基于蒸渗仪和解析法估算毛乌素沙地潜水蒸发量

地下水蒸发是旱区地下水均衡计算中重要的排泄项之一。由于包气带水分运移高度非线性且大气—地表界面动力学过程复杂,估算潜水蒸发量一直是地下水资源评价的难题之一。利用内蒙古乌审旗河南乡均衡试验场E601型蒸渗仪,建立了毛乌素沙地水面蒸发及4种典型岩性（风化砂岩K₁、萨拉乌苏组砂Qpal+l、砂质壤土Qhl、风积沙Qheol）的饱和土蒸发原位试验,结合长期观测获取的大量数据,开展了地下水蒸发与水面蒸发、埋深的关系和地下水蒸发量计算方法研究。结果表明:（1）4种典型岩性（风化砂岩、萨拉乌苏组砂、砂质壤土、风积沙）饱和蒸发量与水面蒸发量比值分别为0.60,0.77,0.47,0.88,表明不同岩性的饱和裸土的蒸发强度不等于自由水面的蒸发强度;实际计算裸土蒸发强度时,不能以自由水面蒸发强度作为参考点,如果运用,必须校正。（2）利用蒸渗仪观测数据和土壤水运动方程稳态解析解,获得4种典型岩性（风化砂岩、萨拉乌苏组砂、砂质壤土、风积沙）潜水稳定蒸发计算的关键经验系数c,分别为628932.63,165058.71,48948.21,1525104.031 m?2。（3）利用稳定蒸发公式确定鄂尔多斯盆地风沙滩区四种典型包气带岩性（风化砂岩、萨拉乌苏组砂、砂质壤土、风积沙）潜水极限蒸发深度约为60 cm,结果得到了室内非稳态蒸发试验的佐证,为研究区水资源评价提供了重要的参数依据。     

Hydrochemical and isotopic study of groundwater in the Yinchuan plain, China

The Yinchuan plain is located in the arid climate zone of NW China. The western margin of the plain is the Helan mountain connecting a series of normal slip faults. The eastern margin of the plain connects with the Yellow River and adjacents with the Ordos platform. The south of the plain is bordered by the EN fault of the Niushou mountain. The bottom of the plain is the Carboniferous, Permian, or Ordovician rocks. Based on the analysis of groundwater hydrochemical and isotopic indicators, this study aims to identify the groundwater recharge and discharge in the Yinchuan plain, China. The hydrochemical types of the groundwater are HCO₃–SO₄ in the west, HCO₃–Cl in the middle, and Cl–SO₄ in the east. The hydrochemical types are HCO₃–SO₄ in the south, HCO₃–Cl and SO₄–HCO₃ in the middle. The hydrochemical types are complex in the north, mainly SO₄–HCO₃ and Cl–SO₄. Deuterium, ¹⁸O, and tritium values of groundwater indicate that groundwater recharge sources include precipitation, bedrock fissure water, and irrigation return water. Groundwater discharges include evaporation, abstraction, and discharge to surface water. According to the EW isotopic profile, the groundwater flow system (GFS) in the Yinchuan plain can be divided into local flow systems (LFS) and regional flow systems (RFS). Groundwater has lower TDS and higher tritium in the southern Yellow River alluvial plain and groundwater age ranges from 6 to 25 years. The range of groundwater renewal rates is from 11 to 15 % a^?1. The depth of the water cycle is small, and groundwater circulates fast and has high renewal rates. Groundwater has higher TDS and lower tritium in the northern Yellow River alluvial plain. The range of groundwater age is from 45 to 57 years, and renewal rate is from 6 to 0.1 % a^?1. The depth of the water cycle is larger. Groundwater circulates slowly and has low renewal rates.     

