中国外资利用效率测评及其时空变化研究

提高外资利用效率是实现中国外资利用模式从数量型向质量型战略转变的关键途径,具有重要的现实和理论意义。基于此理,本文引入DEA模型,选取劳动、资本、资金3 项投入指标和技术溢出、经济和社会产出3 项产出指标构建评价体系,对中国FDI利用效率的时空变化特征进行了实证分析。结果显示:①近10 年全国外资利用效率普遍偏低且变动幅度不大,外资利用技术效率>规模效率>综合效率。②中国外资利用效率空间分异的变化显著,由2000 年“大集中-小分散”与“大分散-小集中”并存空间分布特征转变为2009 年“大集中-小分散”的空间分布格局,且西部外资利用效率长期大于东部和中部地区,在全国规模收益递减和不变地区长期占主导地位;③外资利用技术效率和规模效率共同决定着综合效率,而技术效率的决定作用稍微较强。对于外资利用效率有待优化的地区应重视外资管理和引导外资从冗余地区逐步迁移,对外资流向和流量进行监控。     

黄土高原社会-生态系统恢复力时空变化特征与影响因素分析

社会-生态系统恢复力理论为可持续发展研究提供了新视角。从社会、经济、生态三大子系统,脆弱性和适应能力两大要素着手,建立社会-生态系统恢复力评价指标体系,采用集对分析法测度黄土高原2000—2018年各子系统及社会-生态系统恢复力,利用探索性空间数据分析法进行时空演变格局分析,并甄别社会-生态系统恢复力的主要影响因素。结果表明：（1） 2000—2018年社会-生态系统恢复力由0.522增强至0.721。社会恢复力由0.548增强至0.629后减弱至0.525;经济恢复力由0.401持续增强至0.850;生态恢复力由0.725减弱至0.607后增强至0.734,子系统恢复力演化趋势均不协同,经济系统与社会-生态系统恢复力演化趋势协同。经济系统恢复力的增强对于社会-生态系统恢复力增强具有显著促进作用。（2） 社会-生态系统恢复力出现显著空间集聚趋势,较高地区除省会城市和包头等能源富集区外,关中平原地区始终呈现高-高（H-H）集聚格局,其余地区恢复力普遍相对偏低。（3） 2000年以来黄土高原地区社会-生态系统恢复力生态维度障碍度始终高于社会和经济维度,不同地区指标层首要影响因素为人均GDP。     

用MODIS卫星数据来分析格陵兰海叶绿素和气溶胶光学厚度之间的关系

主要利用卫星数据MODIS Aqua研究在北极格陵兰海(10°W-10°E,70°N-85°N)2003-2009年间叶绿素a(Chl a)与气溶胶厚度(AOD)的分布以及它们之间的耦合关系.研究发现,Chl a和AOD在一定的区域里有着带有滞后期的耦合关系.同时通过统计软件EVieWS的滞后回归分析发现,Chl a滞...     

避难国政策影响下的欧洲难民危机时空格局及迁移优化

欧洲是“一带一路”倡议的重点覆盖地域,是亚欧大陆经济走廊的重要组成,维护其地区安全稳定,排除干扰中欧两大市场合作互联的潜在安全隐患,对于“一带一路”倡议的稳固推进十分必要。基于地理学视角,考虑难民安置政策因素,采用灰色关联分析、层次分析、多目标规划等方法对2015-2017年欧洲难民危机时空演变过程及迁移格局优化进行分析。① 时空演化分析显示难民集中于2015年登陆欧洲,欧洲各国登陆难民、接收难民数量极化突出,双重失衡;② 灰色关联分析显示难民迁移决策具有福利优先、收入优先的导向,各国难民政策调整为迁移决策带来不确定性,既有迁移格局难以长期维持;③ 层次分析显示北欧西欧国家难民宜居性较高,东欧南欧国家宜居性相对较差,部分避难国承担安置难民数量与其宜居性不符;④ 多目标规划的优化格局显示,由于欧洲各国忽视全球化背景致使难民政策指向错误,迁移网络更加混乱失衡,优化后来自土耳其、乌克兰的难民迁移趋势向西欧集中,来自希腊、匈牙利的难民迁移趋势在空间上更加平均分散,来自意大利的难民迁移趋势向西欧南欧呈扇形分散。优化后迁移格局有助于缓解地区安全局势、为“一带一路”建设创造良好的政治、经济环境,平衡劳动力资源配置,为建设投资提供潜在市场。最后在研究结果的基础上提出若干协同合作调整难民迁移格局的危机缓解措施。     

