海翼水下滑翔机测流应用

水下滑翔机其通过集成生物、化学、物理传感器可以测量如温度、盐度、溶解氧等多种海洋基础水文要素,其利用卫星定位系统获得实际出水速度和理论出水模型获得理论出水速度之差可以计算深度平均流,。本文利用海翼水下滑翔机获得温盐场及卫星定位数据评估深度平均流,结果显示利用温盐场获得深度平均地转流与水下滑翔机获得深度平均流相关系数0.95,表明其流场的一致性,同时根据船载观测ADCP误差分析法估算深度平均流误差约为0.036 m/s。借助深度平均流可以估算绝对地转流,包括正压地转流和斜压地转流。在零动力面的假设下,我们选取了海翼号水下滑翔机在南海的一组实验对流量误差进行了评估。该实验为2019年1月3日-2月16日海翼号水下滑翔机自南向北穿越西沙群岛附近一个中尺度涡观测。观测结果表明,该中尺度涡为冷涡流核,在涡心以南,绝对地转流为东向流,最大流速约为0.48 m/s;涡心以北,绝对地转流为西向流,最大流速约为0.47 m/s,稍弱于南侧。受不均匀时空观测计划影响,本文未对流量做出估计。     

浅海地转流速的计算

地转流是海洋中的一种基本流动。准确地计算和预报海洋中的地转流速,对于国防军事、航海运输以及渔业生产等方面都具有极其重要的实践意义。因此,各国海洋科学工作者,历来对地转流速的计算极为重视。本世纪初, Sandst?m 及 Helland-Hansen根据Bjerknes的环流理论,于1903年首次发表了应用温、盐度资料计算地转流速的著名的“Helland- Hansen公式”,即海流的“动力计算方法”。这是海流计算上的重要贡献之一。对深海大洋来说,通过选取“动力零面”的办法。可以得到地转流的绝对流速。如果“动力零面”选取得当,应用“动力计算方法”得到的绝对流速与实测流速极为接近。但在浅海中广泛应用这种“动力计算方法",显然遇到了不少困难。其中关于浅海“动力零面”"的恰当选取以及如何处理由于海底深度不等所引起的影响,是最为重要的两个间题。为了解决这些问题,国外的海洋科学工作者,如Helland-Hansen(1934,转引自 Φомин,1964), COMOB(1937,转引自3yσoB及Mamaeb,1956;,下称3aσon方法),斯费德鲁普等(1946)和Grcen(1948)等,都对此进行了研究,并提出过各自的“浅海动力计算方法”。总起来看这些方法,都假定海底以下的泥土岩石层中(以下通称“假想水体")某一水平面(一般取通过海底最深点)为“动力零面”作为地转流速计算的起点。对于海底及海底以下的“假想水体”中的海水比容分布。却有着几种不同的设想和处理方法。大体可分为两类:第一类(如Helland- Hansen,3yσoB等)是假定海底及其“假想水体”中流速和水平压强梯度同时消失,即那里的等比容线呈水平分布,从而采用线性内插的处理方法去确定其比容分布;第二类(如Sverdrup, Groen等)则假定海底及其“假想水体”中水平压强梯度并未消失,即那里的等比容线不,呈水平分布,从而采用灵活性和随机性较大的非线性内插的处理方法去确定其比容分布。 但迄今为止,这些研究尚未能得出令人满意的结果。我国近海是广阔的大陆架浅海,并且陆架和陆坡毗连区域的海底坡度变化很大,因此研究“动力计算方法”在浅海应用中所存在的这些问题,一直是我国近海海流研究工作中一项迫切的任务。 无产阶级文化大革命前,我们曾经分别采用过“3yσoB方法”和“Groen方法”,计算了我国近海的地转流速。实践证明,这两种“浅海动力计算方法”,还存在着不少问题;特别对海底地形变化剧烈的海区,尤为突出,其计算结果和客观实际相差甚远。针对这些问题,我们初步进行了一些探讨,提出了本文所要介绍的“浅海地转流速的计算”方法。 国外现有的“浅海动力计算方法”中的一个主要问题,是把海底以下的泥土或岩石当作水体(即“假想水体”)来处理。从而引进所谓浅海动力计算中的“订正项”(通过“假想水体”对“真实水体”予以订正)。我们认为计算浅海海水质点的运动速度,不是把基点放在真实的海水中,而是人为地放在海底以下的泥土或岩石中;这种处理方法,可能有一定的主观性。由此而确定的“订正项”也就缺乏足够的客观依据。本文将摈弃国外在“浅海动力计算方法”中迄今所采用的所谓“假想水体”,直接通过真实海水中海水密度水平梯度的差分近似计算:;在不引进任何人为的“订正项”的情况下,去确定浅海地转流速。实例计算结果表明,应用本文所提出的通过密度水平梯度去计算浅海地转流速的计算方法,比国外现有的“浅海动力计算方法”有较高的精度。     

