渭河盆地地裂缝群发机理及东、西部地裂缝分布不均衡构造成因研究

利用渭河盆地2001—2008年高精度GPS监测资料,结合区域构造特点建立了渭河盆地有限元动力学模型,基于此研究了区域现今地壳应力场特征,深入分析了构造应力场与盆地内地裂缝群发之间的内在关系,首次基于空间大地测量定量的揭示出了区域构造应力场与盆地内地裂缝群发的内在动力学联系,及盆地东、西部地裂缝分布不均衡的根本成因.研究结果表明:渭河盆地现今地壳应力场差异性显著,主要呈现出中、东部以NW-SE向拉张为主,西部则以NW-SE向压缩应力为主,整体具有相对左旋运动趋势,与区域以往长期构造变形具有较好的继承性;分析揭示出区域NW-SE向拉张构造应力正是盆地内中、东部地裂缝群发的力源机制,而盆地内差异性构造应力场也正是导致盆地东、西部地裂缝发育不均衡的根本原因所在,由此进一步证实了渭河盆地地裂缝的强构造属性,其是由活断层在上述力源机制作用下,以蠕滑形式错断地层使土层破裂而形成的.本文研究结果为盆地地裂缝灾害防治、城市安全建设提供了重要信息.     

大同地裂缝活动与大同-阳高地震的相关性研究

通过对1989-2016年形变量监测的数据分析,明确了大同机车厂地裂缝的活动规律,结合大同-阳高地震群活动性特征及震源机制分析,结果显示,大同机车厂地裂缝的发生和发展与大同-阳高地震活动,属同一构造应力场作用下不同构造方式的表现,具有一定的对应性,可分为剧烈拉张期、拉张期和压缩期。按照地裂缝活动与地震活动周期的对应规律,在今后一定时间内,该地裂缝将处于平静阶段。     

华北土层破裂与新构造应力场

作者发现华北地区现代地裂缝、历史地裂和黄土构造节理等松散土层破裂,与地震活动、地质构造、地貌和卫星照片反映的现代地壳破裂网格一致,它们都是σ_1轴为NEE～SWW向的新构造应力场作用下的产物,它控制了华北区断裂、地裂与地震活动,决定了松散土层破裂的系统性和区域性.华北断块西部与南部因基底构造蠕滑在表土中主要产生蠕滑地裂缝;其东部和北部因活断层速滑发生强震,同时在表土中出现有水平位移的地震断层和地裂缝.     

太原井水位的快速上升与构造活动的关系

利用晋祠泉域岩溶水动态模型,对太原井水位快速上升时段的水位动态进行预测,再由预测值与实际观测值的绝对误差来反演含水层的应力值。结果表明,太原井水位快速上升时段含水层应力值也持续增高,且与太原体应变压性应变加速、交城断裂南端地裂缝扩展加速以及由太原盆地小震综合机制解反演的区域应力场逆转等现象具有准同步性,它们都是在太原盆地区域应力场发生改变、盆地西部边界交城断裂活动加剧的背景下出现的。太原井水位的快速上升与构造活动增强有关。     

鄂尔多斯块体西南缘震源机制解与构造应力场特征

正鄂尔多斯块体西南缘地处南北带北段、青藏高原东北缘,是青藏高原块体、鄂尔多斯块体和阿拉善块体的交汇地带。在印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞挤压作用的影响下,该区域构造活动强烈,活动断裂发育,地震活动频繁,历史上曾发生多次6级以上大震。地震的震源机制解携带有大量的震源应力场和震源破裂错动信息,是了解和认识震源及构造应力场状态的有效途径。因此,我们可以通过鄂尔多斯西南缘地区大量的震源机制解信息,获取该区域应力场特征,进     

空间大地测量GPS揭示的汾渭盆地及其邻域现今地壳应变场变化特征

利用汾渭盆地及其邻域2001—2007年与2009—2011年高精度GPS监测资料,基于区域构造特点,采用块体运动应变模型结合数理统计假设检验法,建立了区域合理的地壳运动应变模型,基于此定量研究了区域现今地壳应变场及其变化特征,特别是2008年汶川强震对汾渭盆地区域变形特征的作用影响,同时从盆地整体上分析了盆地内多发的地裂缝灾害与区域整体构造变形特征之间的内在关系.研究结果表明:经统计检验判断,选择合理的区域地壳运动应变模型,对获取真实反映区域实际构造变形特性的应变参数具有重要的作用;2008年汶川强震对青藏东边缘地块及渭河盆地西侧局部地区应变场造成一定的影响,但是震后上述区域并没有出现显著的应变积累而是呈现出应变量值较震前减小的特征,分析其原因可能是因为此区域并不是强震造成的库仑应力显著增加区,在震后2009—2011年时间段内处于构造应力场的松弛调整期;汶川强震没有显著改变研究域现今整体的构造变形背景特征,区域地壳构造活动特征仍具有较好的继承性;基于研究域构造块体具有各向同性连续弹性变形的前提,初步推断整个汾渭盆地内多发的地裂缝灾害可能是区域NW—SE向拉张应力场作用下的地表破裂响应.     

