新疆柯坪地区早古生代地层的碳同位素变化特征及其意义

新疆柯坪地区早古生代地层的碳同位素变化特征及其意义王宗哲，杨杰东（中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所，江苏南京，２１０００８）（南京大学现代分析中心，江苏南京，２１０００８）柯坪地区位于新疆塔里木盆地西北缘，本次研究的区域涉及阿克苏、乌什、柯坪和巴楚一带...     

Early paleozoic gabbro-amphibolites in the structure of the Bureya Terrane (eastern part of the Central Asian Fold Belt): First geochronological data and tectonic position

Resulting from U-Pb geochronological study, it has been found that the gabbro-amphibolites composing the Bureya (Turan) Terrane in the eastern part of the Central Asian Fold Belt are Early Paleozoic (Early Ordovician; 455 ± 1.5 Ma) in age rather than Late Proterozoic as was believed earlier. The gabbro-amphibolites and associated metabasalts are close to tholeiites of the intraoceanic island arcs in terms of the geochemical properties. It is suggested that the tectonic block composed of these rocks was initially a seafloor fragment that divided the Bureya and Argun terranes in the Early Paleozoic and was later tectonically incorporated into the modern structure of the Bureya Terrane as a result of Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic events.     

黑龙江省呼中地区早寒武世花岗岩构造环境的地球化学研究

黑龙江省呼中地区早寒武世花岗岩的岩石类型为二长花岗岩,依据同源岩浆演化理论划分为4个侵入期次,岩石结构表现出一期结构演化序列中由细粒向粗粒的演化趋势。花岗岩的岩石地球化学特征显示w(SiO₂)普遍大于70%,w(Na₂O)/w(K₂O)＜1,为钙碱性岩石,标准矿物中均出现刚玉而未见透辉石,属S型花岗岩;δ(Eu)一般大于0.5,属铕弱亏损,Ｎ（⁸⁷Sr）/Ｎ(⁸⁶Sr)＞0.706,应为区内古老陆壳主体经重熔作用成因。各种岩石地球化学指数均表现出研究区花岗岩与碰撞型花岗岩的特征趋于一致,可与中国西藏及阿曼同碰撞型花岗岩相对比。碰撞型花岗岩的岩浆活动提供了该区新元古代-早寒武世额尔古纳地块南部大陆边缘陆缘增生的构造动力学信息。     

Facies Analysis and Sequence Stratigraphy of Silurian Carbonate Ramps in the Turan (Kopeh-Dagh) and Central Iran Plates with Emphasis on Gondwana Tectonic Event

Two sections from the Silurian deposits in the Central Iran Micro and Turan Plates were measured and sampled. These deposits are mostly composed of submarine volcanic rocks, skeletal and non-skeletal limestone, shale and sandstone that were deposited in low to high energy conditions (from tidal flat to deep open marine). According to gradual deepening trend, wide lateral distribution of facies as well as absence of resedimentation deposits, a depositional model of a homoclinal ramp was proposed for these deposits. Field observations and facies distribution indicate that, two depositional sequences were recognized in both sections. These sections show similarities in facies and depositional sequence during the Early Silurian in the area. Although there are some opinions and evidences that demonstrated Paleo-Tethys rifting phase started at the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian, similarities suggest that the Turan and Iran Plates were not completely detached tectonic block during this time, and that their depositional conditions were affected by global sea level changes and tectonic events.     

四川盆地古生代生物礁滩特征及发育控制因素

在古生代,生物礁从老到新主要发育在早寒武世、早志留世及晚二叠世地层中。地理分布上,它们分别产于四川盆地北、东北缘大巴山、米仓山地区（早寒武世礁）、四川盆地南北缘（早志留世礁）以及鄂西渝东、川东北地区（晚二叠世礁）。早寒武世礁滩组合包括古杯礁、灰泥丘及鲕粒滩,造礁生物为古杯、蓝藻类微生物,附礁生物有三叶虫、腕足类、海百合及海绵等。由于受海平面波动的控制,生物礁具有旋回性,并从西向东,层位逐渐抬升。早志留世礁有点礁、灰泥丘及层状礁等,其分布受古陆影响的陆源碎屑-碳酸盐缓坡的控制,也与海平面波动有关。晚二叠世生物礁有点礁、台缘礁及灰泥丘,其分布也受古地貌格局和海平面波动的控制。     