海洋表层-次表层反演与重构方法概述

飞速发展的卫星遥感技术为海洋学研究提供了具有较高时空分辨率的表层资料,而海洋表层信息实际上反映了海洋内部状态。此研究总结了海洋表层—次表层反演与重构方法,将其归类为模式同化方法、统计重构方法以及表面强迫准地转(SQG,Surface Quasi-Geostrophic)方法,并对其各自的优缺点进行了论述,旨在为海洋信息反演与资料同化和融合工作提供一定的参考。     

南海 18°N 断面 上的体积和热盐输运

以2005—2008年4年中南海北部开放航次所获得的水文观测资料为基础,结合卫星高度计遥感资料,采用动力计算方法计算南海18°N断面的经向地转流,并与声学多普勒流速剖面仪(Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers,ADCP)走航观测资料进行对比,进而计算出通过南海18°N断面1000m以浅的各站位以及断面上总的经向地转体积、热、盐输运量。结果表明,2005—2008年南海北部开放航次期间18°N断面上的经向地转流呈相间带状分布,各站位经向地转流流速垂向分布和ADCP观测的大体一致。从卫星高度计获得的海面高度场可知,经向地转流流向的空间变化与海洋中尺度涡旋的活动密切相关。2005—2007年航次期间南海18°N断面上1000m以浅总的经向地转体积、热、盐输运均为南向输运,其3年的平均输运量分别为11.8Sv(1Sv=106m3.s 1)、0.38PW、418.8Gg.s 1;其年际间差别较大,经向地转体积、热、盐输运量均为2005年最大,2006年次之,2007年最小。2008年110°—117°E之间1000m以浅总的海水地转体积、热、盐输运量分别为7.3Sv、0.22PW、259.4Gg.s 1。     

基于卫星高度计和漂流浮标数据间数学校验关系的黑潮流轴和流路主成分估计

由于卫星高度计数据分辨率高、观测范围广的特点,我们使用该数据开展了黑潮流的研究。在之前的研究中,卫星绝对地转流都被用于对黑潮流域的表层流场的时空变化特征进行研究,并采用了一些探测方法提取了黑潮流轴和流路。然而,海面绝对地转流是由绝对动力地形估计得到,应该被当做实际流场的地转分量,在实际应用中并不能代表真实流场。在本研究中,建立了气候态绝对地转流与网格平均的漂流浮标流场间的数学校验关系,以此对卫星绝对地转流场进行修正,即便这两种数据的性质存在些许偏差。因此,基于主成分探测法,修正后的卫星绝对地转流被用于探测黑潮流轴和流路。对比结果表明,由修正后的卫星地转流场探测得到的黑潮流轴和流路均要好于地转流和表层流估计结果。修正后的地转流有助于开展更加准确的黑潮流轴和流路的逐日探测。     

用GEOSAT卫星高度计资料估计热带西太平洋赤道纬向地转流

卫星高度计资料在海洋动力学中的应用主要是进行涨平面及海流变化的研究。在物理海洋学中，海流速度的测定是非常重要的，所以用高度资料推算地转流有重要意义。本文用２年多的ＧＥＯＳＡＴ卫星高度计资料，根据地转平衡方程，计算了赤道１６５°Ｅ的纬向地转流速度，并且将推算值与实测资料进行了比较，其相关系数为０．８５，达到了令人满意的。实践证明只要对高度计资料的质量控制、误差订正等处理方法得当，滤波方法及尺度选择合     