On the application of SAR interferometry to geomorphological studies: estimation of landform attributes and mass movements

This paper presents two examples of application of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry (InSAR) to typical geomorphological problems. The principles of InSAR are introduced, taking care to clarify the limits and the potential of this technique for geomorphological studies. The application of InSAR to the quantification of landform attributes such as the slope and to the estimation of landform variations is investigated. Two case studies are presented. A first case study focuses on the problem of measuring landform attributes by interferometric SAR data. The interferometric result is compared with the corresponding one obtained by a Digital Elevation Model (DEM). In the second case study, the use of InSAR for the estimation of landform variations caused by a landslide is detailed.     

跨国公司对华直接投资区位选择战略分析

区位因素是影响跨国公司制定对外直接投资战略的重要因素之一。本文以香港、澳门、日本、韩国、美国、德国等国家和地区为代表，分析了跨国公司对华直接投资的动机及区位选择战略，在此基础上提出加入WTO之后中国企业海外直接投资的区位选择战略。     

地形信息对确定DEM适宜分辨率的影响

分辨率会直接影响基于栅格数字高程模型（DEM）的数字地形分析结果,因此在实际应用中,需要选择适宜的DEM分辨率。目前采取的基本方法,基于某种地形信息定量刻画尺度效应曲线,从而确定DEM适宜分辨率,但对于采用不同地形信息时所产生的影响尚缺乏研究。本文针对该方法中通常采用的坡度、剖面曲率、水平曲率等3 种地形信息,每种地形信息提取时,分别使用两种不同的常用算法,在3 个不同地形特征的研究区中,逐一计算其在不同分辨率下的局部方差均值,以刻画尺度效应曲线,确定相应的DEM适宜分辨率,并进行对比分析。结果表明：① 采用剖面曲率或水平曲率所得适宜分辨率结果基本相同,但采用坡度所得出的适宜分辨率结果则有明显差别,后者所得的适宜分辨率更粗;② 采用不同地形信息时,越是在平缓地形为主的研究区,所得的适宜分辨率结果越相近,在复合地形特征的研究区所得到的适宜分辨率区间均明显较宽;③ 地形属性计算时所用的算法对适宜分辨率结果的影响不明显。     

价格支持政策改革背景下中国玉米市场空间关联

玉米市场空间关联是反映玉米市场运行效率的关键指标,价格支持政策的实施及改革对玉米市场空间关联产生重要影响。本文基于中国省际玉米市场价格数据,分析了价格支持政策改革背景下玉米市场空间关联及其时变情况,并运用社会网络分析法刻画了玉米市场空间关联网络特征,最后,通过QAP分析考察了影响玉米市场空间关联的主要因素。研究发现：① 中国玉米市场总体空间关联程度较高,且近年来整体呈上升趋势,玉米临时收储政策的实施并未改变其上升趋势,但导致政策实施省份玉米市场与其他地区玉米市场间关联程度下降。② 玉米市场空间关联呈现多线程、复杂的网络结构形态,网络结构较为紧密、整体关联性强且较为稳定;中东部地区玉米消费量较大的省份在玉米市场空间关联网络中处于中心位置,在网络中扮演着中心行动者角色,而实施玉米支持政策的区域以及西部地区在玉米市场空间关联网络中影响力较小,处于边缘和弱势地位,扮演着边缘行动者角色。③ 地理位置邻接、市场距离、销区市场势力、信息传递效应以及实施临时收储政策是决定和影响玉米市场空间关联的主要因素,其中,销区市场势力及信息传递效应对玉米市场空间关联的影响不断上升。     

