Strength Behavior of Shanghai Clayey Soil Reinforced with Wheat Straw Fibers

It is generally recognized that the low strength and high compressibility are the characteristics of soft soil. In addition to other techniques, reinforcement can also be used in increasing the strength and decreasing the deformation of this kind of soil. The results of an investigation into the effects of a natural fiber on the consolidation and shear strength behavior of Shanghai clayey soil reinforced with wheat straw fibers are presented in this paper. A series of one dimensional consolidation and triaxial tests were conducted on samples of unreinforced and reinforced Shanghai clayey soil with different percentages of randomly distributed wheat straw fibers. The results show that the preconsolidation pressure decreases and the coefficient of swelling and compression generally increase with increasing the fiber content until a optimum content value. Furthermore, the addition of wheat straw fiber leads to a significant increase in shear strength and friction angle of the natural soil and there is an optimum wheat fiber content that makes this increase maximal.     

A Study on the Mechanical Behavior of a Fiber-Clay Composite with Natural Fiber

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation into the effects of discrete palm fibers on the consolidation and shear behavior of a randomly reinforced clay soil. Three groups of reinforced soil samples were prepared at three different fiber contents (10, 20 and 30 %). Consolidation and triaxial tests were carried out on the samples. The results indicate that the inclusion of the fiber reinforcement within the soil causes decrease in preconsolidation pressure and increase in compressibility and swelling indices. In addition, the strength and friction angle increase considerably in terms of total and effective stresses. The results also show that the increase in the slope of the critical state line in $ q :p^{\prime } $ space is a function of fiber content.     

Influence of Randomly Distributed Coir Fibers on Shear Strength of Clay

The use of natural fibers such as coir for soil improvement is highly attractive in countries where such materials are locally and economically obtainable, in view of the preservation of natural environment and cost effectiveness. This paper discusses shear strength of clay reinforced with randomly distributed coir fibers based on a series of consolidated undrained triaxial compression tests. Test results show that major principal stress at failure for clay-coir fiber matrix increases with increase in fiber content (W _f ) and fiber aspect ratio (A _r ). For all the combinations of fiber contents and aspect ratios, failure principal stress envelope exhibits a curvilinear variation with a transition at a confining stress, known as critical confining stress. Separate regression analyses have been performed for observations below and above critical confining stress to develop mathematical models, which consider fiber content, aspect ratio, confining stress and plain soil characteristics as the input parameter, to predict major principal stress at failure for the clay-fiber composite. In general, the study identifies that the inclusion of discrete coir fibers in random fashion significantly improves the shear strength of clay and hence could be effectively used for the cases where in-place mixing of soil with fibers is possible (e.g., pavement sub-grade, landfill liner, small embankment). The developed regression models may be used in the design phase for the rough estimation of shear strength of the composite.     

不同温度应力路径下饱和黏土剪切特性

在精准温控动三轴试验系统上开展了不同温度及不同升温路径饱和黏土剪切试验研究,探讨了不同温度对饱和软黏土不排水剪切特性的影响,分析不同升温固结方式对饱和软黏土孔压发展、体变、强度以及模量的影响规律。试验结果显示：在4～76 ℃试验研究范围内,环境温度升高导致饱和软黏土的不排水剪切强度有所减少,但温度升高对土体模量增加影响明显,温度T和模量ET关系可用ET = 2.69T 0.3表达;升温变化时正常固结黏土产生超孔隙水压力并随着温度增大而增大,升温热固结后土的剪切强度将明显提高,且排水状态下升温固结对土剪切强度增长小于升温完成后再固结情况;土体从26 ℃分别升高20、40 ℃时,升温引起的超孔压比分别为0.41、0.61,剪切峰值强度分别增加8.23%、22.37%。研究表明：升温幅值增大会使土体热固结程度越大,升温分级越多,热固结也越充分,其对应的体变、强度增长率则越大;同时最终温度及热固结路径对其剪切相转换特征存在影响,升温越高、热固结路径越多其剪胀性越明显,但温度变化范围、固结分级、热固结路径总体上对孔隙水压力的发展基本不产生影响。     

Effect of Fibercast and Fibermesh inclusion on the direct shear and linear shrinkage response of clay

Inclusion of synthetic fibers is becoming a routine task in soil reinforcement. The ability of synthetic fibers in controlling the shrinkage cracks in concrete is the main drive to consider its benefits in clay and other soil materials. The polypropylene fibers are nonbiodegradable and can perform well even in aggressive chemical exposure conditions. The direct shear testing is a popular geotechnical approach to assess the shearing strength for a range of soils. This study is aimed at investigating the effect of fiber inclusion on the direct shear response of semi-arid clay soils. This research is conducted using two different types of polypropylene fibers, viz., Fibercast and Fibermesh, having different surface properties on the shear strength envelope and parameters (angle of internal friction and cohesion). The aspect lengths were varied as 6 and 12 mm, and the dosages were varied as 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 % by weight of the soil. The results were viewed in relation to the fiber type, size, and dose. The soil response and shear resistance measured in consolidated undrained direct shear test is presented for the targeted doses, and the results revealed useful insight compared to unreinforced. The Fibermesh material proved to be the more appropriate fiber additive to typical semi-arid clay soils. The data provides helpful guide for the design geotechnical engineers.     