甘新蒙北山地区古生代构造演化研究——北山古生代洋盆开启、闭合时限最新进展

北山及邻区各微地块上分布有震旦纪—早寒武世沉积岩系,寒武系底部发育含磷层,震旦系中见大致可对比的冰碛岩(3层),暗示各微地块当时可能是一个统一大陆块的组成部分。下寒武统双鹰山组薄层状大理岩、灰岩为浅海或滨海相环境产物;中上寒武统西双鹰山组青灰色硅质岩夹有薄层状灰岩,为深海相化学沉积产物,意味着早寒武世为北山古生代洋盆开启时限下限。泥盆纪三个井组不整合于寒武、奥陶纪之上,三个井组显示前陆盆地特征,花岗岩"线-面-点"产出形态可能代表俯冲-碰撞-碰撞后造山期地质记录。因此,早泥盆世为北山古生代洋盆闭合时限上限。     

宁镇山脉小壳化石层时代的新认识

最新研究表明，句容仑山的小壳化石层和南京幕府山的一样，其层位都相当于下寒武统沧浪铺阶Ｐａｏｋａｎｎｉａ带，为我国下寒武统层位最高的一个小壳化石组合带。句容仑山当时位于台地边缘，缺失了早寒武世早期至沧浪铺期中期的沉积。     

Discussion of the Relationships Between the Gondwana and Eastern China Block: Paleomagnetic Constraints

The time when Gondwana finally formed is still debatable (Powell and Pisarevsky, 2002; Meert, 2003). Paleomagnetic data have demonstrated that the appar-ent polar wander paths (APWPs) for the main conti-nental blocks of Gondwana are in good agreement from Early Cambrian to at least 260 Ma under the widely accepted Gondwana fit (see Li & Powell, 2001, Fig. 6). This is especially the case for Australia and Africa, of which APWPs are best defined and near identical. This indicates that the main amalgamation of East Gondwana and African blocks has likely com-pleted since the Early Cambrian.     

滇西施甸隆起与保山地块中部寒武纪碳酸盐台地的拟合关系

笔者在保山地块采获大量古生物化石,首次发现施甸地区缺失早奥陶世沉积,并发现施甸地区的奥陶系与寒武系之间均为平行不整合接触。通过对下奥陶统缺失区的追索与调查,初步圈定出早奥陶世施甸隆起范围,该隆起区大致与施甸地区的晚寒武世碳酸盐台地重叠,其形成过程受寒武纪末期地壳抬升与海平面下降的双重因素控制,以晚寒武世碳酸盐台地的剧烈隆升起主导作用。施甸隆起概念的提出及其范围的圈定,对深化保山地块早古生代的构造演化研究具有重大意义。     

塔里木盆地寒武纪构造-沉积环境与原型盆地演化

寒武系是塔里木盆地当前油气增储上产的重点层系,恢复寒武纪的盆地原型是油气勘探的重要基础。利用最新的钻井、地震及露头资料,以沉积相为研究实体,将盆地充填与周缘构造演化相结合,由点→线→面进行分析,恢复了塔里木盆地寒武纪不同时期的构造-沉积环境,并建立了相应的盆地充填演化模式。塔里木盆地寒武纪经历了一次完整的海侵-海退旋回,包括早寒武世早期快速海侵→中寒武世海退、晚寒武世缓慢海侵→寒武纪末海退两个次级旋回,分别对应沉积演化的2个阶段：塔西克拉通内坳陷早寒武世的碎屑滨岸-陆棚相→局限台地相→中寒武世的蒸发台地相,晚寒武世的局限台地相→寒武纪末期的台地暴露不整合;塔东克拉通边缘坳陷为深水盆地相,经历了硅质泥岩→泥岩与灰岩薄互层→碳酸盐岩的岩相演化。寒武纪塔里木原型盆地特征及演化主要受控于Rodinia超大陆的裂解,其构造-沉积格局经历了由震旦纪末的南北分异格局向中-晚寒武世的东西分异格局的演变。     

