桂林附近中泥盆统东岗岭组发现生物礁

<正> 在桂林南郊约九公里、唐家湾公路以北约300米处的中泥盆统东岗岭组下部有一个碳酸盐岩隆,其两侧岩层产状相反,上面被一水平岩层覆盖。过去都认为其下部为一个小型背斜构造,其上部的水平岩层是逆掩断层造成的。 1980年底,笔者在该岩隆中发现了大量造礁生物,含量多达60—80％。1981年以来我们对该地碳酸盐岩进行了详细的野外工作和室内研究。除了在岩隆顶部上覆岩层中见到一组垂直层面的破劈理外,没有发现明显的断裂构造现象;岩隆两侧岩层产状的不同实系礁体两翼的原始倾伏;在岩隆内部找到了几个斑礁块体及造礁生物原地生长的痕迹和生物包裹构造等。     

海南岛南部一地全新世生物屑灰岩的成岩作用

引言研究标本由我所碳酸岩组采自海南岛南部的一个地点。在那里,沿岸覆于原生礁之上有一套由生物骨屑(主要是珊瑚)砂、砾所组成的、已被碳酸盐胶结的岩层,其厚约3米左右(图1)。此岩层一般称为“次生礁”。它是由当时原生礁盘上的生物被海浪击碎并冲带到礁盘上沉积下来的,这里属连岛砂堤沉积,它现已完全暴露地表。次生礁在它抬升过程中,下部被海蚀形成海蚀龛。     

西藏岗巴晚白垩世厚壳蛤生物礁环境的特征

白垩纪厚壳蛤生物礁在我国还是第一次发现。然而,在国外对厚壳蛤类的形态、生态以及成礁的特点都进行了比较深入的研究,认为在白垩纪的建隆(buildup)中,厚壳蛤类有了极大的增加,在碳酸盐的堆积中起了很大的作用,并常常构成了在陆棚环境内的一些生物丘,或者沿陆棚边缘形成礁的格架。而且有的厚壳蛤礁(丘)还是世界一些最大油田的储集岩的重要组成部份。可见其在理论上和实践上的重要意义。岗巴厚壳蛤礁位于西藏岗巴县城,形成时代属晚白垩世。其岩层、造礁的厚壳蛤生物以及礁相带等特征,分别叙述如后。     

塔里木盆地奥陶系生物礁的分布及特征

<正> 塔里木盆地生物礁目前主要发现于轮南、塔中、巴楚等地区(图1),层位集中于中奥陶统的一间房组、上奥陶统的吐木休克组和良里塔格组,并以一间房地区的生物礁发育最完整。初步研究结果认为,生物礁主要呈长条状分布于两种沉积环境:(1)碳酸盐台地向台地斜坡过渡的台地边缘环境;(2)碳酸盐台地内的地形由平坦向较陡处转折的地带。造礁生物的含量可达30%以上,上奥陶统中主要有海绵、苔藓虫、层孔虫、珊瑚、托盘类、蓝绿藻、管孔藻等。中国以往仅有在陕西渭河以北地区、浙赣交界地区和湖北地区发现奥陶系生物礁的报道,本次发现结束了塔里木盆     

东昆仑一阿尼玛卿地区二叠纪生物礁的首次发现

东昆仑一阿尼玛卿地区二叠纪生物礁的首次发现￣①王永标，张克信，黄继春１９９６年７－９月，在进行１：２５万造山带非史密斯填图工作中，首次在东昆仑山南坡及阿尼玛卿山一带发现二叠纪生物礁。该生物礁地处东昆仑造山带的南坡、青藏高原的北缘，其主体——礁核相沿昆...     

渤海湾西北岸几道牡蛎礁

渤海湾西北岸划分出了第Ⅰ道—第Ⅵ道牡蛎礁的平面分布(图1);对牡蛎礁壳体的几何形态特征进行了描述(图2),并将牡蛎礁壳体进行了剖面切割(图3);对牡蛎礁壳体进行了X光衍射与激光拉曼(活—古)矿物晶型的对比分析(表1,图4);对俵口村BKP20-2剖面(-2.84m)牡蛎礁一个体右壳:在双目镜下对其内部结构与矿物组分进行了分析(图5);通过机械挖掘剖面及钻探获得:牡蛎礁体的空间堆积厚度与赋存的海拔高度及其各剖面垂直方向上的14C年代数据;并获得牡蛎礁体堆积的内部结构特征(图6);以及牡蛎礁体水平夹层与CaCO3含量变化(图7),其中水平夹层CaCO3含量往往偏高,初步分析可能与气候偏冷有关。对牡蛎礁壳体内充填物及壳外沉积物进行了粒度分析(表3),粒度组分及概率累积曲线等(图9)为分析牡蛎礁的生态环境提供了佐证:即牡蛎礁基本以潮下带生活环境为主。以俵口BKP20剖面为例分析了牡蛎礁体堆积物从埋深-2.14～-6.90m的生物组合特征(表4)。以上资料为获得牡蛎礁堆积体的生长-发育-消亡等演化模式提供了依据(图10)。     

生物礁并非千奇百怪——它们遵循着水平海底群落的演化模式而变化

有一种普遍的看法,生物礁与生物演化的主流无关,并且它们的历史有一个和水平海底生物群极不相同的模式。然而,生物礁和其它海相群落之间在演化上存在着三个明显的相似性:(1)三个显生宙演化动物群的组成控制了生物礁的组成和生态结构。(2)地质记录中的巨大绝灭事件削减了生物礁。(3)生物礁符合水平海底群落的演化模式,缺乏生物礁的阶段是因为生物群中缺乏造架生物(如中晚寒武世),或者是因为在造架生物重新演化出造礁的生活方式之前的绝灭事件导致了生物礁的缺乏。     

广西六景生物礁的研究

<正>六景是华南泥盆系标准剖面之一,中泥盆统东岗岭组生物礁巳有过报导。1983年9月,笔者在考察六景中学附近的层状礁的同时,还发现位于六景圩南约700米处一层孔虫生物礁,并进行了详细的研究,本文着重探讨新发现的生物礁的特征(图1)。六景生物礁的研究,将丰富六景标准剖面的内容,为进一步研究本区中泥盆世碳酸盐岩的岩相古地理和沉积环境,具有一定的地质意义。      

鄂西二叠系生物礁的基本特征及其发育规律

鄂西二叠系生物礁分布于利川县境,它是由海绵、水螅等造架生物组成的典型的生物礁,其层位属晚二叠世长兴组,出露于见天坝、黄泥塘等地(图1)。此生物礁从出露之完整、化石之丰富、结构之清楚来看,是我国最发育的生物礁之一。     

辽东太子河流域中石炭世若干生物礁的发现及研究

辽东太子河流域中石炭统本溪组中发现了若干个生物礁。造礁生物为Chaetetes Penchiensis和Arach nastraeaman chrita。太子河流域的几个生物礁在生物组成、造礁方式和礁石特征等诸方面完全一致。在宏观上呈不连续天带状展布。与区域沉积相带展布方向相同。因此,本文认为它们同属一个岸礁体系。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.