Groundwater calcrete deposits in Australia some observations from Western Australia

Groundwater calcretes are a non‐pedogenic form of calcrete occurring in broad fossil drainage systems. In Australia, they only occur north of about latitude 30°S and their formation requires arid conditions with very high potential evaporation as well as the periodic recharge of groundwater systems. They are linear, tabular limestone bodies, averaging about 10 m thick, occurring at or close to the surface and forming gentle mounds. The most extensive are located in the centre of the zone of distribution, where the climatic conditions are optimal, and are of the order of 100 km by 10 km. Some groundwater calcretes are fossil and strongly dissected, others are modern and still in process of formation.

A model of carbonate precepitation below the water table, i.e. in the phreatic zone, resulting in continuous calcrete growth, accounts for their morphology, their textures and the apparently inverted stratigraphy suggested by carbon‐14 dating. In areas of maximum growth, small anticlines develop which have structures engendered by both shear and concentric folding due to upward growth pressure.     

Surface and subsurface conceptual model of an arid environment with respect to mid- and late Holocene climate changes

The water demand in arid regions is commonly covered by groundwater resources that date back to more humid periods of the Pleistocene and Holocene. Within the investigated arid part of SE Saudi-Arabia information about climate, groundwater levels, and pumping rates are only available for regions where groundwater extractions occur at present-day. For the prediction of the impact of long-term climate changes on groundwater resources an understanding of the hydrogeological and hydrological past and the development of the aquifers is necessary. Therefore, all available information about hydrology and hydrogeology for the past 10,000 years BP were collected and compiled to a conceptual model of the aquifer development on the Arabian Peninsula since the last Ice-Age. The climatic history was displayed by changes in precipitation, temperature and recharge during the mid-S and late Holocene. The hydrogeological development is described by groundwater ages, sea level fluctuations, movement of the coastline, and the development of sabkhas. The most sensitive parameter to describe the development of aquifer system is recharge. Present-day recharge was calculated with the hydrological model system HEC-HMS accounting for current precipitation, temperature, wind, soil types, and geomorphology. With respect to changes in precipitation and temperature over the past 10,000 years the temporal and spatial variability of groundwater recharge was calculated using empirical equations valid for semi-arid and arid settings. Further inflow into the groundwater system results from surface water infiltration in wadi beds, while natural outflow from the groundwater system occurs by discharge to the Gulf, evaporation from sabkhas, and spring discharge. Backward predictions can be verified by sedimentological observations of palaeo-river systems and lakes indicating that groundwater levels reached temporarily the surface under wetter climate conditions and ¹⁴C groundwater ages displaying groundwater residence times.     

鲁中南岩溶水资源综合类型及合理调蓄研究

鲁中南岩溶区是中国北方半干旱温带岩溶区中具有代表性的地区之一。该区岩水资源分布具有明显的不均匀性和大面积分散补给而局部富集等特征。岩溶形态以溶蚀裂隙洞穴为主，地下水类型多为裂隙溶洞型。在对该区岩溶水补给，富集，径流及排泄特征的研究基础上，初步将本区地表水和地下水资源划分为两大类型，即地下岩溶水径带变化带水资源类型和排泄带水资源及地下岩溶水资源类型。对该地区地表水和地下水的合理调蓄问题进行了系统的分析和总结，并提出了相关的对策。     

应用环境示踪剂探讨巴丹吉林沙漠及古日乃绿洲地下水补给

巴丹吉林沙漠位于我国西北部的阿拉善高原。近年来,许多中外学者应用天然水样及土壤水分的水化学、同位素等技术手段研究了该地区地下水补给及环境演化。基于这些研究,试图给出巴丹吉林沙漠和古日乃绿洲一个完整的二维地下水系统概念模型。巴丹吉林沙漠地下水在浅埋区和出露区蒸发,同时接受少量当地降水补给,其最终的排泄区是古日乃绿洲。巴丹吉林沙漠地下水垂向补给微弱,地下水很可能是更新世晚期至全新世早期周边的雅布赖山区降水径流及发源于祁连山的河流古河道补给的古水。在全新世中-晚期,地下水得到有限的降水补给,并且经受蒸发作用。随着千年尺度的气候转型,两千年以来,巴丹吉林沙漠干旱化加剧,正在经历地下水位下降、湖泊绿洲逐渐萎缩消亡的过程。     