基于FLAC3D数值模拟的清徐地裂缝与交城断裂成因关系研究

基于断裂力学理论,应用FLAC3D数值模拟方法对交城断裂活动时附近土体的变形特征进行模拟计算。计算结果表明:断层活动带动上覆土层差异沉降及应力场变化,当断层错动量达到一定程度,断层附近出现拉应力区,土体在拉张应力和自身重力作用下产生垂直差异形变,从而产生地裂缝。将数值模拟结果与方山探槽揭示的地裂缝剖面特征进行对比,二者结果相互印证,说明清徐地裂缝是交城断裂活动的结果,二者具有明显的对应关系,地裂缝为构造成因裂缝。数值模拟结果为研究断裂和地裂缝成因关系提供了佐证。     

鹤岗煤矿矿震与区域天然地震活动相关性分析

应用地震学方法，详细讨论了鹤岗矿震活动与区域天然地震的联系和区别。认为在东北地区第五个地震活跃期的影响下，在区域应力场和矿区构造应力场的作用下，鹤岗矿震活动明显增强。     

中国东部北北西——北西向构造系的活动性及其应力场

本文根据上新世以来的断裂变动,火山活动、褶皱作用。地貌等方面的资料,论证了中国东部北北西——北西向构造系在新构造期的活动性及其应力场。又据地震震中分布、等震线长轴、地裂缝、地形变等方面资料,论证了北北西——北西向构造系的现代活动性及其应力场。并讨论了这一构造系与地震活动的关系。     

迭溪7.5级地震的地质构造背景及其对发震构造条件的认识

1933年迭溪7.5级地震震区位于我国东西两大块体过渡带——“中国南北构造带”的中段。区内构造复杂,几个不同构造体系的构造成分互相牵制、干扰、复合,还有引人注目的较场弧形构造及其西翼的北西向断裂带。新构造运动表现为强烈抬升背景上的断块差异运动和局部褶断特征。根据对航磁、重力资料的分析,划分出五个磁异常区(带),并作了相应的构造解释。从地震地裂缝、建筑物变形特征、地震崩塌滑坡定向性所反映的应力场以及烈度分布、震源机制解,推测迭溪7.5级地震是在北东东或近东西向的区域构造应力场作用下,导致北西向的松坪沟断裂发生反时针水平错动的结果。故认为松坪沟断裂是迭溪地震的发震构造,而刷金寺——迭溪东西向隐伏断裂带也起了一定的阻隔、牵制以至应力加强的作用。     

汾渭地裂缝与现代地震活动

近年来在汾渭地区出现地裂缝101处,其空间分布62%受活断层控制,20%是区域性黄土构造节理破裂面这些弱剪切强度带的扩展,18%是重力和湿陷等非构造型地裂缝。调查中发现,汾渭盆地中地下水位、水温异常、现代小震活动与地震活动都有4年一次的周期性起伏,它们是区域构造应力不断加强的信息。地下水对区域应力活动最敏感,故最早出现异常高潮,断裂再破裂并发震要有一定过程,而震源破裂传到地表造成地裂缝又要一定时间,所以汾渭盆地地震和地裂活动高潮分别滞后地下水异常1至2年。      

Monitoring land subsidence and fault deformation using the small baseline subset InSAR technique: A case study in the Datong Basin,China

The Datong Basin is located to the north of the Fenwei Graben Basin, where ground fissures and subsidence are common geological hazards. The Datong Basin is also one of China's main energy bases and is known as “the hometown of coal”. In this study, the small baseline subset InSAR technique was used to process 40 scenes of Envisat ASAR images that cover this area. The magnitude and distribution of subsidence in the Datong Basin were obtained. Additionally, the relationships among the regional land subsidence, ground fissures and fault activity were addressed. The results reveal that Datong ground subsidence is affected by the groundwater exploitation and the nearby faults. The Datong ground fissures are controlled by regional fault activity (e.g., seismic activity) and its interaction with the ground subsidence. Meanwhile, the influence of surface precipitation on ground fissure activity was analyzed. The differential subsidence on both sides of the ground fissures was also studied.     