台湾东侧黑潮区域海水的T-σt关系及其在动力计算中的应用

迄今为止的调查研究表明,海洋中的海流,特别是那些流速较大的强流:大都以地转流为其主要成份。因此,可以根据地转关系,应用观测所得的海水质量分布(即温、盐度或密度分布)计算出与实际较为相符的流速流量。这种过程就是海流的动力计算。 但是,由于温度资料比盐度资栂精确且易得,因此,人们在根据海水质量分布计算海流时,曾进行了种种简化,试图只根据温度分布及变化来研究海流。这大致可分为下列两方面： 其一,认为海水密度分布主要决定于温度,如果仅欲求得海流分布变化的粗略结果,可以不考虑盐度,直接根据单一的温度分布来计算流速流量。近年来,国内外所开展的一些工作,已为这种简化提供了初步的但较有力的证据。例如, Bryden(1974)通过对中大洋动力实验(MODE)区域两个锚锭站的温度和海流实测资料的分析,得出了水平流速的垂直切変和温度水平梯度的垂直积分之间颇为一致的关系。管秉贤在研究通过苏澳一与那国岛断面的黑潮的变异时,找到了100-200米水层处的温度水平梯度最大值与流量之间较好的关系。 其二,为了求得较为精确的结果,引入了平均的T-S关系曲线来考虑盐度分布对密度的影响。例如, Emery和Wert(1976)曾利用太平洋上每10°方格海域中的平均T-S曲线,对大量的温度断面进行了动力高度计算。所得结果,除了个別区域外,与用温盐资料算得的动力高度相比,误差都比较小。另外,在中大洋动力实验中,对许多只有温度而没有盐度资料的观测站,也是应用该海区的平均T-S曲线进行动力计算的。 本文应用国际黑潮合作调查(CSK)资料,对台湾东侧黑潮区域的水温(T)和条件密度(σt)进行比较,得出了这一区域的T-σt的相关关系式。运用这一关系式对该海区的温度断面进行动力计算,所得流速与用经典的动力计算方法得到的地转流速相比,其方向和量级都是一致的。另外,对东海的黑潮区域的海水,也用本关系式进行了讨论。     

利用卫星测高、GRACE和GOCE资料估计全球海洋表面地转流

重力恢复和气候试验GRACE(gravity recovery and climate experiment)卫星极大地提高了地球重力场的精度和分辨率,特别是中长波分量,联合卫星测高数据可获得全球海洋表面大尺度洋流循环。另外,新一代地球重力和海洋环流探测卫星GOCE(gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer)于2009年3月成功发射,采用卫星重力梯度测量原理,对重力场的高频部分非常敏感,使其高分辨率监测全球海洋循环成为可能。本文利用1~7年GRACE观测数据确定的重力场模型和18个月GOCE观测数据确定的地球重力场模型GO_CONS_GCF_2_TIM_R3,联合卫星测高确定的平均海面高模型MSS_CNES_CLS_11,分别估计全球海洋表面地转流,并且与实测浮标数据结果进行比较。分析表明GOCE重力卫星确定的重力场模型具有更高的空间分辨率,能够确定高精度和高空间分辨率的全球海洋地转流,如墨西哥湾暖流的细节和特征,并且与实测浮标结果基本一致。而基于1~4年GRACE观测资料的模型不能很好估计全球地转流特征,基于7年GRACE观测资料的重力场模型ITG-Grace2010s确定的全球地转流的精度仍低于18个月GOCE观测数据确定的地球重力场模型GO_CONS_GCF_2_TIM_R3的结果,估计的全球地转流仍含有较大的噪声,不能很好地反应中小尺度地转流细节特征。并计算ITG_Grace2010s和GOCE_TIM3的稳态海面地形和全球平均地转流的内符合精度,结果显示,在全球范围内,GOCE_TIM3的稳态海面地形和全球平均地转流的精度都比ITG_Grace2010s结果的精度有着很大的改善,其中ITG_Grace2010s的稳态海面地形的精度为21.6cm,而GOCE_TIM3的结果则为7.45cm,ITG_Grace2010s的全球平均地转流的精度为40.7cm/s,而GOCE_TIM3的结果则为19.6cm/s。     