中国南方寒武纪岩相古地理

中国南方是指西至金沙江-元江断裂、西北至龙门山断裂、北至城口-房县-襄樊-广济断裂、东北至郯庐断裂、东至黄海和东海、南至南海的我国南方广大地区。在各露头剖面和钻井剖面地层学和岩石学研究所取得的各种定量及定性资料的基础上,采用单因素分析综合作用法,编制出了中国南方下寒武统下部和中部、下寒武统上部、中寒武统和上寒武统的各种单因素图以及相应的早寒武世早期和中期、早寒武世晚期、中寒武世和晚寒武世岩相古地理图。这些古地理图的最主要特征是定量,即每个古地理单元的划分和确定都有确切的定量的单因素图为依据。这种定量的岩相古地理图在中国南方寒武纪还是首次出现。中国南方寒武纪有7个主要的古地理单元,即滇西台地、康滇陆、扬子台地、斜坡、江南盆地、东南台地和华夏陆。滇西台地、康滇陆、扬子台地、斜坡和江南盆地属康滇古地理体系,东南台地和华夏陆属华夏古地理体系。这两个古地理体系拼合在一起,就构成了中国南方寒武纪的两陆、三台、一盆和一坡和古地理的基本格局。是寒武世早期和中期的岩相古地理特征与早寒武世晚期、中寒武世和晚寒武世岩相古地理特征有明显的不同。这是两个大不相同的演化阶段。这种定量的岩相古地理图在古地理学中是个重大的进展,对石油、天然气以及其他各种矿产的预测和勘探有重要的指导作用。     

Geochemical features,depositional settings,and provenances of Lower Paleozoic rocks in the Mamyn terrane,Central Asian Fold Belt

New data on geochemical features of the Lower Paleozoic terrigenous rocks in the Mamyn terrane (eastern Central Asian Fold Belt) and U–Pb geochronological studies of the detrital zircon from these rocks are presented. The obtained results suggest the following conclusions. 1. At present, the Kosmataya sequence includes different age Lower Cambrian terrigenous–carbonate and Lower Ordovician terrigenous rocks or represents Lower Ordovician olistostromes including limestone blocks with the Lower Cambrian fauna. Lower Ordovician terrigenous rocks were formed in an island arc or active continental margin, mainly, owing to the erosion of Cambrian–Early Ordovician plutons and volcanics that are widespread in structures of the Mamyn terrane and weakly reworked by the chemical weathering. 2. The Silurian Mamyn Formation was developed at a passive continental margin. The main sources of clastic material for this formation were the same Cambrian–Early Ordovician igneous rocks as for the Cambrian sequence, with the participation of Early Silurian and Vendian igneous complexes. The obtained data significantly refine concepts about the geological structure of the Mamyn terrane, which is a member of the Argun Superterrane, one of the largest tectonic structures in the eastern Central Asian Fold Belt.     

上扬子区下古生界层序地层格架的初步研究

上扬子区下古生界在贵州及其邻区发育较为完整。在震旦纪与寒武纪之交的台地淹没事件之后,寒武系形成一个从深水盆地相黑色页岩系到大套台地碳酸盐的沉积序列,其中下寒武统包含5个三级层序而可以进一步归为一个二级层序,中上寒武统构成一个二级层序而且可以进一步划分为7个三级层序。奥陶纪艾家山世末期的都匀运动、奥陶纪末期的与冈瓦纳大陆冰期相响应的全球海平面下降事件以及志留纪末期广西运动的共同作用,造成扬子地台大幅度的古地理变迁以及残留不全的奥陶系和志留系。详尽追踪和对比的结果可以将奥陶系划分为8个三级层序且可以进一步归为一个二级层序,在残留不全的的志留系中可以划分出7个三级层序并可以进一步归为一个二级层序。层序地层格架的建立,可以大致解读许多有趣的地质现象,如寒武纪碳酸盐台地的生长过程,奥陶纪与志留纪之交的“浅海静水”型黑色页岩系的发育特点,志留纪由北而南的海侵所造成的复杂的志留系展布特征等等;同时也意味着许多有待于进一步研究的问题,早寒武世数次快速海侵事件与生物事件的关系,奥陶系顶部特殊的“观音桥灰岩”的成因,奥陶系红花园组海绵生物礁的基本沉积模式等等。     

Chronological and geochemical constraints on the pre-variscan tectonic history of the Erzgebirge,Saxothuringian Zone

