Dynamic evaluation of groundwater resources in Zhangye Basin

Groundwater resource is vital to the sustainable development of socio-economics in arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China. An estimation of the groundwater resources variation in Zhangye Basin was made during 1985–2013 based on long-term groundwater observation data and geostatistical method. The results show that from 1985 to 2013, groundwater storage exhibited tremendous dissimilarity on temporal and spatial scale for the whole Zhangye Basin, especially before and after implementation of the water diversion policy. Trend of groundwater storage varied from quick to slow decline or increase. The accumulative groundwater storage decreased nearly 47.52×10~8 m~3, and annual average depletion rate reached 1.64×10~8 m~3/a. Among which, the accumulative groundwater storage of the river and well water mixed irrigation district decreased by 37.48×10~8 m~3, accounting for about 78.87% of the total groundwater depletion of the Zhangye Basin. Accumulative depletion of groundwater storage varied in respective irrigation districts. Though groundwater resources depletion rate slowed down from 2005, the overall storage in the whole basin and respective districts during 1985–2013 was still in a severe deficit such that, the groundwater resource was in a rather negative balance, which could threaten the local aquifer. This is the joint effect of climate change and human activities, however human activities, such as water diversion policy and groundwater exploitation, became increasingly intense. Our research results could provide a reasonable estimation for the groundwater balance in Zhangye Basin, providing a scientific basis for water resources unified planning and, this method can provide a relatively reliable way of estimation for large scale groundwater resources.     

新疆地下水资源开发利用现状及潜力分析

在分析研究开发利用现状的基础上,结合新疆地下水资源最新评价成果,对可开采量、超采区治理、潜力区开发布局等进行了系统研究,提出了地下水开发利用与保护的对策措施。特别强调了合理开发利用地下水资源,对于调解水资源供需矛盾、调控地下水位防治土壤次生盐碱化发生、提高水资源利用效率、保护生态环境的重要性。新疆2008年地下水开采量72.11亿m~3,远期随着水资源利用效率的提高和地下水转换补给量的减少,地下水可开采量宜控制在111亿m~3左右。总体看,地下水开发还有一定潜力,主要分布在南疆和外流河区。由于过去对地表水与地下水转化规律缺乏系统科学的研究,对大规模地下水开发缺乏及时的科学指导,上世纪80年代末部分地区开始出现地下水超采现象,吐哈盆地、天山北坡东中段、塔额盆地等地区已出现大面积的超采区,严重影响经济社会可持续发展和生态环境保护。     

黄河流域地下水资源开发利用与潜力分析

论述黄河流域地下水资源利用和开采潜力 ,以及其环境地质问题 ,对黄河流域水资源必须合理规划 ,强化管理 ,提高水资源利用率。     

地下水资源信息化管理的可视化技术应用

该文在总结概述空间数据可视化概念和意义的基础上 ,讨论基于可视化技术的地下水资源信息空间数据库的设计思路 ,提出了地下水资源信息化管理的可视化技术的应用方案 ,介绍了基于数据库的可视化管理系统的设计思路和主要功能。     

中国北方地区地下水资源的合理开发利用与保护

我国是世界上水资源严重短缺的国家之一,尤其在我国的华北和西北地区,水资源的短缺严重制约了该地区经济的可持续发展。在简要说明我国地下水资源数量、分布与特征的前提下,提出地下水资源开发利用与保护并重实现地下水资源可持续利用、改变农业结构实施节水灌溉是保障华北平原地下水可持续利用的根本、生态建设与地下水利用和保护并重等战略措施,确保地下水资源可持续利用。     

长江三角洲(长江以南)地区深层地下水三维数值模拟

长江三角洲地区做为未来中国经济发展的一大重心,对该区地下水资源进行评价具有十分重要的意义。文章将该区作为一个整体来进行数值模拟,避免了以前将各行政区边界作为研究区边界分别来模拟各局部地区地下水资源量所带来的人为误差。对如此大面积、条件复杂的多层含水层系统,建立了反映该区地下水贮存和总体运移特征的三维模型,在采用地下水数值模拟国际通用标准软件GMS对其进行精细剖分的基础上,对模型参数进行了识别,进一步对该区地下水资源几种不同开采方案进行了评价,为该区今后建立水资源管理模型提供依据,为其经济发展规划和可持续发展提出合理的用水建议。     

Groundwater regime and calculation of yield response in North China Plain: a case study of Luancheng County in Hebei Province