唐山曹妃甸浅层地下水水化学特征及咸化成因

为了查明曹妃甸浅层地下水水化学及咸化成因,采集研究区河水、地下淡水、微咸水、咸水、卤水、雨水和海水等不同类型水样,对其水化学组成、离子比、Piper三线图、吉布斯图、氢氧同位素组成及14C测年结果进行了分析。结果表明：(1)曹妃甸浅层地下水包括全新世沉积层潜水和晚更新世沉积层微承压水,且非原始封存在地层中而是形成于全新世中晚期。(2)地下潜水向海方向分布有淡水、微咸水、咸水水质类型,微承压水以咸水和卤水为主要水质类型;近冲洪积扇前缘水化学特征主要受岩石风化作用控制,围填海区及河口处水化学特征受海水混合作用控制,滨海平原区水化学特征主要受蒸发/结晶作用控制。(3)曹妃甸浅层地下水咸化过程主要是晚更新世以来海侵海退时期形成海洋蒸发盐经大气降水和河水多期溶滤所致,其盐分来源于海水蒸发盐,河口及围填海区地下潜水盐分主要来源于现代海水入侵。     

Relation of streams, lakes, and wetlands to groundwater flow systems

 Surface-water bodies are integral parts of groundwater flow systems. Groundwater interacts with surface water in nearly all landscapes, ranging from small streams, lakes, and wetlands in headwater areas to major river valleys and seacoasts. Although it generally is assumed that topographically high areas are groundwater recharge areas and topographically low areas are groundwater discharge areas, this is true primarily for regional flow systems. The superposition of local flow systems associated with surface-water bodies on this regional framework results in complex interactions between groundwater and surface water in all landscapes, regardless of regional topographic position. Hydrologic processes associated with the surface-water bodies themselves, such as seasonally high surface-water levels and evaporation and transpiration of groundwater from around the perimeter of surface-water bodies, are a major cause of the complex and seasonally dynamic groundwater flow fields associated with surface water. These processes have been documented at research sites in glacial, dune, coastal, mantled karst, and riverine terrains. Received, April 1998 · Revised, July 1998, August 1998 · Accepted, September 1998     

Hydrogeochemical and isotopic study of groundwater in the Habor Lake Basin of the Ordos Plateau,NW China

Hydrogeochemistry and isotopes were used to understand the origin and geochemical evolution in the Habor Lake Basin, northwestern China. Groundwater samples were taken, and the isotopic compositions δD, δ¹⁸O and major ions were analyzed. The groundwater can be divided into three types: the Quaternary groundwater, the shallow Cretaceous groundwater and the deep Cretaceous groundwater. The groundwater chemistry is mainly controlled by the feldspar weathering and dolomite weathering, the dissolution of Glauber’s salt, and cation exchange. Chemistry of lake water is mainly controlled by evaporation and precipitation. The stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in groundwater cluster along the local meteoric water line, indicating that groundwater is of meteoric origin. Comparing with shallow groundwater, deep groundwater is depleted in heavy isotopes indicating that deep groundwater was recharged during late Pleistocene and Holocene, during which the climate was more wetter and colder than today.     

河西走廊黑河鼎新至哨马营段河水与地下水转化途径分析

运用美国ＧＥＯＭＥＴＲＩＣＳ公司制造的ＳｔｒａｔａｇｅｃｍＥＨ４电导率成像系统。对黑河鼎新至哨马营河谷地带进行实地调查发现,此段存在一地堑式断层,为东西走向,古道沿此断层形成。河流在此段大部分沿古河道为地下水,自西向东流去,在东部板滩井一带（盐碱沼泽地）以垂向蒸发方式通过地表及植被排泄。古尔乃绿洲的形成与黑河河水通过断层转化成地下水有关。     

