Numerical Studies on Chip Formation in Drag-Pick Cutting of Rocks

A two dimensional non-linear finite element simulation model has been developed using a mathematical model for progressive rock failure for understanding the mode and sequence of rock failure under a drag pick cutter. Rock cutting simulation has also been done using linear elastic modeling using local stability factor contouring. It has been observed from the simulation results that during negative rake angle cutting the chipping occurs by shear failure of the elements. Whereas, in positive rake angle cutting, some elements were observed to fail in shear and some under tension. The predicted peak cutting force using the developed models was found to be up to 25% higher than the experimental values. The effect of input parameters such as rake angle, flank wear, depth of cut and rock properties on the predicted peak cutting force has been studied, verified from earlier experimental studies and compared with some earlier proposed theories on rock cutting. The elastic stress analysis model based on the stability factor contouring method has also been found to be an effective tool to bracket the expected peak cutting force for a given operational and rock parameters but failed to simulate the effect of pick geometry (rake angle) correctly. The non-linear simulation model using progressive rock element failure is superior to elastic linear stress analysis model by simulating the correct trends for all the rock and machining parameters.     

基于岩体结构面分布分形维的岩体质量评价

尽管岩体结构面具有空间上的不规则性和结构网络上的复杂性,但由于它又具有自相似的特征,可以运用分形理论来对其进行研究。运用盒计维数法对某矿山巷道围岩体结构面分布的分维数进行计算,验证了岩体结构面分布的分形特征。通过对岩体结构面分布分形维值分布规律的分析发现,分形维数越大、结构面分布越密集,结构面迹线越长,岩体质量越差,表明可将岩体结构面分布的分形维作为岩体质量评价的指标。将计算所得的岩体结构面分布的分维数与按工程岩体分级标准对相应岩体分级所得的岩体质量等级进行对比,提出了一个以岩体结构面分布的分形维作为分级指标的岩体质量评价方案。     

Characterization of Strength of Intact Brittle Rock Considering Confinement-Dependent Failure Processes

As technologies for deep underground development such as tunneling underneath mountains or mass mining at great depths (>1,000 m) are implemented, more difficult ground conditions in highly stressed environments are encountered. Moreover, the anticipated stress level at these depths easily exceeds the loading capacity of laboratory testing, so it is difficult to properly characterize what the rock behavior would be under high confinement stress conditions. If rock is expected to fail in a brittle manner, behavior changes associated with the relatively low tensile strength, such as transition from splitting to the shear failure, have to be considered and reflected in the adopted failure criteria. Rock failure in tension takes place at low confinement around excavations due to tensile or extensional failure in heterogeneous rocks. The prospect of tensile-dominant brittle failure diminishes as the confinement increases away from the excavation boundary. Therefore, it must be expected that the transition in the failure mechanism, from tensile to shear, occurs as the confinement level increases and conditions for extensional failure are prevented or strongly diminished. However, conventional failure criteria implicitly consider only the shear failure mechanism (i.e., failure envelopes touching Mohr stress circles), and thus, do not explicitly capture the transition of failure modes from tensile to shear associated with confinement change. This paper examines the methodologies for intact rock strength determination as the basic input data for engineering design of deep excavations. It is demonstrated that published laboratory test data can be reinterpreted and better characterized using an s-shaped failure criterion highlighting the transition of failure modes in brittle failing rock. As a consequence of the bi-modal nature of the failure envelope, intact rock strength data are often misinterpreted. If the intact rock strength is estimated by standard procedures from unconfined compression tests (UCS) alone, the confined strength may be underestimated by as much as 50 % (on average). If triaxial data with a limited confinement range (e.g., σ₃ ? 0.5 UCS due to cell pressure limitations) are used, the confined strength may be overestimated. Therefore, the application of standard data fitting procedures, without consideration of confinement-dependent failure mechanisms, may lead to erroneous intact rock strength parameters when applied to brittle rocks, and consequently, by extrapolation, to correspondingly erroneous rock mass strength parameters. It follows that the strength characteristics of massive rock differ significantly in the direct vicinity of excavation from that which is remote with higher confinement. Therefore, it is recommended to adopt a differentiated approach to obtain intact rock strength parameters for engineering problems at lower confinement (near excavation; e.g., excavation stability assessment or support design), and at elevated confinement (typically, when the confinement exceeds about 10 % of the UCS) as might be encountered in wide pillar cores.     

