Fracture-Induced Anisotropic Attenuation

The triaxial nature of the tectonic stress in the earth’s crust favors the appearance of vertical fractures. The resulting rheology is usually effective anisotropy with orthorhombic and monoclinic symmetries. In addition, the presence of fluids leads to azimuthally varying attenuation of seismic waves. A dense set of fractures embedded in a background medium enhances anisotropy and rock compliance. Fractures are modeled as boundary discontinuities in the displacement u and particle velocity v as $[{\varvec{ \kappa}}\cdot {\bf u} + {\varvec{\eta}} \cdot {\bf v} ],$ where the brackets denote discontinuities across the fracture surface, ${\varvec{\kappa}}$ is a fracture stiffness, and ${\varvec{\eta}}$ is a viscosity related to the energy loss. We consider a transversely isotropic background medium (e.g., thin horizontal plane layers), with sets of long vertical fractures. Schoenberg and Muir’s theory combines the background medium and sets of vertical fractures to provide the 13 complex stiffnesses of the long-wavelength equivalent monoclinic and viscoelastic medium. Long-wavelength equivalent means that the dominant wavelength of the signal is much longer than the fracture spacing. The symmetry plane is the horizontal plane. The equations for orthorhombic and transversely isotropic media follow as particular cases. We compute the complex velocities of the medium as a function of frequency and propagation direction, which provide the phase velocities, energy velocities (wavefronts), and quality factors. The effective medium ranges from monoclinic symmetry to hexagonal (transversely isotropic) symmetry from the low- to the high-frequency limits in the case of a particle–velocity discontinuity (lossy case) and the attenuation shows typical Zener relaxation peaks as a function of frequency. The attenuation of the coupled waves may show important differences when computed versus the ray or phase angles, with triplication appearing in the Q factor of the qS wave. We have performed a full-wave simulation to compute the field corresponding to the coupled qP–qS waves in the symmetry plane of an effective monoclinic medium. The simulations agree with the predictions of the plane-wave analysis.     

An Anisotropic Modelling for the Determination of Regional Attenuation Coefficients

The anisotropic attenuation of macroseismic intensity for a seismogenetic zone is dealt with using a new modelling of intensity distribution. The analysis, carried out starting from the intensity maps of the earthquakes of different seismogenetic zones of Central and Southern Italy, allows the determination of the attenuation coefficients for each seismogenetic zone by an anisotropic attenuation law. The obtained results show the reliability of the proposed modelling within seismic hazard evaluation studies.     

从地震波各向异性到各向异性地震学: 地震波各向异性研究综述

介绍了地震波各向异性研究的发展历史和进展,着重叙述在地球各个圈层特别是地壳和上地幔中的地震波各向异性,及其在地球动力学和地震监测中的应用。地震波各向异性为动力地球作用过程的研究提供了一种崭新的手段,它的科学潜力是巨大的、空前的,正逐步形成一个地震学的重要分支——各向异性地震学。     

Anisotropic pyrite: A polishing effect

Some 250 pyrite samples from 50 localities were examined by ore microscopic methods. Two final polishing procedures were applied during sample preparation: (a) 0.25 μm or 0.1 μm diamond pastes on “Microcloth”, (b) an alkaline silica solution on “Microcloth”. With the exception of (111) sections, procedure (a) always resulted in the observation of optical anisotropy, while procedure (b) led to isotropic behaviour. Electron channeling patterns showed a strongly damaged surface for samples prepared by method (a), whereas for samples prepared by method (b) and for untreated pyrite faces an undisturbed lattice was observed. This strongly indicates that pyrite is optically isotropic, and that the frequently observed anisotropy is caused by surface deformation due to mechanical polishing procedures. Studies of the isotypic mineral sperrylite (PtAs₂), as well as similar investigations on cuprite and minerals of the spinel group, confirm the correlation between surface deformation and optical anisotropy.     

Anisotropic visco-hypoplasticity

Apart from time-driven creep or relaxation, most viscoplastic models (without plastic and viscous strain separation) generate no or a very limited accumulation of strain or stress due to cyclic loading. Such pseudo-relaxation (or pseudo-creep) is either absent or dwindles too fast with increasing OCR. For example, the accumulation of the pore water pressure and eventual liquefaction due to cyclic loading cannot be adequately reproduced. The proposed combination of a viscous model and a hypoplastic model can circumvent this problem. The novel visco-hypoplasticity model presented in the paper is based on an anisotropic preconsolidation surface. It can distinguish between the undrained strength upon triaxial vertical loading and horizontal loading. The strain-induced anisotropy is described using a second-order structure tensor. The implicit time integration with the consistent Jacobian matrix is presented. For the tensorial manipulation including numerous Fréchet derivatives, a special package has been developed within the algebra program MATHEMATICA (registered trade mark of Wolfram Research Inc.). The results can be conveniently coded using a special FORTRAN 90 module for tensorial operations. Simulations of element tests from biaxial apparatus and FE calculations are also shown.     

Anisotropic hole-effect modeling

The regionalization of tungsten grades at the deposit represents an ideal case for anisotropic hole-effect variogram modeling. The modeling technique is presented step by step and the consequences of the model on block kriging are indicated.     

Erratum to: Globular Cluster as Indicators of Galactic Evolution

Astronomy Reports - An Erratum to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063772922330010     

Erratum to: Neutron Star Mergers and Gamma-Ray Bursts: Stripping Model

Astronomy Reports - An Erratum to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063772921340011     

Quantifying Contributions to Light Attenuation in Estuaries and Coastal Embayments: Application to Narragansett Bay,Rhode Island

In Narragansett Bay, light attenuation by total suspended sediments (TSS), colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and phytoplankton chlorophyll-a (chl-a) pigment is 129, 97, and 70%, respectively, of that by pure seawater. Spatial distribution of light attenuation indicates higher values in the upper Bay, where rivers with sediment and nutrient-rich waters enter and elevate TSS, CDOM, and chl-a concentrations. The temporal trends of light attenuation during the summer months (July–August) differed at various locations in the Bay, having the highest values in July. For the same period, spectral methods overestimated attenuation throughout the Bay. These findings quantify the behavior of light attenuation in space and time, providing information that can guide decisions related to improving water clarity and help understanding the effects of various environmental and management scenarios on it.