Shear Strength Behavior of Two Landfill Clay Liners

Direct shear tests were conducted to obtain both the shear strength of compacted clay liners (CCLs) specimens and the interface shear strength between compacted clay liner and base soil. These experiments were conducted under the conditions of five different water contents. The experimental results show that shear strength of both CCLs and CCLs/base interface decreases with the increase in the water content of CCLs and base soil. In addition, the considerate concentration of NaCl in leachate has no deteriorating effect on the shear strength of liners. Triaxial shear tests were also conducted on clay liner specimens to obtain total and effective shear strength under a fast compression. The shear strength c‘=100 kPa for sand-bentonite, respectively. These results indicate that the compacted clay-bentonite shows normal consolidation, but that the compacted sand-bentonite exhibits over-consolidation.     

纤维加筋土工程性质研究进展

纤维加筋是一种新型的土体改良技术,是指将分散的纤维丝均匀掺入土体中,达到提高土体的工程力学性能的目的。本文根据国内外近20a来在该领域取得的成果,着重对纤维加筋材料、纤维加筋土的工程性质及加筋机理等方面的研究进展进行了介绍。在纤维加筋材料方面,主要有人工合成纤维和自然纤维两种; 在纤维加筋土工程性质方面,纤维加筋能有效提高土体的抗剪、抗压、抗拉强度和承载力,增加土体的破坏韧性和渗透性,降低膨胀土的胀缩性和裂隙发育程度; 在纤维加筋机理方面,目前主要认为纤维的加筋效果主要取决于纤维-土界面的力学作用,即界面黏聚力和摩擦力。最后,针对目前纤维加筋土的研究不足,提出了今后该领域的研究重点和方向,主要包括: 开发简单可行的纤维土施工器具和工艺、开发更专业的纤维产品和降低纤维成本、开展大尺度模型试验和现场试验、纤维-土界面作用机理研究、纤维加筋土的破坏和失效机理研究、纤维加筋土的力学模型及计算理论研究、纤维加筋土的动力学特性研究等。     

Effect of Random Inclusion of Polypropylene Fibers on Strength Characteristics of Cohesive Soil

This paper presents the effect of random inclusion of polypropylene fibers on strength characteristics of soil. Locally available cohesive soil (CL) is used as medium and polypropylene fibers with three aspect ratios (l/d = 75, 100 and 125) are used as reinforcement. Soil is compacted with standard Proctor’s maximum density with low percentage of reinforcement (0–1% by weight of oven-dried soil). Direct shear tests, unconfined compression tests and CBR tests were conducted on un-reinforced as well as reinforced soil to investigate the strength characteristics of fiber-reinforced soil. The test results reveal that the inclusion of randomly distributed polypropylene fibers in soil increases peak and residual shear strength, unconfined compressive strength and CBR value of soil. It is noticed that the optimum fiber content for achieving maximum strength is 0.4–0.8% of the weight of oven-dried soil for fiber aspect ratio of 100.     

Observed Behaviour of Laterally Expanded Stone Column in Soft Soil

The paper describes the behavior of remolded kaolin clay reinforced by stone column as investigated in laboratory. The installation of stone column was simulated by performing lateral expansion at different rates within hollow cylindrical remolded kaolin specimens initially subjected to K0 consolidation path. These specimens were, then, subjected to classical consolidated undrained triaxial tests while recording excess pore pressure values. The objective of the experimental programme was to quantify the effects of consolidation stress and stone column on the undrained Young’s modulus and shear strength of kaolin clay. Obtained results showed a significant improvement in Young’s modulus when the cavity expansion ratio and the consolidation stress increase. It was also found that the increase in undrained shear strength of improved kaolin clay mainly occurred at lower consolidation stress. Another important finding of this study is that the ratio of undrained Young’s modulus to undrained shear stress increases when the consolidation stress decreases. Finally, the paper presents a model developed for the design of stone columns.     

