南海台风状况下海气界面热量交换研究

根据国家海洋局南海分局的Marex(马瑞克斯)数据浮标观测资料、南海断面线 调查资料和西沙海洋站资料，计算了南海海气界面热量交换值。研究结果表明:不论是夏季还是秋季，在台风环流内海气界面热量交换均非常强烈，主要贡献来自潜热通量(Qv)，位于(20.49°N，114.14°E)附近海域。夏季台风环流内显热通量(Qk)出现负值，海面有效反射辐射(Qe)出现减弱现象；秋冬季节台风环流内Qk量值增加显著均为正值，Qe有加强的现象。分析实测资料发现:1961～1989年8次ElNino事件过程中，西沙海洋站水温比赤道太平洋水温提早出现增暖现象的有4次，水温推迟出现增暖现象的也是4次。西沙海洋站水温增暖出现在12月的仅有1次。ElNino事件发生后，南海水温异常增暖，但是海气界面热量交换反而减弱。     

热带西太平洋海─气热量通量研究──Ⅱ．热带气旋状况下海─气热量交换的特征

本文根据ＴＯＧＡ研究计划第１，２，３，８个航次考察结果，计算了热带西太平洋海－气热量交换值。研究结果表明：在热带气旋环流内海－气界面热量交换非常强烈，在双子台风环流内Ｑｋ出现负值，在台风环流内Ｑｅ也出现减弱现象。１９８６／１９８７年ＥｌＮｉｎｏ事件发生后，热带中太平洋水温异常增暖，热带西太平洋西部洋域表层水也在增暖，但是，热带西太平洋洋域海－气界面间热量交换反而减弱。西风爆发首先出现在中太平洋热带洋域，然后逐渐往西扩展。     

热带西太平洋海-气热量通量研究 II. 热带气旋状况下海-气热量交换的特征

本文根据TOGA研究计划第1，2，3，8个航次考察结果，计算了热带西太平洋海-气热量交换值。研究结果表明:在热带气旋环流内海-气界面热量交换非常强烈，在双子台风环流内Qk出现负值，在台风环流内Qe也出现减弱现象。1986/1987年El Ni?o事件发生后，热带中太平洋水温异常增暖，热带西太平洋西部洋域表层水也在增暖，但是，热带西太平洋洋域海-气界面间热量交换反而减弱。西风爆发首先出现在中太平洋热带洋域，然后逐渐往西扩展。     

1986年东海与南海的海-气界面热量交换

采用实测资料计算1986年7—12月东海和南海观测海域海-气界面热量交换。结果表明：7—9月上旬,大气向观测海域输送热量是主要现象,因为这时的气温比水温高,潜热通量与感热通量出现反相变化,天气晴好,海洋大量吸热;9月中旬—12月,观测海域向大气输送热量是主要现象,东海表现得比南海更为明显,主要贡献来自潜热通量和感热通量。受冷空气影响时,感热通量重要;在热带辐合带和热带气旋系统内海-气界面热量交换强烈,大气对海洋的响应为主。     