The groundwater table has been declining at a rate of 0.65 m/yr in Luancheng County since large scale groundwater extraction carried out in the 1960s. The drop of precipitation, substantial increase in agricultural output, variations of crop planting structure and construction of water conservancy projects in the headwater area all tie up with the decline of the groundwater table. On the basis of analyzing the hydrogeological conditions and the water resources utilization of Luancheng County, a three-dimensional groundwater flow model was developed to simulate the county’s groundwater flow through finite-difference method using Visual Modflow software. We divide the research field into four parts after analyzing the hydrogeological condition. Based on parameter calibration and adjustment using measured data, the hydraulic conductivity and specific yield were simulated. Using the calibrated model, we analyze the agricultural water saving potentiality and its influence on the groundwater. The results are as follows: (1) if we decrease the amount of water extracted by 0.14×108 m3, the average groundwater table of the five observation wells in December will rise by 0.33 m; (2) if we decrease the water by 0.29× 108 m3, the average groundwater table of the five observation wells in December will rise by 0.64 m; and (3) if we increase the water by 0.29×108 m3, the average groundwater table of the five observation wells in December will decline by 0.45 m. So we can draw a conclusion that controlling the agricultural water use is an important way to prevent the decline of groundwater table.     

我国北方地下水危机与可持续农业的发展

我国北方地区大约70％的地下水资源开采量用来灌溉农业。超采地下水资源,带来了一系列生态环境地质问题,如区域地下水位下降、地面沉降、海水入侵、土地盐渍化和荒漠化等。针对上述问题,提出四大战略性对策与措施：(1)发展节水型农业,持续高效利用水资源;(2)南水北调和区域管理是解决北方地下水危机的重要途径;(3)保护水资源和水环境,增加水资源可利用量;(4)开展变化环境下的水循环与水量平衡研究,综合开发利用水资源。来解决北方地区地下水资源危机,保证可持续农业的发展,促进我国社会经济稳定健康发展。     

额济纳盆地地下水补给机理研究

黑河下游的额济纳盆地,气候干旱,降雨稀少,盆地内分布着复杂的地下水含水层,濒临崩溃的生态系统靠其有限的地下水资源维持着,如何有效的评价地下水资源量,怎样合理的开发利用地下水资源,以及近期黑河治理规划工程实施后,对地下水资源产生何种影响,成为亟待解决的问题。对此,应用皮帕尔（Piper）图解法分析地下水的水化学特征类型,结合区域构造水文地质、地下水流场和环境同位素,分析盆地内不同地区的地下水补给机理：发现自流井区为一小区域的沉积中心,其来源不同于其他以黑河河水为补给源的地下水,而是来自中蒙边境山区的补给;古日乃草原地下水主要依靠黑河河水通过古河道渗漏的补给,而不是巴丹吉林沙漠的补给;赛汗桃来沉积中心的深层承压水来自其邻近上游地区潜水的侧向渗流补给。利用放射性同位素氚含量,初步估算出不同地区地下水的更新期,其地下水年龄均低于35 a。为评价黑河干流规划对地下水资源所产生的影响、合理开发利用地下水资源、保护脆弱的生态环境提供科学依据。     

基于GIS技术的石羊河流域地下水资源时空格局分析

以地下水取水许可数据为主,结合社会-经济等相关要素,在石羊河流域建立地下水取水许可GIS空间数据库,并对其进行分析、统计、查询和图表输出,辅助流域的取水许可管理程序,服务于流域的水资源综合管理。通过这一过程,对石羊河流域在水资源管理中存在的问题进行分析、研究,并提出了相应的管理对策,目的在于使水资源管理政策更为科学合理,具有一定的现实意义。     

Groundwater regime and calculation of yield response in North China Plain: a case study of Luancheng County in Hebei Province

The groundwater table has been declining at a rate of 0.65 m/yr in Luancheng County since large scale groundwater extraction carried out in the 1960s. The drop of precipitation, substantial increase in agricultural output, variations of crop planting structure and construction of water conservancy projects in the headwater area all tie up with the decline of the groundwater table. On the basis of analyzing the hydrogeological conditions and the water resources utilization of Luancheng County, a three-dimensional groundwater flow model was developed to simulate the county’s groundwater flow through finite-difference method using Visual Modflow software. We divide the research field into four parts after analyzing the hydrogeological condition. Based on parameter calibration and adjustment using measured data, the hydraulic conductivity and specific yield were simulated. Using the calibrated model, we analyze the agricultural water saving potentiality and its influence on the groundwater. The results are as follows: (1) if we decrease the amount of water extracted by 0.14xl0⁸ m³, the average groundwater table of the five observation wells in December will rise by 0.33 m; (2) if we decrease the water by 0.29x 10⁸m³, the average groundwater table of the five observation wells in December will rise by 0.64 m; and (3) if we increase the water by 0.29 x 10⁸m³, the average groundwater table of the five observation wells in December will decline by 0.45 m. So we can draw a conclusion that controlling the agricultural water use is an important way to prevent the decline of groundwater table.     