Effect of Random Inclusion of Wheat Straw Fibers on Shear Strength Characteristics of Shanghai Cohesive Soil

The effect of random inclusion of wheat straw (fibers) on shear strength characteristics of Shanghai cohesive soil is presented in this paper. 1 year old natural wheat straw (fibers) with four section lengths of 5, 10, 15, 20 mm (aspect ratio: l/d = 1.67, 3.33, 5, 6.67) are used as reinforcement and specific Shanghai cohesive soil is used as medium. Locally available cohesive soil is compacted with standard Proctor’s maximum density with low percentage of reinforcement (0.1–0.4 % of wheat straw sections by weight of oven-dried soil). A series of direct shear tests were conducted on unreinforced as well as reinforced soil to investigate the shear strength characteristics of wheat straw-reinforced soil. The test results show that the inclusion of randomly distributed wheat straw sections (fibers) in soil increases the shear strength to one degree or another. It is noticed that the optimum wheat straw (fiber) content for achieving maximum shear strength is 0.3 % of the weight of oven-dried soil for wheat straw fiber length 15–20 mm (aspect ratio: 5–6.67).     

结构性软土力学特性试验研究

选取广州南沙典型软土为研究对象,进行了剪切、无侧限抗压、固结等室内试验.从强度和变形两方面对试样的结构性进行了研究,分析了原状土和重塑土的变形特性、强度特性和固结特性,揭示了所研究的区域性软土的结构性特征以及这一特征对软土工程性质的影响.试验结果表明:结构性软士经扰动后强度明显降低,压缩性增加;原状土的同结特性与结构屈服压力有关,压缩曲线呈现3阶段特征.在同一级荷载下扰动后的土体变形规律较原状土有更明显的主次固结划分界限.结构屈服压力是变形规律的控制因素之一,可以通过压缩系数-固结压力曲线近似确定.试验结果还表明,当崮结压力较大时,原状土的结构被完伞破坏,此时结构性对土体力学特性的影响可被削弱,甚至消失.     

土工带加筋碎石土的抗剪强度特性研究

大型三轴固结排水剪切试验表明：土工带加筋后土体的破坏强度和破坏应变均得到提高。从加筋土和未加筋土的强度包线看出,加筋前后土体的强度曲线基本平行,摩擦角相等,粘聚力提高。通过分析加筋土的应力-应变关系试验曲线,研究土工带加筋素碎石土的抗剪强度特性,提出土工带加筋土的抗剪强度表达式。为进一步研究土工带素碎石土加筋机理提供试验基础。     

纤维加筋市政污泥剪切强度试验研究

随着社会经济的快速发展,市政污泥产量逐年攀升,其安全处置对改善城市生态环境和经济可持续发展具有重要意 义。污泥由于含水率高,颗粒细小,粘滞性强,且富含有机质,因而存在机械脱水效率低和抗剪强度低等问题,填埋时容 易造成填埋场堆体发生侧滑、失稳等事故。纤维加筋是近些年发展起来的一种土质改良技术,为了研究该技术对污泥剪切 强度特性的影响,在不同固结压力下（50,100,200和400 kPa） 对纤维加筋污泥进行了一系列剪切试验,分析了纤维掺量 （0,0.05%,0.1%,0.2%,0.4%和0.8%） 对固结后污泥含水率、干密度及剪切强度的影响。结果表明：在不同固结压力 下,污泥排水固结后的含水率均随着纤维掺量的增加呈先减少后增加的趋势,而干密度则是先增加后减小,试验确定纤维 最优掺量为0.1%;污泥排水固结后的剪切强度则随着纤维掺量的增加而增加,纤维加筋作用对污泥的剪切强度提升效果十 分明显,100 kPa下加筋效果最显著;纤维加筋污泥的黏聚力和内摩擦角随纤维掺量的增加而增加,当纤维掺量超过0.4% 后,黏聚力增幅有放缓趋势,而内摩擦角的增幅则有加大趋势;在剪切破坏过程后期,随纤维掺量增加,应变硬化趋势更 为显著。     

大连滨海粉质黏土剪切力学特性环剪试验

以大连滨海地区典型粉质黏土为研究对象,利用大型高速环剪仪,针对不同法向应力和剪切速率条件下该粉质黏土大剪切力学性质的变化情况进行了试验。环剪试验结果显示：1）该滨海粉质黏土在正常固结状态下出现明显的应变软化现象,分析表明其应变软化特性主要与土中黏土矿物质量分数及其在剪切过程中的定向排列有关。2）在相同剪切速率下,峰值强度和残余强度随法向应力的增加而增大,峰值强度与法向应力之间表现出良好的线性关系。3）由于峰值强度产生过程中土体内部黏聚力的变化,峰值强度随剪切速率的增加而增大;残余强度变化与剪切速率具有一定的相关性,这与不同剪切速率下剪切带（面）处黏土颗粒定向排列程度不同有关。     

Laboratory Study on the Relative Performance of Silty-Sand Soils Reinforced with Linen Fiber