一种新的El Niño海气耦合指数

利用1980～2010 年月平均Hadley中心海表温度、美国全球海洋资料同化系统(GODAS)海洋温度和NCEP/NCAR 大气环流再分析资料,通过对2 个海洋要素(海表温度SST、上层热含量HC)和5 个大气要素(海平面气压SLP、850 hPa 风场、200 hPa 速度势和对外长波辐射OLR)的多变量经验正交函数展开(multivariate EOF,简称MV-EOF)探讨了热带太平洋的主要海气耦合特征。结果表明,MV-EOF 分析的前两个耦合模态分别很好地对应了传统型El Ni?o 和El Ni?o Modoki 的海气耦合特征:传统型El Ni?o 期间,伴随着赤道中东太平洋SST 的异常增温,HC、SLP、200 hPa 速度势等要素总体呈东西反相的“跷跷板”变化,低层850 hPa 赤道中太平洋出现较强西风距平,西北太平洋上空为反气旋性异常环流;El Ni?o Modoki 期间,SST 持续增温和HC 正异常中心均显著西移至中太平洋,低层SLP 和高空200 hPa 速度势均呈现纬向三极型异常分布,低层异常强西风向西移至暖池东部,西北太平洋上空呈现气旋性异常环流。两类El Ni?o 的海气耦合特征存在显著差异,较优的El Ni?o 指数应不仅可以客观描述和区分El Ni?o 现象本身,更要紧密联系两类事件所产生的大气响应。以往定量表征El Ni?o 年际变化的指标大多立足于SST 或SLP,本文选取HC 作为研究指标,定义了一组新的El Ni?o 指数HCEI 和HCEMI。较以往基于SST 的El Ni?o 指数,HCEI 和HCEMI 不仅能更清楚地表征和区分两类El Ni?o(如1993 年的传统型El Ni?o 和2006 年的El Ni?o Modoki),而且能更好地反映和区分两类El Ni?o 与大气间的海气耦合特征,为El Ni?o的监测和短期气候预测工作提供了一个新工具。     

2008年夏季风期间西沙海域海-气通量交换及热量收支

2008年4—10月在中国南海西沙永兴岛近海进行了第4次海-气通量观测试验,获得了整个夏季风期间近海面层湍流脉动量及辐射、表层水温、波浪及距水面3.5、7.0、10.5m高度温、湿、风梯度观测资料,根据涡动相关法和COARE3.0法计算结果研究了2008年南海西南季风爆发、发展、中断、衰退包括暴雨、台风、冷空气影响等天气过程中海-气通量交换和热量收支变化。结果表明:(1)季风爆发前的晴天太阳总辐射强,而海洋失热量较小,热量净收支为较大正值,海面温度迅速升高。季风爆发期太阳总辐射仍然较强,大气长波辐射也有所增强,而海面长波辐射变化很小,故海面净辐射收支仍为正值;(2)季风活跃期特别是降水阶段感热通量增大,季风中断阶段变小;季风活跃期虽然潜热通量增大,由于太阳短波辐射没有减少,海洋净热量收支稍有盈余;中断阶段潜热通量、感热通量减少,海洋吸热大于季风活跃期;降水阶段由于太阳短波辐射减小,感热通量增大,海洋热量收支出现较大负值,海面温度很快降低。季风衰退期风力减弱,湿度减小,潜热通量减小,海洋热量收入又出现较大正值,海面温度回升;(3)台风影响过程中潜热通量随着风速增强迅速增大;感热通量因降水情况不同而有差异,晴天时减小,大雨时剧烈增大;由于太阳短波辐射减少、潜热通量剧增,海洋热量净收支出现负值,促使海面温度迅速降低;(4)动量通量主要与海表面风速有关;动量通量τ与风速V的关系可以表示为τ=0.00171v~2-0.003809v+0.02213。     

1998年SCSMEX期间南海夏季风海气交换的主要特征

根据1998年“南海季风试验（SCSMEX）”强化观测期间“实验3号”和“科学1号”科学考察船船基大气海洋自动观测系统两点连续观测的大气、海洋资料,使用考虑到风速和大气层结影响的整体输送公式计算海-气间的湍流通量交换。根据计算结果分析南海夏季风期间海表大气要素和海温日均值的逐日变化、海洋向大气输送的潜热通量和感热通量以及大气向海洋输送的动量通量等。结果表明：这次夏季风于5月21日从南海南部开始爆发,然后向北部扩展全面爆发。夏季风期间南海南部和南海北部的大气、海洋结构和海气交换特征等都有明显差别。此外,海表温度的变化除了与太阳总辐射有关外,主要是与海洋向大气输送的潜热通量变化有关,对本次夏季风发生较晚、强度较弱作了海-气交换的物理解释,并与1992～1993年西太平洋热带海域西风爆发过程作了比较。     