石羊河流域地下水化学环境演化特征研究

作者在系统研究石羊河流域地下水化学类型和演化特征的基础上,应用地球化学计算机模拟方法,模拟了研究区地下水中各元素存在的形式,方解石、白云石等矿物的饱和指数,进而判断了水岩作用的方向和程度,揭示了石羊河流域地下水化学环境演化机制。     

半干旱区域高速公路绿化带建设对地下水循环的影响: 以京藏高速公路呼包段为例

高速公路绿化带能美化环境,吸尘减噪,保持水土,但在降水量少的干旱地区,高速公路绿化带主要依赖地下水补给,会对区域地下水资源分布产生一定影响。以土默川平原北部呼包高速绿化带为研究对象,利用3S技术将研究区的绿化带进行分类,同时,结合ET_0等相关公式计算绿化带的蒸腾耗水量。在收集区域水文地质资料的基础上,掌握研究区的地下水补径排特征,计算研究区侧向补给量,进而得出绿化带蒸腾耗水量与地下水补给量之间的关系,定量分析高速公路绿化带建设对区域地下水循环的影响。结果表明:研究区地下水补给主要来源于大青山山前侧向补给,主要排泄为地下水径流排泄及绿化带的蒸腾耗水; 2016-07—2017-06期间,研究区非植被区、植被覆盖区分别占总面积的17%和83%,绿化带年蒸散发量为1006.10 mm,蒸腾耗水量为2434.86×10~4m^3/a;山前侧向补给量为24372.16×10~4m^3/a;绿化带蒸腾耗水量约占山前侧向补给量的10%。由此可见,高速公路绿化带的建设对地下水资源分布有着重要的影响。     

Spatiotemporal variation of groundwater quality in an arid area experiencing long-term paper wastewater irrigation,northwest China

Groundwater is crucial for multiple uses over the world, especially in arid and semiarid regions. However, human activities significantly decreased groundwater quality. In this study, the spatiotemporal variation of groundwater quality was evaluated in an arid area where long-term paper wastewater irrigation has been implemented. For this study, seven wells were regularly monitored for physicochemical parameters over a period of 1 year. Statistical and graphical approaches were applied to interpret the spatiotemporal variation of groundwater quality parameters in the wastewater irrigation zone. Correlation analysis was also carried out to reveal the sources of some major ions. The results indicate that the groundwater type in the study area is dominated by the Cl–Na, followed by the HCO₃–Na, the HCO₃–Ca·Mg, and the SO₄·Cl–Ca·Mg types. Groundwater in the area is significantly contaminated locally with fluoride, nitrite and ammonia, and the chemical oxygen demand levels were increased in some groundwater monitoring wells. Most contaminants showed an increasing trend from the Yellow River water irrigation zone toward the wastewater irrigation zone. Rock weathering, mineral dissolution, and cation exchange are important processes controlling groundwater quality, but human activities, such as wastewater irrigation, play an undeniable role in affecting groundwater quality in this area. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of the formation and circulation of groundwater under human activities and provide a scientific basis for regional water quality evaluation, water quality improvement, and protection.     

西北地区地下水水量-水位双控指标确定研究——以民勤盆地为例

地下水是西北内陆河流域干旱半干旱地区重要的供水水源、生态因子和环境因子。当前缺乏针对西北干旱半干旱地区特点的地下水水量和水位双控管理指标确定方法研究,无法为西北地区开展流域水资源管理生态保护提供技术支撑。本研究基于地下水可持续利用和生态保护的原则,提出了一套确定西北地区地下水水量-水位双控指标的技术方案。采用“以位定量”的思路,依据指标监测井代表的不同地下水功能区的地下水管理水位,确定水位指标区间值;将通过天然植被排泄的地下水量作为不可袭夺的排泄项,以数值模拟方法预报求解满足水位指标约束的地下水开采量,计算水量指标区间值。以民勤盆地为研究区开展示例研究,依据技术方案计算得到水位指标的下限阈值为埋深5.00～49.37 m,上限阈值为埋深0.00～5.00 m,水量指标上限为6 000×104 m3/a,下限为10 000×104 m3/a。采用2012—2016年区内实际开采量和监测水位变化趋势进行验证,当开采量在水量指标区间内运行时,水位也基本在水位指标区间内变化。该技术方法可以为西北地区开展双控管理提供一定的技术支撑。     