Application of Artificial Neural Networks to Complex Groundwater Management Problems

As water quantity and quality problems become increasingly severe, accurate prediction and effective management of scarcer water resources will become critical. In this paper, the successful application of artificial neural network (ANN) technology is described for three types of groundwater prediction and management problems. In the first example, an ANN was trained with simulation data from a physically based numerical model to predict head (groundwater elevation) at locations of interest under variable pumping and climate conditions. The ANN achieved a high degree of predictive accuracy, and its derived state-transition equations were embedded into a multiobjective optimization formulation and solved to generate a trade-off curve depicting water supply in relation to contamination risk. In the second and third examples, ANNs were developed with real-world hydrologic and climate data for different hydrogeologic environments. For the second problem, an ANN was developed using data collected for a 5-year, 8-month period to predict heads in a multilayered surficial and limestone aquifer system under variable pumping, state, and climate conditions. Using weekly stress periods, the ANN substantially outperformed a well-calibrated numerical flow model for the 71-day validation period, and provided insights into the effects of climate and pumping on water levels. For the third problem, an ANN was developed with data collected automatically over a 6-week period to predict hourly heads in 11 high-capacity public supply wells tapping a semiconfined bedrock aquifer and subject to large well-interference effects. Using hourly stress periods, the ANN accurately predicted heads for 24-hour periods in all public supply wells. These test cases demonstrate that the ANN technology can solve a variety of complex groundwater management problems and overcome many of the problems and limitations associated with traditional physically based flow models.     

Impacts of land use changes on groundwater resources in the Heihe River Basin

Land use and land cover changes have a great impact on the regional hydrological process. Based on three periods of remote sensing data from the 1960s and the long-term observed data of groundwater from the 1980s, the impacts of land use changes on the groundwater system in the middle reach of Heihe River Basin in recent three decades are analyzed by the perspective of groundwater recharge and discharge system. The results indicate that with the different intensities of land use changes, the impacts on the groundwater recharge were 2.602×108 m3/a in the former 15 years (1969-1985) and 0.218×108 m3/a in the latter 15 years (1986-2000), and the impacts on the groundwater discharge were 2.035×108 m3/a and 4.91×108 m3/a respectively. When the groundwater exploitation was in a reasonable range less than 3.0×108 m3/a, the land use changes could control the changes of regional groundwater resources. Influenced by the land use changes and the large-scale exploitation in the recent decade, the groundwater resources present apparently regional differences in Zhangye region. Realizing the impact of land use changes on groundwater system and the characteristics of spatial-temporal variations of regional groundwater resources would be very important for reasonably utilizing and managing water and soil resources.     

黑河流域土地利用变化对地下水资源的影响

土地利用与覆被变化对区域水文过程具有深刻影响。利用1960s以来的三期遥感数据和1980年以来的地下水长期观测数据, 从地下水补给和排泄系统两方面, 分析了近30年来甘肃省黑河流域中游地区土地利用与覆被变化对地下水系统的影响, 结果表明：以1985年为界, 随土地利用与覆被变化强度不同, 前后15年土地利用变化对地下水系统补给的影响分别达到2.602亿m³/a和0.218亿m³/a, 对排泄系统的影响分别为2.035亿m³/a和4.91亿m³/a, 在保持区域人工开采量不超过3.0亿m³/a的合理幅度下, 土地利用变化对区域地下水资源变化起着决定作用;在区域土地利用与覆被变化和近10年来人类较大规模开采影响下, 甘肃省张掖盆地地下水资源变化出现了显著的区域差异性。认识土地利用变化对流域地下水系统的作用与区域地下水资源的时空变化特征, 对流域水土资源合理利用规划与管理有重要意义。     

生活饮用水地下水源保护区的划定方法——英国的经验值法与实例

饮用水水源保护区的建设在我国有15年的历史,有一些经验积累,也有不少问题尚有待于进一步研究。地下水源保护区的划定方法有经验值法和计算机模型法,岩石土壤对水污染的过滤净化功能,是划定地下水源保护区的自然科学依据。由于岩土过滤机理至今没能搞清,经验值法应用很普遍。50日流程等值线是国际上应用最普遍的经验值。本文介绍了英国水源保护区的经验值法以及它的实际操作过程。     

