的抗剪强度曲线进行分析,并对其剪应力与剪切位移关系曲线进行归一化分析,拟合得到各竖向压力下τ·S-S的归一化方程,进而统一了各竖向压力下τ/P.S-S的归一化方程,并通过抗剪强度曲线图可得到抗剪强度参数粘聚力(c)和内摩擦角(φ);抗剪强度和剪切破坏时与剪切面上的含水率有较好的线性关系。     

重塑非饱和黏土的土-水特征曲线及其影响因素研究

采用常规压力板仪和GDS非饱和土三轴仪,详细研究了击实功、击实含水率、干密度、应力历史和试样应力状态5种因素对非饱和重塑黏土土-水特征曲线的影响。并采用Van Genuchten模型、Fredlund 3参数模型和Fredlund 4参数模型,通过最小二乘法对所测土-水特征曲线进行拟合。结果表明,这3种模型均可对土-水特征曲线进行较好的拟合。通过对这个5种不同影响因素的分析,发现不仅试样本身物理状态而且试样外部应力状态都对土-水特征曲线有重要的影响,即击实功越大、击实含水率越高、干密度越大、试样的应力历史越大、所受净平均应力越高,则试样的进气值越高,水越难从试样中排出。在较高的基质吸力范围内,各种因素对土-水特征曲线的影响作用有减小的趋势。通过Fredlund 3参数模型和Fredlund 4参数模型的残余含水率对比分析可知,残余含水率对模型的参数值影响不大,即假定残余含水率 为0是合理的。     

重塑膨胀土的三向膨胀力试验研究

用三向胀缩仪对南阳陶岔重塑膨胀土做了12个三向膨胀力试验,9个湿胀干缩试验和9个控制变形的膨胀力试验。试验结果表明,三向膨胀力不等,水平膨胀力小于竖向膨胀力;湿胀干缩使重塑膨胀土的膨胀力降低,第一次干湿循环后膨胀力减小最多;微小的位移可以使膨胀力大大降低,膨胀力与位移呈对数关系;给出了膨胀力与初始含水率和干密度的关系式。     

剪切速率对重塑饱和黏土强度影响试验

对不同干密度的重塑饱和黏性土进行直剪试验,探讨了剪切速率对重塑饱和黏性土剪应力-剪位移曲线的影响,分析了内摩擦角随剪切速率的变化关系。试验结果表明,干密度越小的重塑土,剪切速率对其内摩擦角的影响越明显。剪切速率主要影响剪切面附近的孔隙水压力,进而影响土体抗剪强度。剪切速率越大,剪切面周围超孔隙水压力越大,使土体总强度降低。在相同的法向应力下,不同剪切速率引起的剪切面周围孔隙水压力增量与抗剪强度差值成正比关系。当剪位移为7 mm时,剪切速率越大,土颗粒位移比较平直,剪切破坏面越平整。     

Performance of quasilinear elastic constitutive models in simulation of geosynthetic encased columns

Past numerical simulations of geosynthetic encased columns (GECs) using different versions of the quasilinear elastic hyperbolic model for the encased granular material have, in certain cases, yielded unrealistic results. In this paper the cause of such results is investigated by performing three-dimensional finite element analyses of GECs in soft clay, utilizing three common functional forms of the hyperbolic model for the encased granular material. Results indicate that one form of the hyperbolic model can predict an unrealistic lateral response for GECs during application of load to the column. In addition, the inability of hyperbolic models to properly account for soil behavior near failure compromises their ability to realistically capture the behavior of encased granular soil in GECs. Modeling the behavior of soil near failure is essential for properly simulating the behavior of GECs, as soil shear failure is necessary to mobilize the tensile stresses in the encasement and improve the stress–displacement response of the GEC. Although this type of hyperbolic model behavior was demonstrated for the specific case of encased soil in a GEC, the limitations of the hyperbolic model described herein apply equally to other geotechnical problems in which some portion of the soil mass is at or near failure.     