塔里木盆地南缘绿洲带地下水砷氟碘分布及共富集成因

由于地表水资源稀缺,地下水是塔里木盆地南缘绿洲带重要用水水源,因此,系统查明该区地下水砷氟碘的分布及成因至关重要。基于塔里木盆地南缘绿洲带233组地下水水样检测结果,分析不同含水层中高砷、高氟和高碘地下水的空间分布及水化学特征,结合研究区地质、水文地质条件和地下水赋存环境进一步揭示影响地下水砷氟碘的来源、迁移与富集的水文地球化学过程。结果表明:地下水砷、氟、碘浓度变化范围分别为1.091.2 μg/L、0.0128.31 mg/L、10.02 637.0 μg/L。地下水高砷、高氟和高碘水样分别占总水样的7.3%、47.2%和11.6%,砷氟碘共富集占比为3.0%。砷氟碘共富集地下水主要分布于研究区中部的民丰县,水化学类型主要为Cl·SO₄-Na型。自补给区至过渡区再至蒸发区,地下水氟、碘浓度明显增大,砷浓度在过渡区和蒸发区均较大;砷氟碘共富集地下水取样点主要分布于36.060.0 m深度的浅层承压含水层中。浅层地下水受蒸发作用和矿物溶解沉淀作用的影响,随砷氟碘富集项的增多而增大。第四纪成因类型中风积物对氟浓度的影响较大,洪积-湖积物对砷和碘浓度的影响较大。细粒岩性、平缓的地形、地下水浅埋条件、偏碱性的地下水环境、微生物降解作用下有机质介导的矿物溶解是利于砷氟碘共富集的主要机制。     

Hydrochemical characteristics and salinity of groundwater in the Ejina Basin, Northwestern China

A hydrochemical investigation was conducted in the Ejina Basin to identify the hydrochemical characteristics and the salinity of groundwater. The results indicate that groundwater in the area is brackish and are significantly zonation in salinity and water types from the recharge area to the discharge area. The ionic ration plot and saturation index (SI) calculation suggest that the silicate rock weathering and evaporation deposition are the dominant processes that determine the major ionic composition in the study area. Most of the stable isotope δ¹⁸O and δD compositions in the groundwater is a meteoric water feature, indicating that the groundwater mainly sources from meteoric water and most groundwater undergoes a long history of evaporation. Based on radioactive isotope tritium (³H) analysis, the groundwater ages were approximately estimated in different aquifers. The groundwater age ranges from less than 5 years, between 5 years and 50 years, and more than 50 years. Within 1 km of the river water influence zone, the groundwater recharges from recent Heihe river water and the groundwater age is about less than 5 years in shallow aquifer. From 1 km to 10 km of the river water influence zone, the groundwater sources from the mixture waters and the groundwater age is between 5 years and 50 years in shallow aquifer. The groundwater age is more than 50 years in deep confined aquifer.     

黄河三角洲浅层地下水盐分来源及咸化过程研究

黄河三角洲地下水咸化已成为区域最突出的生态环境问题之一。识别地下水补给及盐分来源是有效控制和改善地下水咸化问题的关键。本研究采集了研究区浅层地下水、地表水和海水等不同类型水样,利用离子比、Piper三线图、吉布斯图等方法对八大离子浓度、δD和δ¹⁸O 组成、Br和Sr 浓度等进行地下水补给研究与盐分来源辨析。结果表明:(1)黄河三角洲浅层地下水以总溶解性固体(TDS)为338 g/L的咸水为主,地下水水化学类型较为单一,主要为Cl-Na型。(2)三角洲区域地下水以大气降水补给为主,并且在补给过程中经历了不同程度的蒸发作用的影响,黄河现行流路区域地下水主要来源于河水侧渗补给,但浅层地下水含水层水平渗透性较差限制了黄河侧渗补给范围。(3)海洋是黄河三角洲浅层地下水盐分的主要来源,黄河现行流路区域及近岸地下水盐分来源于海水混合,三角洲北部刁口河等古河道区域地下水盐分主要来源于海相蒸发盐淋滤溶解。     