楞古水电站碎裂岩质边坡变形破坏模式研究

碎裂结构岩质边坡是地质工程中遇到的一种最不稳定边坡,其原岩松弛,结构面普遍张开,围岩自稳能力差,碎裂结构岩体出露不连续,空间分布存在差异,导致边坡破坏边界不明显,变形破坏机制很难确定。本文以雅砻江楞古水电站碎裂结构岩质边坡为例,在地质环境调查和平硐勘测的基础上,系统研究了碎裂岩体结构特征,分析了控制边坡变形破坏的边界条件和变形破坏模式,并运用UDEC离散元程序模拟验证。研究结果表明:碎裂岩质边坡的变形破坏主要受自身结构及内部相对长大结构面控制,变形演化过程依循应力调整、时效变形和局部失稳3个阶段,变形破坏模式分为断层主控底滑型和裂隙切割破坏型。目前针对碎裂结构岩质边坡研究相对较少,缺乏大型工程实例支撑,该研究成果为水利工程中这类边坡的研究提供了参考。     

Support Vector Machines for Classification of Aggregates by Means of IR-Spectra

The increasing physical and technical demands placed on construction materials, especially as they are being used more and more up to the limits of their mechanical strength, has led the aggregates industry to search for more efficient methods of quality control. Information from theoretical work on rock spectra in near-infrared and mid-infrared light as well as achievements gained in signal processing can all be used to improve quality control in an economically acceptable manner. As engineering properties of aggregates are to a great extent determined by the petrological composition of the rock aggregates, the question is, whether a statistical classification rule for identification of rock aggregates can be developed. However, the classification of rocks is complicated by the fact that the optical behavior of minerals forming the rock often appears muted. In addition, minor constituents may dominate the spectrum. Furthermore, the relevant spectra form high dimensional data that are extremely difficult to analyze statistically, especially when curves are very similar. In this paper, support vector machines for classification of rock spectra are investigated, since they are appropriate in classifying highly dimensional data such as spectra.     

The Impact of Heterogeneity on the Anisotropic Strength of an Outcrop Shale

Properly accounting for the mechanical anisotropy of shales can be critical for successful drilling of high inclination wells, because shales are known to be weak along bedding planes. To optimize the drilling parameters in such cases, a sufficiently representative, anisotropic rock mechanical model is therefore required. This paper presents such a model developed to better match results from a dedicated, extensive set of uniaxial and triaxial compression tests performed on plugs of Mancos outcrop shale with different orientations relative to the bedding plane. Post failure inspection of the plugs shows that the failure planes are to some extent affected by the orientation of the applied stress relative to the bedding planes, indicating that the bedding planes may represent weak planes which tend to fail before intrinsic failure occurs, whenever the orientation of these planes is suitable. The simple “plane of weakness” model is commonly used to predict strength as function of orientation for such a rock. A comparison of this model to the experimental data shows, however, that the weak planes seem to have an impact on strength even outside the range of orientations where the model predicts such impact. An extension of this model allowing the weak planes to be heterogeneous in terms of patchy weakness was therefore developed. In this model, local shear sliding may occur prior to macroscopic failure, leading to enhanced local stresses and corresponding reduction in strength. The model is found to give better match with strength data at intermediate orientations. The model is also able to partly predict the qualitatively different variation of Young’s modulus with orientation for this data set.     

Support Vector Machines for Classification of?Aggregates by Means of IR-Spectra

The increasing physical and technical demands placed on construction materials, especially as they are being used more and more up to the limits of their mechanical strength, has led the aggregates industry to search for more efficient methods of quality control. Information from theoretical work on rock spectra in near-infrared and mid-infrared light as well as achievements gained in signal processing can all be used to improve quality control in an economically acceptable manner. As engineering properties of aggregates are to a great extent determined by the petrological composition of the rock aggregates, the question is, whether a statistical classification rule for identification of rock aggregates can be developed. However, the classification of rocks is complicated by the fact that the optical behavior of minerals forming the rock often appears muted. In addition, minor constituents may dominate the spectrum. Furthermore, the relevant spectra form high dimensional data that are extremely difficult to analyze statistically, especially when curves are very similar. In this paper, support vector machines for classification of rock spectra are investigated, since they are appropriate in classifying highly dimensional data such as spectra.     