兴化湾及周边海域潮流动力特征与数值模拟研究

基于2011年兴化湾及周边海域的流速、流向的观测资料,应用短期资料的潮流准调和分析方法,对海流周日连续观测数据进行分析,探讨海域潮流特征。最后,针对兴化湾岸线复杂、岛屿众多的特点,基于FVCOM数值模式,采用非结构三角形网格,建立兴化湾及周边海域潮流动力数值模型,经实测站潮汐、潮流数据对模拟结果验证,模型能够较好的刻画各测站潮汐、潮流过程特点,反映研究海域流场特征规律,可为该海域海洋环境保护和海洋开发利用提供科学论证依据。     

Research on tidal current characteristics and numerical simulation of the Xinghua bay and the surrounding waters

基于2011年兴化湾及周边海域的流速、流向的观测资料,应用短期资料的潮流准调和分析方法,对海流周日连续观测数据进行分析,探讨海域潮流特征.最后,针对兴化湾岸线复杂、岛屿众多的特点,基于FVCOM数值模式,采用非结构三角形网格,建立兴化湾及周边海域潮流动力数值模型,经实测站潮汐、潮流数据对模拟结果验证,模型能够较好的刻画各测站潮汐、潮流过程特点,反映研究海域流场特征规律,可为该海域海洋环境保护和海洋开发利用提供科学论证依据.     

Structure of dynamic fields in the Southeastern Baltic during wind forcings that cause upwelling and downwelling

The peculiarities of the space-time structures of the currents in the sea appearing after wind forcings that cause upwelling and downwelling are investigated. Numerical modeling using the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) and data analysis were performed for the local area of the Southeastern Baltic adjacent to the Kaliningrad Region (Russia). The geostrophic and ageostrophic velocity components were distinguished to determine the peculiar features of different types of currents. We suggest considering the collinearity coefficient: the scalar product of the geostrophic and ageostrophic velocity vectors. We also considered the local vorticity and turbulent viscosity. Their difference during the upwelling and downwelling was noted. The data of the current velocity simulations and the ADCP measurements at the location of the D-6 oil platform (the Kravtsov oil field) were compared. The modeling adequately reproduces the most energetic geostrophic jet currents and their space-time characteristics.     

Estimating ocean transports with dynamic height moorings: An application in the Atlantic Deep Western Boundary Current at 26°N

Efficient monitoring of large-scale current systems for climate research requires the development of new techniques to estimate ocean transports. Here, a methodology for continuous estimation of dynamic height profiles and geostrophic currents from moored temperature sensors is presented. The technique is applied to moorings deployed in the Atlantic Deep Western Boundary Current at 26.5°N, off Abaco, the Bahamas (WOCE ACM-1 array). Relative geostrophic currents are referenced using bottom pressure sensors and available shipboard direct velocity (lowered-ADCP) sections over the period of the deployment, to obtain a time series of absolute volume transport. Comparison with direct velocity measurements from a complete array of current meters shows good agreement for the mean transport and its variablity on time scales longer than 10 days, but larger variability in the current meter derived transport at time scales shorter than 10 days. A rigorous error analysis assesses the contributions of various error sources in the geostrophic as well as direct transport estimates. Low-frequency drift of the bottom pressure sensors is found to be the largest error source in the geostrophic transport estimates and recommendations for improvement of the technique and related measurement technologies are made.     

Seasonal variations of the surface currents in the Tsushima Strait

Seasonal variations of the surface currents in the Tsushima Strait were investigated by analyzing the monthly mean surface currents measured with HF radar. Several new features of the surface currents have been found. One notable feature is the large, complicated seasonal variation in the current structure in the eastern channel of the strait. For example, in the southeastern and northwestern regions of the channel, southwestward countercurrents are found in summer while southeastward acrossshore currents are found in autumn and winter. The wind-driven flow (Ekman flow) as well as surface geostrophic currents are responsible for these complicated variations of the surface currents. To quantify each variation of the flow and current, the wind-driven flow was calculated from the monthly wind (more precisely, the friction velocity) using the monthly speed factor and deflection angle estimated in our previous study, and the surface geostrophic currents were then estimated by subtracting the wind-driven flow from the measured surface currents. It was found that the acrossshore currents are the wind-driven flow, and that the surface geostrophic currents flow almost in the along-shore direction, indicating the validity of the decomposition of the surface velocity into the wind-driven flow and the geostrophic currents using the speed factor and deflection angle. A real-vector empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of the surface geostrophic currents shows a pair of eddies in the lee of Tsushima and Iki Islands as the first mode, which indicates that the southwestward countercurrents in the eastern channel are formed primarily by the incoming Tsushima Warm Current.     