Randomly distributed fibers have been successfully used for the reinforcement of soils to improve their properties. However, the technique requires extensive testing on samples before it can be implemented. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to identify and quantify the influence of variables of linen-fiber (content and aspect ratio) on the performance of linen-fiber reinforced silty-sand specimens. The linen fibers have filament textures with special properties such as: low costs, plenitude in the region, lightweight, tension capacity and relative strength against deterioration. Linen fibers with diverse fiber contents (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0% of dry weight) and ratio aspect (50, 100 and 150) were used. The composite soils were laboratory tested for compaction, unconfined compression strength (UCS), California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and direct shear tests. The test results indicated that adding linen fiber in silty-sand soil resulted in increasing in unconfined compression strength, California Bearing Ratio values, peak friction angle and cohesion values. Furthermore, adding linen fibers have the dual benefit of increasing the stiffness (modulus of elasticity) and the ductility of the reinforced soil. However, this study suggests that the optimum fiber content for silty-sand samples reinforced with linen fibers is approximately 0.75% of the dry weight of the soil and a maximum performance was achieved at aspect ratio of 100 to avoid fiber balling. The laboratory results were used for the development of linear regression equation that best relates the UCS and CBR of a reinforced soil to the aforementioned parameters.     

H-V加筋黏性土的强度与变形特性

在提出非满布的H-V（水平－竖向）加筋的基础上,设计了非满布多层H-V加筋黏土的试验方案,以镀锌铁皮和有机玻璃为加筋材料进行了44组固结不排水三轴剪切试验。通过不同竖筋布置的加筋黏土三轴试验研究了加筋黏性土的应力-应变关系、强度特性及破坏形态,探讨了不同加筋高度、不同围压及不同筋材对加筋黏土强度的影响。试验结果表明：相对于无筋土及传统的水平加筋土而言,其峰值偏应力和抗剪强度均有大幅度提高。     

粉质黏土的真三轴试验及强度特性研究

为研究复杂应力路径下粉质黏土强度特性,利用TSW-40型土壤真三轴仪,开展了不同试验条件下粉质黏土的真三轴试验。研究了真三维应力状态下粉质黏土应力-应变曲线变化规律,探讨了含水率、固结围压和中主应力比等试验条件对粉质黏土强度的影响规律,对比分析了真三维应力状态下 平面上粉质黏土试验值与Mohr-Coulomb（简称M-C）强度准则和双剪强度准则的差异。研究结果表明：真三维应力状态下粉质黏土的广义剪应力-剪应变曲线主要表现为应变硬化型。粉质黏土强度随中主应力比和固结围压的增大而增大,随着含水率的增大而减小。 平面上粉质黏土的强度包络线随静水压力 的增大向外逐渐扩展,随含水率 的增大向内逐渐收缩。 平面上M-C强度极限线和双剪强度屈服极限线与试验值对比分析表明,M-C强度准则描述土体强度时结果偏小,采用双剪强度准则时结果偏大。     

棕榈加筋上海黏土强度特性试验研究

采用棕榈作为加筋材料对上海黏土进行直剪慢剪试验,通过改变筋材的加筋率及尺寸研究棕榈对上海黏土强度特性的影响。试验表明,（1）与素土相比,加筋土的抗剪强度和黏聚力明显提高,但内摩擦角的变化较小;（2）加筋土的最优加筋率为0.6%;（3）棕榈尺寸为6 mm×12 mm的抗剪强度优于6 mm×6 mm和6 mm×18 mm的抗剪强度;（4）垂直压力为100 kPa时,应力-应变曲线呈应变软化型,随着垂直压力的增加,应力-应变曲线呈应变硬化型;（5）与素土相比,加筋土残余强度降低幅度减小,土体的抗变形能力提高,同时分析了加筋的抗剪强度作用机制,阐述了棕榈加筋材料在黏土中的作用,棕榈可作为加固上海黏土的一种有效方法。     

防波堤土工织物加筋地基离心模型试验及数值模拟

以黄骅港北防波堤工程为依托,对土工织物加筋软粘土地基及斜坡式防波堤体系的固结过程进行了离心模型试验和有限元数值模拟,通过分析地基土体固结过程中防波堤-加筋垫层-基体系的位移场和应力场的发展及织物拉应力分布和发展,验证离心试验及数值模拟方法的合理性,并得出以下几点主要结论:(1)土工织物加筋垫层的作用机理为其抗拉性限制自身横向变形,通过与附近土体的摩擦作用限制其侧向变形;(2)加筋减小防波堤-垫层-地基体系的高应力水平区,避免堤身与地基高应力水平区域的连通,增强系统稳定性;(3)在离心试验采用的分层地基的条件下,加筋减小了浅层软基和堤身的侧向位移量,对系统总位移有抑制作用;(4)试验中织物替代材料的极限拉伸强度发挥程度较低,其与砂垫层间摩擦强度的发挥水平约为23.8％。