顺向岩质高边坡分级开挖的变形破坏特征研究

以岩质高边坡的野外调查成果为基础,分析了边坡的岩体结构特征和控制边坡稳定性的主要地质要素,依据自然边坡的变形破坏现状定性分析,预测边坡开挖过程中可能出现的宏观变形破坏模式和特征.利用基于有限差分原理的FLAC3D建立坝肩边坡的地质模型,对工程边坡开挖支护过程进行数值法定量研究,得出了工程边坡开挖过程中的应力、位移变化规律和边坡岩体破坏特征.研究成果为苗家坝水电站左坝肩的分级开挖施工提供了依据.     

齐热哈塔尔水电站引水隧洞岩爆破坏及机理研究

岩体内部结构对岩体特性产生影响,进而决定岩体的破坏形式。通过对齐热哈塔尔水电站引水隧洞的岩爆现象的研究,提出了岩爆爆裂体的概念,该岩爆爆裂体是指岩爆发生前处于临界破坏状态的碎裂结构岩体,其形成和破坏与岩体的微观结构、地应力场特征和工程布置有关。根据齐热哈塔尔水电站引水隧洞中不同工程部位的岩爆破坏特征,进一步分析了岩爆爆裂体的形成过程、破坏模式和破坏机理,为岩爆问题的研究提供了一个良好的理论基础。     

基于改进的Mohr-Coulomb强度准则下岩石锚杆极限抗拔承载力计算

岩石锚杆基础作为风电机组基础的一种特殊基础型式,可以充分发挥原状岩体的力学性能,具有良好的抗拔性能。已有研究表明,小而非零拉伸截断改进的Mohr-Coulomb（简称M-C）强度准则更适用于描述岩体的破坏特性。基于小而非零拉伸截断改进的M-C强度准则,建立破坏面上单位面积的能量耗损率表达式。从塑性力学极限分析上限定理出发,构建岩楔体平移破坏机构。根据外部作用荷载和岩楔体自重所做的外功率与沿岩楔体圆破坏锥面的能量耗损率相等的条件,建立虚功率方程,并由此得到了岩石锚杆极限抗拔承载力的计算公式。经原型试验验证,推导公式所得计算值与实测值一致性较好,具有一定的可靠性,且能满足工程实际应用要求。     

浙江花岗岩的工程岩石学研究

对浙江省花岗岩的岩相学特征及力学性质进行了研究以确定它们之间的关系.矿物学研究显示出花岗岩的交代蚀变特征,这可以反映在岩石的力学性质上.岩石材料的物理性质决定其工程学性质,在相关定量参数确定的情况下,可以预测岩石材料的工程学性质.镜下观察、硬度、密度、孔隙度及点负荷强度均可作为所研究花岗岩的定量参数.上述每个因素都可提供岩石工程学的可靠预测.岩石的物理性质受岩石成分及蚀变状态控制,而岩石的工程学性质和力学特征是其物理性质的函数.     

岩质边坡复合型破坏机制的改进运动单元法研究

目前运动单元法的研究主要集中于土质边坡,未涉及到岩质边坡稳定性分析问题;而岩体中孕育有不同特性的结构面,控制着岩质边坡的力学行为。为求解结构面控制作用下岩质边坡“结构面滑移-岩桥剪断”复合型破坏问题,研究了塑性滑移区节点在岩桥内和结构面上的运动约束条件,推导了含结构面的运动单元计算公式,提出了改进运动单元法。通过经典算例的对比分析,验证了改进运动单元法计算结果的准确性。研究结果表明：岩桥位置、结构面贯通度和结构面倾角是控制岩质边坡力学行为的3个主要影响因素。岩桥越接近坡顶,改进运动单元法所得安全系数越大,而Jennings法无法反映岩桥位置的影响效应。高贯通度的结构面导致岩质边坡发生“结构面滑移-岩桥剪断”复合型破坏模式,安全系数较小;而低贯通度的结构面导致完整岩石发生破坏,安全系数较大。水平或陡倾角结构面导致滑裂面穿切结构面,安全系数较大;而对于其它倾角情况下的结构面,岩质边坡发生“结构面滑移-岩桥剪断”复合型破坏模式,安全系数较小。实例应用结果说明该方法可以有效评价岩质边坡的稳定状态,可在类似工程中应用推广。     