Landslide scar/soil erodibility mapping using Landsat TM/ETM+ bands 7 and 3 Normalised Difference Index: A case study of central region of Kenya

Landsat series multispectral remote sensing imagery has gained increasing attention in providing solutions to environmental problems such as land degradation which exacerbate soil erosion and landslide disasters in the case of rainfall events. Multispectral data has facilitated the mapping of soils, land-cover and structural geology, all of which are factors affecting landslide occurrence. The main aim of this research was to develop a methodology to visualize and map past landslides as well as identify land degradation effects through soil erosion and land-use using remote sensing techniques in the central region of Kenya. The study area has rugged terrain and rainfall has been the main source of landslide trigger. The methodology comprised visualizing landslide scars using a False Colour Composite (FCC) and mapping soil erodibility using FCC components applying expert based classification. The components of the FCC were: the first independent component (IC1), Principal Component (PC) with most geological information, and a Normalised Difference Index (NDI) involving Landsat TM/ETM+ band 7 and 3.The FCC components formed the inputs for knowledge-based classification with the following 13 classes: runoff, extreme erosions, other erosions, landslide areas, highly erodible, stable, exposed volcanic rocks, agriculture, green forest, new forest regrowth areas, clear, turbid and salty water. Validation of the mapped landslide areas with field GPS locations of landslide affected areas showed that 66% of the points coincided well with landslide areas mapped in the year 2000. The classification maps showed landslide areas on the steep ridge faces, other erosions in agricultural areas, highly erodible zones being already weathered rocks, while runoff were mainly fluvial deposits. Thus, landuse and rainfall processes play a major role in inducing landslides in the study area.     

A proposed framework for feature‐level geospatial data sharing: a case study for transportation network data

Current data sharing in the Internet environment is supported using metadata at the file level. This approach has three fundamental shortcomings. First, sharing data from different sources with different semantics, data models, and acquisition methods usually requires data conversion and/or integration like data conflation. This can be tedious and error‐prone. Second, data updated from one source cannot be automatically propagated to other related data or applications. Finally, data sharing at the file level makes it difficult to provide feature‐level data for searching, accessing, and exchanging in real time over the Internet. This paper addresses these three issues by proposing a standards‐based framework for sharing geospatial data in the transportation application domain. The proposed framework uses a standard data model—geospatial data model proposed by the Geospatial One‐Stop initiative to harmonize the semantics and data models without the use of data integration methods. It uses Geography Markup Language (GML) for geospatial data coding and feature relationship, which provides a basis to propagate the data update from one source to related other sources and applications, and to search and extract data at the feature level. The framework uses the Web Feature Service (WFS) to search, access and extract data at the feature level from distributed sources. Finally, the Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) standard was used for data display on the Web browser. Two transportation network datasets are used in the prototype case study to implement the proposed framework. The prototype allows the user to access and extract data at the feature level on the Web from distributed sources without downloading the full data file. It shows that the proposed standards‐based feature‐level data‐sharing system is capable of sharing data without data conflation, accessing, and exchanging data in real time at the feature level. The prototype also shows that changes in one database can be automatically reflected or propagated in another related database without data downloading.     

氯氧镁胶凝材料中总氯离子的测定:(Ⅱ)分析方法的比较与评价

氯氧镁胶凝材料中的总Cl-含量是衡量产品吸潮、返卤和泛霜性能的关键指标之一。分别用重量法、CNS14164方法以及用甘油保护沉淀和过滤分离沉淀的Volhard法测定了5个MOC样品中的总Cl-含量;并以重量法的测定结果为基准,比较和评价了其余3种分析方法。结果表明,CNS 14164方法主要由沉淀转化引起负误差,该方法受随机误差的影响较大;用甘油保护沉淀后,测定的精密度和准确度提高,测定结果的相对误差为-0.24%,该方法可替代CNS14164方法;过滤分离沉淀后,分析结果受随机误差的影响较小,但该方法存在较大的系统误差,测定结果的相对误差为1.43%。     