1991～1994年El Niño的异常特征的诊断研究

1991～1994年热带中东太平洋海温持续4a多出现正距平。Niño3指数一直为正值。在此正距平背景下,产生了两次振荡和3次ElNiño暖期。在此期间赤道东太平洋海温在±5°纬度范围内发生了两次负距平的变化,形成了一个狭窄的温度梯度很大的“冷核”,而赤道外的中纬度海洋则持续维持两个正海温距平。这一时期海表温度资料EOF分析的结果进一步表明,第一特征向量的空间分布实际上反映了上述冷核特征。1991～1994年的ENSO事件主要是低频分量发生了较大异常,赤道低层纬向风和高层西风在前期减弱(1991-01-1992-05),后期加强(1992-06-1994-011).无论是海温还是风场的低频分量都表现出一次ENSO循环的特征。因此作者认为,虽然Niño3指数等在这4a多期间均为正值,但是大气和海洋耦合系统的低频变化部分只发生了一次完整的ENSO循环过程。1991年至1992年上半年对应于ElNiño暖位相,1992年下半年至1994年底对应于LaNina冷位相。但是这个冷位相没有能够得到充分发展,只出现两次极狭窄的冷核。冷位相的明显“夭折”,而代之以出现两次较弱的增暖,可能与季节内尺度的大气强迫与低频变化部分的相互作用有关。     

西太平洋热带涡旋与2001年南海夏季风的爆发

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析格点资料普查1950—2004年南海夏季风爆发前后850 hPa的天气形势图,发现大多数年份,在南海夏季风建立的前5天,菲律宾以南海域（0～10 ?N,125～140 ?E）常伴有一次西太平洋热带涡旋的活动过程。选取南海夏季风爆发偏早的2001年进行个例分析,结果表明随着西太平洋热带涡旋的发展和移动,南海地区的正涡度不断增加,使得西太平洋副热带高压减弱东退,南海夏季风爆发。对涡旋区和南海地区的涡度、热源、水汽汇等进行区域平均,发现南海地区正涡度的增大,热源、水汽汇的加强很大程度上是由于西太平洋热带涡旋作用所致,西太平洋热带涡旋的作用可能是2001年南海夏季风爆发的重要因子之一。     

南海海洋站观测海气热通量的时间演变特征

为探索西沙和南沙海气热通量时间演变特征,用海洋站观测资料计算了1998年南海夏季风爆发前后,海气界面热量交换值及海面热收支年循环。结果表明：季风爆发前,西沙海气界面热量交换较弱,水汽通量较小,以海洋获得热量为主;季风爆发后,海气界面热量交换接近平衡。南沙全年主要是海洋对大气加热。南沙和西沙海面吸收短波辐射年周期特征明显,极大值出现在冬半年。西沙海面潜热通量存在半年周期特征,极大值也是出现在冬半年。结论：冬半年海面热通量变化对翌年的季风将产生重要影响。     

南海—西太平洋地区ITCZ气候学特征的研究

本文利用1965—1984年6—9月逐日08时850hPa历史天气图上分析的ITCZ,统计出ITCZ频数分布图,研究了南海—西太平洋地区ITCZ的气候特性和季节性进退,揭示了ITCZ具有与副热带高压同步北跳现象和频数突增现象。发现:西太平洋上的ITCZ容易在12°N和20°N附近形成和维持,使ITCZ频数图上出现南、北两个多频带.这一分支现象与热带低层赤道西风和高层热带东风的分支现象密切相关。由于ITCZ存在着活跃与间歇的低频振荡,加上海陆、地形和热带气旋活动的影响,以及ITCE的结构特点,因而月平均多云带和最小OLR轴位置比流场ITCZ显著偏南,而且在南海地区出现偏离季风槽而沿地形槽的走向.对比分析表明,用OLR标准差与平均值之比值X来表征ITCZ的位置可能比直接用最小OLR轴更合理.     