浙江省大梁山隧道出口边坡稳定性分析

研究表明,大多数工程岩体失稳以结构面的剪切破坏为主,因此结构面的抗剪强度就成为影响工程岩体稳定性的决定性因素。通常结构面抗剪强度参数的获取可通过直剪试验及经验估算获得,但在岩石工程稳定性的分析、计算中所用的结构面抗剪强度参数的获取基本上都通过直剪试验获得。经验估算方法同直剪试验相比,有费用低、考虑工程岩体的实际工程条件及尺寸效应等优点,用其估算结构面抗剪强度参数具有较大经济价值及工程意义。在野外结构面定向统计测量基础上,用结构面抗剪强度经验估算方法获得其抗剪强度参数,再利用详细的工程地质资料、赤平投影定性分析及确定工程岩体的破坏模式,选用与破坏模式相匹配的数学力学模型,定量计算分析工程岩体的稳定性。理论分析及工程实践表明,该边坡总体上是稳定的,但楔形体处容易失稳,须处理。     

基于Hoek-Brown准则的岩体分级法在地下工程中的应用

根据Hoek-Brown破坏准则和等面积原则,通过岩石力学试验数据和野外地质调查结果,算出工程岩体主要的力学参数,可用于地下工程的岩体分级。该方法能够较好地反映岩体的赋存条件和力学状态,对岩体的工程力学性质认识更加深入,为地下工程设计和施工支护提供更加科学、合理的依据。实践表明,相比于最常用的BQ分级法,文中方法在深埋地下工程中更加科学、适用     

节理岩体冲击破坏的数值流形方法模拟

节理的存在是岩体明显区别于岩石的一个重要特征,也是导致岩体具有非均质性及各向异性的一个重要因素。节理岩体在爆炸冲击荷载作用下的破坏特征不仅是岩体力学研究的一个热点问题,也是岩石爆破领域经常遇到的一个工程问题。目前,常用的有限元和离散元等数值方法都不能很客观地反映岩体中节理分布的实际规律,而最新出现的数值流形方法则完全能够按照岩体中节理的实际分布规律进行建模,并能够很好地模拟岩体在外力作用下新裂纹的产生及已有节理的开裂。对3种不同节理岩体,即无节理岩体、均布水平节理岩体、均布垂直节理岩体等在均布垂直于圆周方向上的冲击荷载作用下的破坏过程进行了模拟。由模拟结果可以明显看出,节理的存在对岩体的破坏型式起到了关键性的控制作用。对于完整岩体,其破坏型式呈现出了很好的对称性;而对于水平及垂直节理岩体,其破坏型式在很大程度上受到节理分布的控制。研究结果对岩石爆破工程设计具有一定的指导意义。     

内蒙古乌努格吐山铜钼矿露天采场边坡工程地质特征及破坏类型

通过对乌努格吐山铜钼矿露天采场边坡自然背景条件、岩体结构类型、岩石力学参数、工程地质岩组特征、结构面特征、边坡工程地质分区、边坡稳定性评价、边坡破坏类型及规模等论述,阐明了露天采场边坡工程地质特征.边坡稳定性计算结果表明,A区A-A'剖面、C区E-E'剖面稳定性计算结果不能满足安全系数的要求,其他区边坡总体稳定性较好.露天采场现处于生产建设阶段,边坡正处于剥离形成过程中,边坡几何形态保存较完整,仅局部出现小型崩塌、垮塌、粒状解体、楔形破坏、地裂缝和大气降水冲刷等.尚未出现较大规模破坏,现状边坡总体稳定,基本可代表未来边坡的破坏类型和稳定状态.     