A combined U–Pb zircon geochronological and whole-rock isotopic and geochemical study has been carried out on high-grade orthogneiss, meta-basite, and meta-sediments from the Erzgebirge. The results indicate multiple pulses of Ediacaran–Ordovician magmatism in a transitional volcanic-arc to rift-basin setting. Orthogneiss from high-pressure nappes exhibit a step-like pattern of inherited zircon ages and emplacement ages of 500–475 Ma. In contrast, granite gneiss from the medium-pressure core of the Erzgebirge is characterised by three pulses of magmatism in the Early Cambrian, Late Cambrian, and Early Ordovician. A trend of decreasing Th/U ratios in zircon is observed to c.500 Ma, after which significant increases in the trend and variability of the data is inferred to mark the transition from arc-related to rift-related magmatism. Sediments deposited in the Early Cambrian have continental island arc affinity. Major detrital peaks in the Ediacaran and subordinate Tonian, Palaeoproterozoic, and Neoarchaean data are consistent with an Avalonian-Cadomian Arc and West African Craton derivation. The Early Cambrian sediments were locally reworked by a thermal event in the Ordovician resulting in leucocratic banding and recorded in Ordovician zircon rims characterised by systematically lower Th/U ratios. Ptygmatically folded leucocratic bands containing Ordovician zircon rims, associated with low Th/U ratios, are further observed in the granite gneiss core of the Erzgebirge. Variscan ages are rare, except in a fine-grained high-pressure micaschist, which contains exclusively small, structure-less, zircon with a weighted mean age of 350 ± 2 Ma. These data, along with a re-evaluation of previously published data, have been interpreted as the product of flattening subduction during the Early Cambrian; followed by the opening of slab windows in the Late Cambrian; and finally delamination in the Early Ordovician. Delamination of the orphaned slab led to asthenospheric upwellings triggering extension, bimodal magmatic pulses, recycling of fertile crust, high-temperature metamorphism, and cratonisation of relatively young crust.     

Lithofacies palaeogeography of the Cambrian in Tarim area

The Tarim area in this paper refers to the present Tarim Basin and its surrounding mountains, bounded on the north by the Middle Tianshan Mountains, on the south by the Kunlun Mountains, on the west by the national boundary of China, and on the east by the Altun Mountains. It covers an area of more than 1 000 000 km². Based on the quantitative and qualitative data from the stratigraphy and petrology of outcrop and well sections, and according to the single factor analysis and multifactor comprehensive mapping method, the single factor maps of the Lower, Middle and Upper Cambrian, and the lithofacies palaeogeography maps of the Early, Middle and Late Cambrian of the Tarim area, are compiled. The most important character of these lithofacies palaeogeography maps is quantification, i.e. the determination of each palaeogeography unit based on accurate quantitative data and the quantitative single factor maps. The study marks the first time that this quantitative method has been applied in the Tarim area. In the Early Cambrian, the present Tarim Basin was mainly a carbonate platform, in which there were penebank, dolostone flats, and gypsum-halite lake. The South Tianshan Basin and East Tarim Basin were siliceous rock-limestone-mudstone basins. The Kunlun Platform was situated in the south, where there were two small lands. The Altun Land was situated in the southeast. In the Middle and Late Cambrian, the framework of lithofacies palaeogeography was similar to that in the Early Cambrian; the land area was gradually reduced; the basin area was enlarged; while the Tarim Carbonate Platform changed little. The transgression continued from the Early Cambrian to the Late Cambrian. Translated from Journal of Palaeogeography, 2006, 8(4): 427–439 [译自: 古地理学报]     

Cambrian Burgess Shale-type Lagerstätten in South China: Distribution and significance

The final assembly of the supercontinent Gondwana during the Pan-African orogenic episodes (ca. 550–520 Ma) almost simultaneously took place with the Cambrian explosion that is best manifested by a number of Cambrian Burgess Shale-type Lagerstätten in South China. The relationship between South China and Gondwana during the Cambrian is far from consensus. Burgess Shale-type Lagerstätten may have potential importance for the paleogeographic reconstruction. However, such Lagerstätten have been known in large number only in Laurentia and South China, far less common in Gondwana and other continents. Burgess Shale-type Lagerstätten in South China are not evenly spaced through the Cambrian. They appear to be concentrated in the Lower Cambrian, particularly in the Canglangpuian and Qiongzhusian stages, much reduced in number from the uppermost Lower Cambrian. Of ten reported such Lagerstätten, only the Kaili biota (basal Middle Cambrian) is known to be younger than Early Cambrian. This reduction could be explained by the fact that vast areas of siliciclastic facies in both the western plate interior (platform) and the eastern slope basin during most time of Early Cambrian (Meishucunian to Canglangpuian) is evolved into carbonate facies at the very end of Early Cambrian (Longwangmiaoian). It has been known from this study that both siliciclastic platform facies and slope basin facies (shale basin) could preserve soft-bodied fossils. Cambrian Burgess Shale-type Lagerstätten in South China are of great significance for providing a sequences of exceptionally preserved biota in a chronological succession. Comparison of such Lagerstätten in a chronological framework may give us more details on the Cambrian explosion events.     

