毛乌素沙区沙漠化土地防治区划

毛乌素沙区在自然条件、沙漠化程度和变化趋势及产业经济发展特征等方面具有明显的空间异质性,合理地进行区域沙漠化土地防治区划是因地制宜开展土地沙漠化防治工作的重要基础。选取自然条件、沙漠化发展过程及人类活动等方面12个指标,将毛乌素沙区划分为黄土高原与鄂尔多斯高原过渡区、毛乌素沙地腹地典型草原区和西鄂尔多斯荒漠草原区3个区、7个亚区、12个小区。在区域可持续发展战略的实施过程中,要根据亚区和小区的特点有针对性地进行沙漠化土地的防治,充分利用区域资源优势,优化产业结构,确保经济效益、社会效益和生态效益的稳步提升。     

A late Holocene winter monsoon record inferred from the palaeo-aeolian sand dune in the southeastern Mu Us Desert, northern China

The variation of the Asian winter monsoonal strength has seriously affected the climate and environmental conditions in the Asian monsoonal region, and even in marginal islands and the ocean in the East Asian region. However, relevant understanding remains unclear due to the lack of suitable geological materials and effective proxies in the key study areas. Here, we present a grain-size record derived from the palaeo-aeolian sand dune in the southeastern Mu Us Desert, together with other proxies and OSL dating, which reflect a relatively detailed history of the winter monsoon and abrupt environmental events during the past 4.2 ka. Our grain-size standard deviation model indicated that >224 μm content can be considered as an indicator of the intensity of Asian winter monsoon, and it shows declined around 4.2-2.1 ka, enhanced but unstable in 2.1-0.9 ka, and obviously stronger since then. In addition, several typical climate events were also documented, forced by the periodic variation of winter monsoonal intensity. These include the cold intervals of 4.2, 2.8, 1.4 ka, and the Little Ice Age (LIA), and relatively warm sub-phases around 3.0, 2.1, 1.8 ka, and the Medieval Warm Period (MWP), which were roughly accordant with the records of the aeolian materials, peat, stalagmites, ice cores, and sea sediments in various latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Combined with the previous progresses of the Asian summer monsoon, we preliminarily confirmed a millennial-scale anti-correlation of Asian winter and summer monsoons in the Late Holocene epoch. This study suggests that the evolution of the palaeo-aeolian sand dune has the potential for comprehending the history of Asian monsoon across the desert regions of the modern Asian monsoonal margin in northern China.     

Historical desertification of the Mu Us Desert, Northern China: A multidisciplinary study

The problem of historical desertification of the Mu Us desert, northern China has been paid considerable attention during the past several decades. Through the analysis of stratigraphic evidence, historical records and archaeological discoveries, this paper studied the problem using a multidisciplinary approach. The results show that two phases of serious desertification occurred during the last two millennia, one is during the mid-to-late Tang dynasty (about A.D. 800) and the other during the late Ming dynasty (about A.D. 1500–1600). Further investigation of the cause of each phase of desertification demonstrates that the former phase of desertification is closely related to abrupt climate change occurring in the mid-eighth century, but the latter, which started during the Ming dynasty and stopped at late 1980s, is not consistent with climatic causation. Therefore, we suggest that human activities contributed to the development of the latter phase of desertification.     

近50年来毛乌素沙地的沙漠化过程研究

根据野外考察、应用遥感和地理信息系统技术对毛乌素沙地进行动态研究表明，50年代沙漠化土地面积约为12900km^2，到了70年代中期达41110km^2,80年代后期，减少为32590km^2，至1993年又下降到了30650km^2。50-70年代是沙漠化土地迅速发展的时期，而进入80年代以后，总体上是处于逆转过程中，已有近9460km^2的沙漠化土地得到了治理，这主要得益于“三北”防护林工程的实施和当地政府与干部群众积极开展沙漠化防治的努力，也进一步证明了：沙漠化主要是人类造成的，也只有人类能够控制它。     

毛乌素沙地现代沙丘沙的粒度特征及其意义

对毛乌素沙地不同类型41个现代沙丘的沙粒度分析结果表明,流动沙丘沙主要由细沙和中沙组成,平均粒径为2.17 Φ;固定-半固定沙丘沙的主要粒级是细沙和极细沙,平均粒径为3.09 Φ。流动沙丘沙平均粒径整体自西北到东南减小,而分选性总体表现为中等-较好,无明显空间变化规律。概率累计曲线和粒度特征参数散点图表明,毛乌素沙地沙丘沙以跃移搬运方式为主,存在着就地起沙和就地堆积的可能。平均粒径和分选性空间变化规律的差异,是在频繁强烈的风沙活动环境下物源和大气环流共同作用的结果。     