超固结土热黏弹塑性本构关系

热黏弹塑性本构模型是描述土在温度（热）和时间（黏）耦合作用下的应力-应变关系的本构模型。在一些新型岩土工程诸如高放核废料地质处置、地热资源开发与贮存的建设中,需要同时考虑温度和时间对土的影响,所以建立一个热黏弹塑性本构模型具有理论和实际意义。将温度变化对黏土体积和强度参数的影响引入笔者之前提出的超固结土等向应力-应变-时间关系,建立了一个等向应力条件下的应力-应变-时间-温度关系。随后,基于该关系推导了屈服面硬化定律,并将其与超固结土统一硬化模型的屈服方程和流动法则结合,建立了超固结土的热黏弹塑性本构模型。最后,使用新模型预测室内试验,证明新模型能够反映时间和温度对土体积、一维压缩曲线和前期固结压力的耦合影响。     

有载冻融作用对深部重塑黏土抗剪强度影响的试验研究北大核心CSCD

深厚表土层冻结法凿井工程中,深部土体由于经历了高压冻融作用,导致其工程性质变化,认识冻融作用对其强度与变形影响,对于冻融病害防治有一定意义。本文通过室内试验对深部重塑黏土进行了有载冻融,并对不同干密度、围压、冻结温度和融化温度条件下的深部冻融重塑黏土进行三轴剪切试验,探讨有载冻融作用下深土重塑土抗剪强度的变化规律。研究结果表明:冻融作用使深部重塑黏土的偏应力-应变关系由软化型转变成硬化型;同时,经冻融作用后其抗剪强度与割线模量都产生了一定的下降,在本试验条件下,抗剪强度最高下降了48.8%,割线模量E_()最大下降了72.0%。通过对各影响因素的显著性分析,发现初始干密度对抗剪强度和割线模量影响最为显著,围压对两者的影响最弱。     

合肥重塑膨胀土三向膨胀力试验研究

以合肥重塑膨胀土为研究对象,采用改进的三向胀缩仪开展了16组不同初始含水率与干密度的三向膨胀力试验。研究结果表明,(1)在所研究的含水率、干密度范围内竖向膨胀力总是大于横向膨胀力,快速膨胀阶段大致在0~2 h以内,该阶段竖向膨胀力可达到极限膨胀力的80%以上;(2)同一干密度下竖向膨胀力随初始含水率增大而减小,竖向膨胀力与初始含水率之间具有良好的线性关系,且干密度越大,竖向膨胀力随着初始含水率的变化速率越大;(3)在竖向膨胀力与干密度的关系图中,每条曲线均以干密度1.6 g/cm~3为分界点呈双线性关系;(4)由膨胀力对数与初始干密度的关系,不同初始含水率下的ln(P_z)-ρ_d关系为一系列近似平行的递增直线,直线斜率大致相同,说明膨胀力随初始干密度的变化速度不随含水率的变化而变化。     

粘土的粘塑性特性试验与三要素本构模型

研究了3种粘土的未扰动试样和重塑试样在三轴排水固结试验条件下的粘塑性。在试验过程中,利用计算机控制应变控制式三轴仪的加载速度,实现了在不同加载阶段的不同恒应变率加载。依据应力对应变率改变的响应程度对粘土的粘塑性进行了评价。实验结果表明,粘土的粘塑性表现为等时特性,并且经过一定时间的蠕变后,粘土强度会有较大地提高。并指出粘土的粘塑性应力-应变特性可以较好地采用非线性三要素模型对它进行描述。     

Automated calibration of advanced soil constitutive models. Part II: hypoplastic clay and modified Cam-Clay

This paper introduces an automated deterministic method for the calibration of the Modified Cam-Clay and hypoplastic clay model. The calibration is structured in a hierarchical order established based on the apriori sensitivity study performed. The proposed method favours the clear physical meaning of the model parameters to a complete optimization of the objective error function. The method requires only basic laboratory experiments and it is currently implemented in the free-to-use online application called ExCalibre.