Failure patterns of geomaterials with block-in-matrix texture: experimental and numerical evaluation

In nature, due to complex geological process, some geomaterials with block-in-matrix texture exist that characterized by a heterogeneous structure including rock blocks embedded in a small-grained matrix. In literature, these materials also referred as bimrock (block-in-matrix rock). Typical examples of these complex materials are conglomerates, breccias, glacial till, coarse-grained alluviums, and mélanges formations. When dealing with these complex media in engineering, it is important to understand the process by which the geomaterials fail under common loading conditions. In this paper, artificial bimrock specimens were prepared for different percentage of rock block proportions. The failure mechanism under uniaxial compression and indirect tension loading were studied. In order to compare the failure modes with homogeneous specimens, a numerical simulation of laboratory tests including uniaxial compression and Brazilian test was conducted on a typical bimrock and a homogenous specimen. The results showed different features of failure pattern for bimrocks with high proportions of rock blocks in comparison with homogeneous specimens. According to the experimental results, three main features were observed including a continuous tortuous failure surface, multiple localized shear failure surfaces, and detachment of rock blocks from the periphery of specimens.     

高陡岩质料场边坡稳定性与支护设计研究

水电站料场高边坡具有高度大、坡度陡、卸荷速度快等特点,因多按临时边坡进行设计,故施工期变形破坏事例频发。基于这一现状,依托瀑布沟水电站两岩质料场边坡,通过两年多跟踪施工过程的支护设计工作,总结出一套操作性强的料场高边坡稳定性及支护设计方法。针对料场边坡存在的受软弱结构面控制的边坡整体稳定性、浅表层块体稳定性、碎裂岩体稳定性三种工程地质问题,在跟踪施工过程开展岩体结构调查的基础上,按照先整体后局部的稳定性评价思路,开展高边坡稳定性评价。施工期动态支护设计按照保证整体稳定,控制局部变形,顾全潜在失稳区域的理念,通过定性评价确定不稳定区域并优先设计提交施工;针对施工中最易出现的块体变形和碎裂岩体变形,建立了合理的支护设计原则和严格的施工规定;对稳定性差、施工风险高、支护造价大的潜在不稳定区域,应及时地调整开挖方案,减少工程造价。实践表明,这套方法保证了料场高边坡的快速施工安全,减少了工程投资。     

动力扰动下全长黏结锚杆的力学响应特性

深部岩体工程中,锚杆在围岩变形后处于高承载应力状态,受到爆破振动、矿震等动载荷作用后极易失效,因此,亟待研究动力扰动下锚杆的力学响应机制。基于SHPB试验平台,自行研发了一套研究锚杆动力响应的试验装置,开展动力扰动下全长黏结锚杆的力学响应特性研究。结果表明：初始动载荷作用下锚杆滑移量随着入射能的增加而增加,锚杆中应力波的波峰值随着传播距离的增加而逐渐减小,当应力波传播至锚杆最里端时,应力波峰值衰减较大;第2次动载荷后锚杆SG1处与SG2处应力波峰值差明显比第1次减小,表明动载荷下锚固界面从锚杆外端开始损伤;锚杆失效与锚固界面损伤有关,锚杆承载后初次受到动载荷的影响导致锚固界面产生损伤,损伤锚固段又受到外部载荷（如二次冲击、岩体挤压）作用时会进一步劣化,其不能抵抗围岩的变形而失效。研究结果为揭示锚杆支护失效行为,采取合理的设计与施工提供新的思路。     

基于应变软化的岩土工程单元安全度评价方法研究

针对大多已有岩土工程局部安全评价方法未考虑拉伸破坏和屈服、破坏阶段的问题,对围岩的局部安全评价方法进行了相应的改进。基于Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则和应变软化模型建立了单元安全度的评价方法和新的定义,综合考虑剪切和拉伸破坏模式,定义一个统一的变量ZSD来表征和量化岩土体单元从弹性、屈服到破坏的安全程度,实现复杂应力状态下岩土体渐进破坏过程的局部安全性定量评价。推导了ZSD的各阶段表达公式,利用FISH语言在FLAC3D平台编写程序。通过相应的实例和工程进行了ZSD计算,验证了该方法的正确性与有效性。该方法具有参数表达简单,易于在程序中实现,可通过ZSD所在值域判断单元所处的状态,可直观揭示岩土体渐进破坏过程等诸多优点。该方法为分析和预测岩土工程中危险区域的演化和描述渐进破坏过程提供了有效的手段。