基于生态水文学的地下水资源管理研究——以延庆盆地为例

传统的地下水资源管理往往只关注地下水位的变化,而很少考虑变化的水位会对区域生态系统产生什么样的影响。本文在生态水文模拟的基础上提出了一种基于生态水文学的地下水资源管理新方法。该方法耦合土壤水分与地下水位,考虑植物在水分胁迫下的蒸腾抑制机理,通过土壤水分亏缺与植物水分胁迫耦合水文过程与植物响应,进行基于过程的分布式生态水...     

黑河流域土地利用变化对地下水资源的影响

Land use and land cover changes have a great impact on the regional hydrological process. Based on three periods of remote sensing data from the 1960s and the long-term observed data of groundwater from the 1980s, the impacts of land use changes on the groundwater system in the middle reach of Heihe River Basin in recent three decades are analyzed by the perspective of groundwater recharge and discharge system. The results indicate that with the different intensities of land use changes, the impacts on the groundwater recharge were 2.602 × 10^8 m^3/a in the former 15 years （1969-1985） and 0.218 × 10^8 m^3/a in the latter 15 years （1986-2000）, and the impacts on the groundwater discharge were 2.035 × 10^8 m^3/a and 4.91 × 10^8 m^3/a respectively. When the groundwater exploitation was in a reasonable range less than 3.0 × 10^8 m^3/a, the land use changes could control the changes of regional groundwater resources. Influenced by the land use changes and the large-scale exploitation in the recent decade, the groundwater resources present apparently regional differences in Zhangye region. Realizing the impact of land use changes on groundwater system and the characteristics of spatial-temporal variations of regional groundwater resources would be very important for reasonably utilizing and managing water and soil resources.     

塔里木沙漠油田南部区域地表水与地下水资源分布特征

沙漠油田位于塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地,沙漠腹地无地表河流分布,沙漠层面以下,广泛分布有浅层地下水,但地下水储存量大,动态补给量小;沙漠中地下水的分布与其南部区域的地表径流的形成及转化,有密切的水文循环关系,论文主要分析了沙漠油田南部区域地表水与地下水分布状况、水文循环特征、水量平衡计算。弄清了沙漠油田南部区域地表水与地下水资源分布状况,为地方和油田水资源合理开发利用,提供了准确资料和理论依据。     

柴达木盆地深层地下水成矿模式及其成矿规律

论述了柴达木盆地深层地下水成矿模式及其成矿规律。不仅剖析了深层地下水成矿的研究概况和化学成分的现今性状与时空分布规律 ;而且首次探讨了深层地下水的水文地质发育史 ,进行了古水文地质再造 ,提出了古水文地质旋回的新概念。同时 ,还揭示出“围压深埋型烃类运聚形成的石油 (气 )藏”及其“高压围限的低压区、毗邻高压区的低压区、卸压区和早熟型等 4大聚油 (气 )区”和“高山深盆浅水蒸发型盐湖富钾卤水矿床”及其“水平分带、垂向叠加效应和水型相关”等 3大成矿规律。据此 ,对于石油 (气 )藏和盐湖富钾卤水等资源开展了成矿予测 ,并且指出了勘查开发方向     

石羊河流域环境现状及其演化趋势分析

石羊河流域下游地区蒸发强度大、地下水循环速度慢,加之近年来地表水供给量的严重不足,过度开采地下水已引发了区域性地下水位下降、植被退化、盐渍化、沙漠化等一系列生态环境问题的不断恶化。地下水位的下降与矿化度的增高存在着明显的正相关性,特别是流域下游地区地下水矿化度的增高趋势明显。根据影响地下水动态的主要影响因素可将石羊河流域地下水的动态类型划分为蒸发型、开采型、径流开采型、渗入型和蒸发开采型5种,在此基础上,结合多年地下水位和水质变化的实测资料,对石羊河流域地下水下降趋势和亏空状况进行模拟分析,表明该区近40a来地下水位持续下降,亏空量不断增加,并且具有明显的加速趋势。1960年武威和民勤盆地地下水亏空量为174×10⁸m³,1998年已达452×10⁸m³,如不采取有力措施加以治理,预计2010年将达到67×10⁸m³,这将对该区生态环境产生严重的影响。