基于标准化降水蒸散指数（SPEI）的毛乌素沙地1981—2020年干旱特征研究

大气干旱是影响半干旱沙区植被建设、生态恢复及社会经济可持续发展的重要因素。基于1981—2020年毛乌素沙地10个气象站点的逐月气象资料,计算了月、季和年尺度的标准化降水蒸散指数（SPEI）,分析了该沙区近40年降水和气温的变化趋势、干旱事件及其频率的时空特征。结果表明：（1）毛乌素沙地近40年降水量和气温均呈现显著的上升趋势（P<0.05）;秋季和冬季降水量呈现显著的上升趋势（P<0.05）,四季气温均呈现显著的上升趋势（P<0.05）。（2）毛乌素沙地总体上呈现出不显著的湿润化趋势（P>0.05）,但秋季呈显著的湿润化趋势（P<0.05）;中、西部地区呈现出湿润化趋势,而东部地区则呈现干旱化趋势。（3）近40年毛乌素沙地的月尺度下干旱总频率达32.71%,各等级发生频率为轻旱>中旱>重旱>特旱,季节发生频次为冬季>夏季、秋季>春季;轻旱主要发生在毛乌素沙地的北部、中部、东南和西南部,中旱在东部、北部和西部边缘,重旱在东部、中部以及南部地区,特旱在西北部、南部和东南部区域。     

基于RS、GIS两大沙漠边缘带土地利用/覆盖对近十余年来气候变化的响应研究

以1986年与2000年两期TM遥感解译影像为基础,运用GIS空间分析手段,借助多个土地利用分析模型,对我国北方腾格里与毛乌素两大沙漠边缘带土地利用空间变化特点进行了分析,揭示出上世纪80年代后期至本世纪初的十余年来两大沙漠南缘带土地利用／覆盖对气候变化所做出的各具特色的响应方式。研究期内,研究区土地利用程度总体得到提高,其中东部毛乌素地区提高速度高于西部,中部宁夏部分高于两头陕西、甘肃部分。土地利用重心分布揭示出半干旱、干旱沙漠边缘带耕地与水资源分布的密切关系,同时,土地利用重心变化分析揭示山西部腾格里地区研究期内生态环境区域恶化,而东部毛乌素地区生态环境质量趋于好转。     

毛乌素沙地砒砂岩与沙复配农田的固沙效应及其微观机理

砒砂岩与沙复配成土及其工程化核心技术的提出与应用,为毛乌素沙地合理利用土地资源、科学推进生态建设提供了新的思路与技术支撑。前期研究对利用层面的技术问题给予了较多关注并取得显著进展,而在潜在风险层面特别是关于复配土壤的固沙效应及其微观机理的探索则相对薄弱。基于集沙仪、扫描电镜及激光粒度仪,结合野外定位试验和室内仪器观测,对毛乌素典型原状沙地及复配农田的输沙特征差异及其固沙微观机理进行探索。结果表明：（1）观测周期内,原状沙地输沙总量为4 951 g,远高于复配农田2 436 g的输沙总量,原状沙地更易受风蚀,而复配农田土壤起沙风速大、输沙量较小,具有明显的固沙效应;（2）扫描电镜图像显示,原状沙地土粒（沙粒）粗骨化、无粘结,而耕种两年的复配农田土壤中已出现团聚体;（3）激光粒度仪分析显示,原状沙地的粉、黏粒含量仅为2.74%,而复配农田这一比例增至15.12%;（4）复配土防风固沙效应的形成与粉粒和黏粒含量及土壤结构等紧密相关。鉴于复配农田输沙固沙能力的动态差异性和风力敏感性,进一步实施复配成土造田工程时,宜在复配农田主导风向的上风向区域及成片农田内适当布设具有防风功能的适生草类或灌木条带。     

土地利用规划环境影响评价指标与案例

土地利用规划环境影响评价,是针对土地利用的宏观结构调整与布局对环境与生态的可能影响作出的预测性评估。本文从生态保护、土地退化防治、耕地资源保障、建设用地增长的适度性与后效、耕地占补平衡的生态风险等5个方面,设计了11个指标用于预测和评估土地利用规划对环境、生态和土地资源的可能影响程度,并以《1997~2010年全国土地利用总体规划纲要》为案例进行了实际应用。结果表明,所提出的指标能较好的预估土地利用规划方案的实施对环境、生态和土地资源的潜在影响,为规避土地利用调整可能出现的不良环境与生态影响,提供有益的决策支持。     

Dynamics of the eco-environmental quality in response to land use changes in rapidly urbanizing areas: A case study of Wuhan,China from 2000 to 2018

Journal of Geographical Sciences - The dramatic land use changes that occur in rapidly urbanized areas are important inducement to changes in the eco-environmental quality. Investigating urban land...     