Uncertainty modeling and analysis of surface area calculation based on a regular grid digital elevation model (DEM)

In the field of digital terrain analysis (DTA), the principle and method of uncertainty in surface area calculation (SAC) have not been deeply developed and need to be further studied. This paper considers the uncertainty of data sources from the digital elevation model (DEM) and SAC in DTA to perform the following investigations: (a) truncation error (TE) modeling and analysis, (b) modeling and analysis of SAC propagation error (PE) by using Monte-Carlo simulation techniques and spatial autocorrelation error to simulate DEM uncertainty. The simulation experiments show that (a) without the introduction of the DEM error, higher DEM resolution and lower terrain complexity lead to smaller TE and absolute error (AE); (b) with the introduction of the DEM error, the DEM resolution and terrain complexity influence the AE and standard deviation (SD) of the SAC, but the trends by which the two values change may be not consistent; and (c) the spatial distribution of the introduced random error determines the size and degree of the deviation between the calculated result and the true value of the surface area. This study provides insights regarding the principle and method of uncertainty in SACs in geographic information science (GIScience) and provides guidance to quantify SAC uncertainty.     

西北地区5—9月极端干期长度异常的气候特征

利用西北地区107个测站1960—2004年逐日降水资料,统计5—9月连续无雨日数 (日降水量小于0.1 mm),得到西北地区5—9月的逐年极端干期长度,在此基础上分析了极端干期长度的基本时空分布特征;对资料标准化后进行经验正交展开（EOF）和旋转经验正交展开（REOF）,研究其异常的空间结构及时间演变规律;并利用小波分析方法,分析了极端干期的周期性及突变的时间。结果表明：西北地区极端干期长度的气候平均分布与海拔高度及地理位置有较大的关系。西北地区极端干期长度异常在空间上主要表现为整体一致型,其次表现为东西相反的变化趋势。旋转载荷向量场（RLV）反映出极端干期长度的5个异常气候区：高原东北区,南疆区,青海区,北疆区和西北东南区。5个异常区极端干期长度均存在较明显的2~3 a高频振荡;其次西北东南区存在明显的16 a低频变化周期,而其他各区存在明显的8~11 a低频变化周期。新疆及青藏高原20世纪80年代后极端干期有缩短之趋势。高原东北区,青海区,北疆区的极端干期长度的分布有两个突变点;南疆区、西北东南区则各有一突变点。     

吉林省不同水系的高锰酸盐指数、化学需氧量和总有机碳的相关关系比较

通过对吉林省四大水系的主要河流在2005~2006年内采样,测其高锰酸盐指数(PV)、化学需氧量(COD)和总有机碳(TOC),用最小二乘法对PV—TOC、COD—TOC和COD—PV进行线性回归,并进行相关关系的显著性检验,建立吉林省四大水系主要河流PV—TOC、COD—TOC和COD—PV的定量关系模型。结果表明,吉林省四大水系主要河流中PV—TOC、COD—TOC和COD—PV之间均具有显著的线性相关关系,不同水系的线性相关关系之间存在一定的差异。     

呼伦贝尔沙地沙丘砂来源的定量分析— 逐步判别分析(SDA)在粒度分析方面的应用

以呼伦贝尔沙地砂物质的粒度分析资料为基础,利用两组间的逐步判别分析(SDA) 来筛选决定不同沉积物间差异的主导因子,根据主导因子的个数、Mahalanobis距离D2、通过统计学检验的信度琢等3个因素,来定量地确定两个总体间的相似性大小。分析结果表明:呼伦贝尔沙地的风成沙丘砂主要来源于海拉尔组砂(Q3),但河流冲积砂和古土壤也有不可忽视的作用;在嵯岗镇附近及其以西的海拉尔河下游宽阔河谷中,自然条件下河流冲积砂也可以成为风成沙丘砂的主要沙源。     