Estimating the geostrophic velocity obtained by HF radar observations in the upstream area of the Kuroshio

A method to extract geostrophic current in the daily mean HF radar data in the Kuroshio upstream region is established by comparison with geostrophic velocity determined from the along-track altimetry data. The estimated Ekman current in the HF velocity is 1.2% (1.5%) and 48° (38°)-clockwise rotated with respect to the daily mean wind in (outside) the Kuroshio. Furthermore, additional temporal smoothing is found necessary to remove residual ageostrophic currents such as the inertial oscillation. After removal of the ageostrophic components, the HF geostrophic velocity agrees well with that from the altimetry data with rms difference 0.14 (0.12) m/s in (outside) the Kuroshio.     

基于Argo浮标的西北太平洋环流特征分析

基于2004 年1 月～2009 年12 月月平均Argo(Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanography)温盐格点资料, 结合P-vector 方法重构了西北太平洋绝对地转流, 重点分析了西北太平洋环流时空变化特征。结果表明, 基于Argo 资料西北太平洋三维结构特征与以前的研究结果是一致的。与WOA09(World Ocean Atlas 2009)计算的纬向流相比, Argo 资料计算的纬向流要偏大。北赤道逆流(NECC)、北赤道流(NEC)、黑潮再生流(KCC)和黑潮延伸体(KE)都有明显的季节和年际变化。NECC 和NEC 基本上呈现春强秋弱的季节变化特征, KCC 和KE 的季节特征与NECC 和NEC 存在反相关系。NECC 和NEC 表现出周期为1～2 a 的年际信号, KCC 和KE 为非周期性的年际信号。表层NEC 流核所在位置以及NEC南边界位置都有南移的趋势。另外, NEC、KCC 和KE 的流量也呈逐渐增大的趋势。     

Comparison of Surface Current Data from In Situ Observations with Numerical-Model-Derived Data,Satellite Altimetry Measurement Data,and the Results of Dynamic Method Calculations for the Sea of Okhotsk near the Northwestern Coast of Kamchatka

Schemes of surface flows near northwestern Kamchatka are shown, compiled from in situ observation data, numerical-model-derived data, satellite altimetry measurement data, and results calculated by the dynamic method. The flow characteristics obtained by various methods are compared. No statistically significant linear dependence of the velocities of absolute and geostrophic currents were detected. A linear dependence was observed between the directions of geostrophic flows calculated by the standard dynamic method and from satellite altimetry data, as well as between directions measured by the Argonaut MD and the calculated model. We have estimated the fraction of the ageostrophic component in currents. According to geostrophic current calculations by different methods, it ranged from 86 to 93%. A significant limitation of this data is the difficulty of their interpretation. They may not always give a perfect representation of stable water circulation in the studied area under.     

Variations of the seasonal behavior of geostrophic circulation in the Black Sea

On the basis of the results of processing of the archival hydrological data, we analyze the seasonal behavior of geostrophic circulation in the Black Sea and its long-term variations. It is shown that the variations of currents on the decadal time scales with different manifestations in different seasons lead to changes in the characteristics of the seasonal course of geostrophic circulation in the second half of the last century. The intensification of winter circulation and weakening of summer circulation observed since the mid-1970s result in the increase in the amplitude of the annual course of current velocity on the sea surface. We also discuss possible causes of variations in the intensities of geostrophic currents in the Black Sea.     

Intrayear Variability of Geostrophic Zonal Currents in the Tropical Zone of the South Atlantic

On the basis of the results of calculation and analysis of the characteristics of space variability of the geostrophic component of large-scale zonal currents in the tropical zone of the South Atlantic, its intrayear oscillations, and the components of tangential wind stresses, we establish the regularities of seasonal variability of the system of gradient currents on the ocean surface depending on wind conditions. We describe the specific features of seasonal meridional fluctuations of the midstreams of the geostrophic component of zonal large-scale currents and the intrayear variations of their velocity.