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AIR-SEA HEAT FLUX EXCHANGE DURING THE GENERATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL TYPHOONS OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

A South China Sea （SCS） local TC （SLT） is defined as a tropical cyclone （TC） that forms within the SCS region and can reach the grade of tropical storm （TS） or above. The statistical features of the SLTs from 1985 to 2007 are analyzed first. It is found that over the SCS about 68% of the TCs can develop into TSs. The SLT intensity is relatively weak and associated with its genesis latitude as well as its track. The SLT monthly number presents a seasonal variation with two peaks in May and July to September. Based on the daily heat flux data from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution_Objectively Analyzed air-sea Fluxes （WHOI_OAFlux） in the same period, the air-sea exchange during the process of generation and development of the SLT is studied. Results show that the heat fluxes released to the atmosphere increase significantly day by day before cyclogenesis. The ocean to the south to the TC center provides the main energy. Along with the development of SLT, the regions with large heat fluxes spread clockwise to the north of TC, which reflects the energy dispersion property of vortex Rossby waves in the periphery of the TC. Once the SLT forms the heat fluxes are not intensified as much. During the whole process, the net heat, latent heat and sensible heat flux display a similar evolution, while the latent heat flux makes a main contribution to the net heat flux. The maximum air-sea heat exchange always occurs at the left side of the TC moving direction, which may reflect the influence of the SCS summer monsoon on TC structure.     

热带太平洋表面水中CO_2对ElNio事件响应的数值模拟

文中用一个带生物泵的三维全球海洋碳循环模式模拟了热带太平洋表面水中 CO2 总量(TCO2 )在 El Nino和 La Nina事件期间的变化。试验结果表明 ,西北太平洋 (0～ 2 0°N,1 2 0～1 50°E)和赤道中东太平洋 (1 0°S～ 1 0°N,1 50°E～ 90°W)两个海区在 El Nino事件期间表面水TCO2 和海气分压差 (ΔPCO2 )的变化十分显著。El Nino期间 ,西北太平洋 TCO2 和 ΔPCO2 都增加 ;赤道中东太平洋 TCO2 和 ΔPCO2 都减少 ;La Nina期间 ,它们的变化与 El Nino期间相反。模拟的El Nino期间热带太平洋表面水中 TCO2 和 ΔPCO2 的变化趋势与观测事实吻合得较好。     

PRELIMINARY STUDY OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERANNUAL VARIATIONS OF SST IN SOUTH CHINA SEA AND TROPICAL INDIAN OCEAN AND SOUTH CHINA SEA MONSOON OUTBREAK

Conclusions are divided regarding the role of the variations of thermodynamics in the monsoon activity for the South China Sea region. In this study, primary eigenvectors are studied for the SSTA from East Asia to the tropical eastern Indian Ocean in May. The results show that temperature anomalies that center on Sumatra are closely related with the outbreak of the South China Sea monsoon. When the SST is warmer (cooler) than average year, it is likely that the monsoon set in late (early). It may be caused by the changes in meridional difference in thermodynamics between the Indochina Peninsula and its southern tropical oceans. Studying the temporal and spatial evolution of primary eigenvector distribution of the SSTA in the South China Sea-tropical eastern Indian Ocean from winter to summer, we find that the temperature anomalies that center around Sumatra in late spring and early summer can be traced back to the variations of the SST fields in the South China Sea in the preceding winter. Being well associated with the outbreak of the South China Sea monsoon, the latter is a signifi-cant index for it. The work helps understanding the atmospheric and oceanic background against which the South China Sea monsoon breaks out and behaves.     