祁连山及周边降水分布聚类检验和典型流域增雨效果评价

祁连山及周边区域地形复杂,降水分布极不均匀,如何科学地分区分型,对把握研究区域降水分布特征具有极为重要的意义。利用该区域31个国家基本站1961—2020年5—9月降水量资料,采用主成分分析方法（PCA）对该区域降水量进行分析,再通过聚类分析（CAST）对该结果进行显著性检验,最后将分区分型结果应用于人工增雨作业效果评估。结果表明：（1） 祁连山及周边可分成7个区域（Z1~Z7）,累积方差贡献率超过78%。（2） 这7个区域分别以乐都、海晏、野牛沟、武威、高台、临泽、刚察为中心点,划分结果与降水量、地理地形、海拔高度显著关联。（3） 依托区域历史回归统计方法对人工增雨作业效果进行评价,发现1992—2020年石羊河流域5—9月绝对增雨量、相对增雨率分别为8.91 mm、6.51%,其中7月最高（6.30 mm、21.86%）,8月次之（5.44 mm、16.11%）。基于地面降水量的作业效果评价往往受对比区选择的影响,聚类检验方法不仅有助于复杂地形下降水量的分区研究,还为科学选择对比区提供了客观依据。     

物流场论及其在经济分析中的应用

本文提出存在于人类生产活动中的一种“场”现象——物流场及其运动规律的一种概念体系和分析方法。利用物流场与对应区域的生产和社会发展相互关系,来分析经济和社会发展特别是地理、交通经济方面的问题。并对我国和世界主要国家的物流场以及交通运输经济若干问题作了一个探讨性分析。     

GIS-based stochastic modeling of physical accessibility using GPS-based floating car data and Monte Carlo simulation

The term physical accessibility has long been used by geographers, economists, and urban planners and reflects the relative ease of access to/from several urban/rural services by considering the traveling costs. Numerous accessibility measures, ranging from simple to sophisticated, can be observed in the geographical information systems (GIS)-based accessibility modeling literature. However, these measures are generally calculated from a constant catchment boundary (a most likely or average catchment boundary) based on constant deterministic transportation costs. This is one of the fundamental shortcomings of the current GIS-based accessibility modeling and creates uncertainty about the accuracy and reliability of the accessibility measures, especially when highly variable speeds in road segments are considered. The development of a new stochastic approach by using global positioning system (GPS)-based floating car data and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) technique could enable handling the variations in transportation costs in a probabilistic manner and help to consider all possible catchment boundaries, instead of one average catchment boundary, in accessibility modeling process. Therefore, this article proposes a stochastic methodology for GIS-based accessibility modeling by using GPS-based floating car data and MCS technique. The proposed methodology is illustrated with a case study on medical emergency service accessibility in Eskisehir, Turkey. Moreover, deterministic and stochastic accessibility models are compared to demonstrate the differences between the models. The proposed model could provide better decision support for the decision-makers who are supposed to deal with accessibility, location/allocation, and service/catchment area related issues.     

西北太平洋边缘海区海面变化多尺度解析及空间分异

利用MODWT对西北太平洋边缘海区8站位1965~2005年验潮序列进行多尺度分解,讨论了该区域海面变化多尺度波动特征及空间分异。结果显示年周期组分振幅随纬度增大而逐渐增大,半年周期组分振幅以中国沿岸最大,其余站位相对较小。年际尺度的波动中ENSO信号与1~2年尺度的准周期波动存在模态混叠现象,表现为对序列构形和不同时段的相关关系的影响。利用ICA方法从小波分解的年际尺度和信号中分离出的ENSO信号,表明不同纬度海面对ENSO事件的响应整体上呈现向高纬衰减的变化特征。基于小波相似性的分析结果显示,低纬各站海面对ENSO在各尺度上均呈现出显著的负相关,而中高纬地区则呈现出正相关。1980年之前和之后中高纬地区的海面对ENSO的响应出现了显著的差异,这可能与ENSO自身频率的调整有关。     

GIS与地理分析

GIS与地理学的结合 ,有助于地理学家分析区域性或全球性一系列的地理问题 ,研究大气圈、水圈、岩石圈、生物圈等圈层内部的结构特征、分布规律、演化过程以及彼此之间物质流、能量流、信息流的传递方式及动力学机制。