山东朱崖黄土裂缝的成因及其地震地质意义

山东朱崖一带Q_22—Q_32黄土中发育了许多构造裂缝。有封闭的张性裂缝、快速张裂的裂缝、缓慢持续张裂的裂缝及有摩擦面的压扭性裂缝,后两种裂缝形成时间晚。裂缝的的产状、力学特征与现代区域构造应力场有较好的相关性。 朱崖黄土裂缝的形成与其所处的构造部位有关。朱崖位于NW向的无棣—青州(益都)活动构造带内,历史上NW向断裂与NE向断裂的交叉点上发生了六次中、强地震,朱崖位于NE向淄河断裂与活动的NW向淄博—朱崖断裂交叉点上,是应力易于集中、构造活动明显的部位     

Ground fissures within the Main Ethiopian Rift: Tectonic,lithological and piping controls

Ground fissures, especially if they open due to a sudden collapse of the surface, is a serious risk for populated areas. Their common occurrence in unconsolidated sediments of the Main Ethiopian Rift was found to be mostly a result of piping. The fissures start by piping in linear sub-horizontal underground voids, which often propagate upwards resulting in ceiling collapse and formation of deep and long ground fissures with vertical walls. In the southern and central Main Ethiopian Rift the fissures pose a serious risk to infrastructure and settlements. The ground fissures are often linear (up to several kilometres long and often tens of metres deep) and accompanied by sinkholes (along the length). A detailed field mapping of the geological (rock composition, orientation and character of lithological boundaries, primary fabrics and brittle structures) and geomorphological features (especially a length, width and depth of fissures, sinkholes and gullies) followed by in situ seismic anisotropy measurements and a laboratory determination of the geomechanical properties of volcanoclastic deposits was carried out to investigate the ground fissures' origin. The conditions and factors leading to the formation of the ground fissures have been linked to: (a) the presence of regional normal faults and the associated extensional joints and (b) the alternation of lithological units with contrasting hydraulic permeability. The latter corresponds to a sequence of less permeable hard rocks (e.g., rhyolitic ignimbrites) overlain by heterogeneous, soft and permeable, unconsolidated volcaniclastic deposits with a low amount of clay (less than 10%). The ground fissures' occurrence has shown affiliation to areas which have a significantly high seismic anisotropy (more than 20% at the study sites), which can be used as a proxy to map out high risk areas prone to piping and ground fissure formation.     

雷州半岛地裂缝及其构造蠕变成因

从1969年开始,雷州半岛每年或隔年频繁发生地裂缝,论述了雷州半岛地裂缝的分布特征．指出区内的地裂缝主要与地质构造、地壳活动（海岸抬升）相关,也和邻区强震、中强地震及区内的小震和微震部分相关．认为区内的地裂缝主要属构造蠕变地裂缝。推测与1969年其邻区阳江发生的6.4级强震对本区构造活动的激发并改变其地壳活动性有关。     

Ground fissure hazards in the USA and China

Tremendous losses were caused by ground fissure hazard both in USA and China. Six states of southwestern USA and seven provinces of central China were affected by the destructive ground fissures. The aseismic ground fissure hazards usually take place in land subsidence area. The comparison of the two countries’ ground fissures were given including ground fissure formation, evolution, mechanics of destruction and countermeasures against them. The destructive ground fissures occurred about a half century earlier in USA than in China. The mechanisms of various ground fissures were analyzed with interdisciplinary studies. It has been found that the preexisted faults are serving as the bases of forming modern ground fissure, and human activities, e.g. over pumping ground water, or oil, can accelerate the creeping of the fissures and make them destructive to many kinds of civil engineering. The countermeasures to mitigate ground fissure hazard were put forward, not only in science and technology but also in social administration. The successful practices in the two countries were introduced as examples.     

Ground fissure hazards in USA and China

IntroductionGround fissures are very popular each surface phenomena showing the discolltinue or broken of the earth surface. Usually, they occur accompanying with other geological hazards. Thereare many kinds of ground fissures: tectonic fissures, including fault fissures, eathquake fissures,volcanic fissures; slip-collapse fissures, including landslide fissures, mining fissures. Ground fissures have long history in China. The earliest ground fissures were recorded aboUt five thousandyears a…