Distribution and formation of high-fluorine groundwater in China

In China, high-fluorine groundwater, which contains more than 1.0 mg/l fluorine, is mainly distributed in shallow aquifers of unconsolidated deposits in some arid and semiarid areas, deep aquifers of unconsolidated deposits in semiarid areas, as well as in hot springs of bed rock mountainous area and aquifers of fluorite-mine area. Its formation is controlled by regional climate factors, seepage conditions of groundwater, as well as the hydrogeochemical environment. The physicochemical properties of soil mass of the aeration zone play an important role in fluorine concentration in shallow groundwater. In the coastal plain areas, where groundwater is mainly recharged and discharged vertically, and its regime type belongs to the type of infiltration—evaporation, the grain size of soil mass of aeration zone directly influences the amount of fluorine transferred from solid medium into water; and the chemical constituents of the soil mass of aeration zone controls the chemical characteristics of the shallow groundwater, consequently influencing the concentration condition of fluorine in water. Fluorine ion in groundwater continuously migrates and concentrates under the comprehensive influence of many factors. High-fluorine groundwater exceeding the sanitary standard (1.0 mg/l) has an obvious zonality in regional distribution in China. Based on current statistics, there are roughly 50 million people (Zheng Qifu 1986) who have consumed water which exceeds standards in China. In highfluorine groundwater areas, endemic fluorine-poisoning often arises to different extents, affecting human health seriously. At the end of 1983, over 20 million patients were suffering from fluorine-poisoning diseases in China (Xu Guozhang, unpublished data). Therefore, research of the distribution feature and formation mechanism of fluorine ion in groundwater has become an important task.     

Groundwater flow modelling of multi-aquifer systems for regional resources evaluation: the Gdansk hydrogeological system, Poland

In order to evaluate groundwater regional resources, a mathematical model of the Gdansk hydrogeological system (Poland) was developed. The research area covers about 2,800 km². Groundwater occurs in Cretaceous, Paleogene and Neogene formations. The recharge zone is situated in the glacial upland of the Kashubian Lake District. The discharge zone spreads over the lowlands of Gdansk and beneath the Bay of Gdansk (Baltic Sea). The MODFLOW program was used to develop a three-dimensional steady-state model on the basis of data from over 1,700 boreholes. The research area was digitalized as a square network of sides 200 m in length. Simplification of groundwater occurrence allowed four aquifers to be distinguished: upper Pleistocene, Pleistocene-Miocene, Oligocene-Eocene, and Cretaceous and also four intervening aquitards. The mathematical model calculations showed that the system is recharged mainly by precipitation (infiltration recharge is 136 mm/year). The precipitation recharge amounts to 1,045,440 m³/day. The other part of the inflow constitutes lateral flows from beyond the area of research and also to some extent from losing rivers and lakes. The runoff from the system takes place mainly through gaining streams and through lateral outflow including under-sea and lake discharge.     

同位素水化学指示的新疆孔雀河流域地下水与地表水关系

地下水是孔雀河流域农业灌溉的主要水源之一,其对本地区经济发展的支撑作用日益增强.为实现孔雀河流域水资源合理开发和生态保护,采用环境同位素和水化学方法,研究了孔雀河流域地下水与地表水关系.结果表明:地下水的主要补给来源为河水.含水层成因类型和现代河道分布共同控制着孔雀河流域地下咸淡水的空间分布格局;氢氧稳定同位素对不同水...