BASIC CLIMATOLOGICAL FEATURES OF AIR-SEA HEAT EXCHANGES IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA (SCS) REGION AND THEIR RELATIONS WITH THE SCS MONSOONS

By using the NCEP reanalysis data set in 1979-1995, the fluxes of the latent heat, thesensible heat and the net long-wave radiation in the South China Sea (SCS) are expanded by meansof EOF in order to discuss the basic climatological features in the SCS. The detailed analysis showsthat the air-sea heat exchanges in different SCS regions have different seasonal variations. Themiddle and the north of the SCS are the high value regions of the air-sea heat exchanges during thewinter and the summer monsoon periods, respectively, the seasonal variations of air-sea heatexchanges in the south of the SCS are small. In addition, the proportions of different componentsin the total air-sea heat exchanges have different seasonal variations in different regions. Theresults show that the SCS monsoon and the air-sea heat exchanges in the SCS region are theaccompaniments of each other, the great difference of the sensible heat flux between the IndochinaPeninsula and the SCS before the SCS summer monsoon onset may be one of the triggers of thelatter. There maintains a high value center of the sensible heat flux before the 13th dekad, itsdisappearing time consists with that of the summer monsoon onset. It means that as far as the SCSlocal conditions are concerned, the northwest of the Indochina Peninsula is probably a sensitiveregion to the SCS summer monsoon onset and the land may play a leading role in the SCS summermonsoon onset.     

IMPACT OF CONVECTION OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA ON TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION OVER THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC DURING SUMMER MONSOON

The intraseasonal oscillation(ISO) of the South China Sea(SCS, 105-120°E, 5-20°N) convection and its influences on the genesis and track of the western North Pacific(WNP) tropical cyclones(TCs) were explored, based on the daily average of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the OLR data and the western North Pacific tropical cyclone best-track data from 1979 to 2008. The mechanism of the influences of ISO on TC movement and the corresponding large-scale circulation were discussed by a trajectory model. It was found as follows.(1) During the SCS summer monsoon, the SCS convection exhibits the ISO features with active phases alternating with inactive phases. The monsoon circulation patterns are significantly different during these two phases. When the SCS convection is active(inactive), the SCS-WNP monsoon trough stretches eastward(retreats westward) due to the activity(inactivity) of SCS monsoon, and the WNP subtropical high retreats eastward(stretches westward), which enhances(suppresses) the monsoon circulation.(2) The amount of TC genesis in the active phase is much more than that in the inactive phase. A majority of TCs form west of 135 °E during the active phases but east of 135 °E in the inactive phases.(3) The TCs entering the area west of 135 °E and south of 25 °N would move straight into the SCS in the active phase, or recurve northward in the inactive phase.(4) Simulation results show that the steering flow associated with the active(inactive)phases is in favor of straight-moving(recurving) TCs. Meanwhile, the impacts of the locations of TC genesis on the characteristics of TC track cannot be ignored. TCs that occurred father westward are more likely to move straight into the SCS region.     

TOGA-COARE强化期(IOP)西太平洋热带海域的热通量特征

选取夏季月 份南海局地性扰动发展与不发展的个例各一个,利用动能收支方程分别考察了辐散风和旋转风的动能制造和输送对扰动发生发展的贡献,并计算了辐散风旋转风之间的动能转换。     

A STUDY OF CLIMATOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF FLOW FIELD AND HEAT EXCHANGE ON TROPICAL PACIFIC SURFACE IN THE EL NINO AND LA NINA EVENTS

In this paper, based on the 2°× 2° grid data COADS from 1950—1987 the flow field and heatexchange anomalies on the tropical (11°S—11°N, 120°E—80°W) Pacific surface (TPS) are studiedin El Nino and La Nina events. During E1 Nino, the zonal pressure gradient and the trade windsdecrease on the TPS, the tropical convergence strengthens on the TPS, especially on the centralTPS, the sensible and latent heat exchanges increase, the net longwave radiation and incident solarradiation decrease and the net gain (loss) of heat reduces (increases) on the central and easternTPS. During La Nina the results turn out the contrary. Finally, two feedback mechanisms whichinclude the dynamic, thermal and hydrological processes during E1 Nino and La Nina are summa-rized and a conceptive model for El Nino-La Nina cycle is given.