中上扬子寒武系蒸发岩岩相古地理

中上扬子区寒武系蒸发岩层位上属龙王庙阶和毛庄阶至张夏阶,分布在成都以东、贵州遵义以北和武陵山以西,形成四川长宁、重庆永川-江津、湖北利川、武汉4个沉积中心,是早古生代海相油气的重要盖层。经深井揭露,寒武系蒸发岩为石膏和石膏夹石盐,有三种岩石类型:粉砂质白云岩、白云岩与石膏互层、石膏夹石盐。地表以盐溶角砾岩、石盐假晶、次生石膏为标志,川东有少量盐泉出露。寒武纪时中上扬子区蒸发岩沉积具有构造和古地理障壁及岩相障壁,西部除龙门山前分布有岛链状的古陆外,早寒武世末川中古隆起已具雏形,并由西向东迁移扩大;黔中古隆起至中晚寒武世可能为水下无沉积区,具有局限障壁作用。早中寒武世碳酸盐浅滩分布在构造障壁的东侧。构造、古地理和沉积相展布,使中上扬子区转化为局限、封闭或半封闭构造古地理环境,是该区沉积蒸发岩的关键条件。     

塔里木地区寒武纪岩相古地理

塔里木地区是以当今的塔里木盆地为主体并包括其周边山地的广大地区,北至中天山,南至西昆仑山,西至我国国界,东至阿尔金山,面积逾100万km2。在39个露头剖面和钻井剖面的各种单因素定量及定性资料的基础上,采用单因素分析多因素综合作图法,编制出了塔里木地区寒武系下、中、上统的各种单因素图及相应的寒武纪早、中、晚世的岩相古地理图。这些岩相古地理图最主要的特征是定量,即每个古地理单位的划分和确定都有确切的定量资料与定量的单因素图。这种定量的岩相古地理图在塔里木地区还是首次出现。在早寒武世,塔里木地区是一个碳酸盐岩台地,其中散布着准滩、云坪和膏盐湖。其北侧和东北侧是南天山和塔东硅岩石灰岩泥岩盆地。其南侧是昆仑台地,其中有2个小陆地。其东南侧有阿尔金陆。中寒武世和晚寒武世的岩相古地理格局与早寒武世相似,但陆地面积逐渐缩小,盆地面积逐渐扩大,塔里木碳酸盐岩台地变化不大。从早寒武世到晚寒武世是一个逐渐的海进过程。     

天山古生代洋盆开启、闭合时限的岩石学约束——来自震旦纪、石炭纪火山岩的证据

天山及邻区各微地块上分布有震旦纪—早寒武世火山-沉积岩系,寒武系底部均发育含磷层,震旦系中见2～3层大致可对比的冰碛岩,暗示各微地块当时可能是一个统一大陆块的组成部分。震旦纪—早寒武世大陆拉伸→大陆裂谷火山活动是天山古生代洋盆开启的前兆,意味着早寒武世为天山古生代洋盆开启时限的下限。中天山巴仑台微地块中的下石炭统马鞍桥组底部的粗碎屑岩,是碰撞造山中晚期的地质记录。它意味着天山古生代洋盆已经闭合。石炭纪时,天山造山带已进入新的造山后裂谷拉伸阶段,发育有大规模大陆裂谷双峰式火山活动和花岗质岩浆活动。早石炭世是天山古生代洋盆闭合时限的上限。     

加里东运动构造古地理及滇黔桂盆地的形成--兼论滇黔桂盆地深层油气勘探潜力

中国南方的滇黔桂地区,早古生代与晚古生代之交曾经发生过较为强烈的加里东运动,包括三个幕:寒武纪末期的郁南运动,中、奥陶世末期的都匀运动以及志留纪末期的广西运动;奥陶系与志留系的残留不全和晚奥陶世至志留纪大片古陆———滇黔桂古陆的展布是加里东运动的重要体现。志留纪末期的广西运动之后,在大致相当于早古生代“滇黔桂古陆”分布的地区形成一个特殊的“滇黔桂盆地”,而且在滇黔桂盆地的主体部位常常是泥盆系直接覆盖在寒武系之上。寒武系,特别是下寒武统,由于寒武纪初期的快速海侵作用而在研究区域普遍发育烃源岩系;研究区域的泥盆系,特别是中泥盆统,在台间盆地中发育优质烃源岩。因此,巨大的构造古地理演变和海陆变迁,形成了一个晚古生代的泥盆系优质烃源岩与早古生代的下寒武统优质烃源岩的空间叠合区域,该叠合区域的加里东运动不整合面上、下的储集体即成为该地区的深层油气勘探对象,预示着滇黔桂盆地的深层存在较大的油气勘探潜力。