     

一种改进的粘土亚塑性本构模型

简要地介绍了Herle和Kolymbas针对黏土建立的亚塑性本构模型的方法。结合黏土的特性以及对响应包络线的分析,详细地列出了HK模型几个尚未解决的问题,并对该模型3个参数分别进行了改进,建立了改进后的HK亚塑性公式以及参数的确定方法。改进后的模型继承了HK模型参数少、易确定以及公式简洁等特点,使HK模型不仅具有严密的数学和力学基础,而且具有较好的实际意义。     

重塑黏土的高压次固结特性初探

利用自行研制的高压固结试验系统,对重塑黏土试样进行了竖向压力从0.25 MPa到12.00 MPa的一维固结试验;并利用三轴设备对该土样进行了0.3～2.5 MPa的等向固结试验。试验结果表明：一维固结试验获得的各级压力固结曲线均有明显的次固结阶段,重塑黏土的次固结系数随竖向压力增大而非线性变化;具体而言,当固结压力小于2 MPa,次固结系数随竖向压力增大而显著减小,当固结压力大于2 MPa后,次固结系数则几乎不变;等向固结试验获得的次固结系数则远小于一维固结试验获得的相应值,其随固结压力的变化规律也与一维固结不同。此外,从微观角度对试验结果进行的分析表明,高压下黏土次固结变形的物理机制不同于低压。即低压下黏土次固结变形的主因是颗粒间的相对滑移,而高压下则是结合水膜的蠕变;而且低压下偏应力对次固结变形有控制性影响,但高压下其影响很小。     

重塑上海软土的压缩和剪切变形特性试验研究

根据典型上海软土重塑土样的等向压缩试验,测K0与不测K0的单向压缩试验结果,得到不同试验条件下的压缩指数Cc和膨胀指数Cs,并分析了它们之间的关系。进行三轴排水剪切试验,得到了重塑上海软土在不同超固结比和围压下的变形和强度特性,并计算出重塑上海软土的内摩擦角。最后,根据一组不同荷载下的长期单向压缩试验结果,得到重塑上海软土的次压缩系数C?与荷载之间的关系。上述研究得到的初步结论及相关参数可为工程实践、超固结上海软土本构模型的建立提供参考数据。     

重塑黏土空心圆柱试样制备技术改进及应用

受大体积制样降低土体均衡性及取芯扰动试样的影响,目前在包括主应力轴旋转等复杂应力路径下所开展的重塑软黏土力学特性试验研究的可靠性有待进一步提高。基于真空预压技术设计了制备重塑样的新型装置及方法,具有渗透排水与内壁成型双重作用的竖向排水体、分级施加真空负压以及多个试样同时制作等部件和技术,可快速制备大量空心圆柱试样,所制试样含水率具有较好的均匀性和一致性,减小了后期取芯对试样造成的扰动。开展了主应力轴旋转路径下的相关验证试验,从土体力学性能方面证明了所制试样用于研究复杂应力路径条件下土体性态演变规律的可靠性,为系统研究软黏土静动力学特性与长期稳定性提供了前提。     

重塑黄土三轴蠕变特性研究及模型分析

采用SR-6型三轴蠕变仪对陕西省泾阳县某边坡重塑黄土进行了一系列室内三轴固结排水蠕变试验,着重研究了90%压实度下重塑黄土在不同含水率与围压下的蠕变特性,并依据试验资料建立了两种经验蠕变模型。结果表明：该地区黄土具有明显的流变特性,总体呈非线性衰减蠕变;围压与含水率均对蠕变特性有着显著的影响,土样在小围压、大含水率的条件下蠕变现象明显且蠕应变较大;同等荷载增量引起的应变增量的突然放大,预示着该级荷载已经超过土体的屈服应力值,土样产生黏塑性变形;两种模型的建立均能恰当地描述土体在20% ~ 65%偏应力水平下的蠕变特性,且模型简单,参数易得。