Evaluation,simulation, and optimization of land use spatial patterns for high-quality development: A case study of Zhengzhou city,China

Journal of Geographical Sciences - High-intensity land use and resource overloaded-induced regional land use spatial pattern (LUSP) are essential and challenging for high-quality development. The...     

松嫩平原西部土地利用变化及沙漠化响应——以黑龙江泰来县为例

以松嫩平原西部的典型沙漠化区泰来县为例,利用遥感、地理信息系统和野外调查获取了3期土地利用和沙漠化分布数据,分析了土地利用变化及其沙漠化动态响应。结果表明:①土地利用程度变化大多趋于加重趋势,其中1986~2000年加重趋势迅猛,2000~2005年加重趋势有所减缓;②沙漠化土地面积总体趋势逐渐增加,前期以40.7hm²/a的速度增加,后期以8hm²/a的速度增加,增加速度明显减慢,其中低覆盖度草地和林地发生沙化的几率最高;③土地利用方式未变化的土地以沙漠化减轻为主,而土地利用方式发生变化的土地,前期以沙漠化加重为主,后期以减轻为主,与土地利用程度变化相一致。     

Underlying motivation for land use change: A case study on the variation of agricultural factor productivity in Xinjiang, China

Understanding the driving forces and mechanism of land use change is a key issue in land change science, and has received much attention over the past 30 years. While many driving forces have been identified, the mechanism of land use change is still unclear, mainly because of limited knowledge of the underlying motivation for land use change. Traditionally, the underlying motivation for land use change was ascribed to people＇s pursuit of satisfying their own demands or that of profit maximization. However, those theoretical hypotheses combine all productive factors without highlighting certain predominant factor, in this paper, a case study was conducted on the variation of land productivity, capital productivity and labor productivity in agricultural land use in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. The case study revealed that only labor productivity presented a long-term increasing trend in regional cotton and grain production. This result implies that people＇s pursuit of increasing labor pro- ductivity is probably the underlying motivation for land use change. Additional details identi- fied in agricultural and non-agricultural land use in China support the above implication. As labor productivity is a determinant of people＇s living standards, increasing labor productivity means improving people＇s living standards. Therefore, it is concluded that land use change results from people＇s pursuit of increasing labor productivity in a changing environment.     

Patterns and dynamics of urban forests in relation to land use and development history in Guangzhou City, China

Trees in cities display a varied pattern that is often moulded by a city's physical fabric and its evolution through time. The town plan expressed in spatial dimension as land use, and in temporal sense as development history, furnishes a framework to evaluate the intricate association between city and trees. Guangzhou city, the premier metropolis of south China, has been established for 2800 years, and has a long history of urban greening and heterogeneous land use. Five urban districts, which represent old, middle-aged and young stages of development and cover the bulk of the city's built-up zones, form the study area. Interpretation of aerial photographs is used as a basis to classify the urban forest into three types, and to design a sampling scheme for studying trees in urban parks, institutional grounds and roadsides. District history has bequeathed a plethora of configurations in terms of buildings, roads and land uses, accompanied by plantable spaces of dissimilar dimensions, geometry and quality. The districts display diverse tree attributes such as frequency, density and species diversity. Young districts, with lower density, more institutional uses and wider roads, present more opportunities for greening. Recent shifts in landscape fashion have introduced a significantly different treescape. A few exceptionally large parks and institutional sites play a pivotal role in the city's tree assets. Parks, roadsides and institutional forests have different tree-stocking rates and species assemblages. Implications for future planting and management of urban trees in different situations, and for the greening of other cities in China, and other developing countries, are explored.     

Scenarios for Community-based Approaches to Biodiversity Conservation: a case study from the Wet Tropics,Queensland, Australia

Natural resource management approaches that deliver biodiversity conservation remain elusive, with evidence of a persistent implementation gap between biodiversity science and conservation projects. Scenarios have been identified as potentially useful in addressing the complex issues underlying this implementation gap, but have been infrequently applied to biodiversity conservation. Our paper reports on action co-research to develop, apply and assess the efficacy of scenarios within a community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) approach to biodiversity conservation at Mission Beach, a key site within the globally significant Wet Tropics bioregion. We focused on the capacity of scenarios to address the issues of contested interests and uncertainty, aiming specifically to engage the community to build a cohesive vision. The scenarios' headline messages included a projected substantial loss of habitat in coastal vegetation communities that are highly valued by all stakeholders. Our assessment identified that the use of scenarios fulfilled the intended aims, resulting in a vision for biodiversity conservation that has substantial community support. Three factors contributed to this efficacy of the scenarios: (1) the focus on threat; (2) biodiversity science integration; and (3) simplicity in presentation. Further investigation of the potential of scenarios as tools to overcome the implementation gap in biodiversity conservation is recommended.     

Remote-sensing data reveals the response of soil erosion intensity to land use change in Loess Plateau,China

Developing an effective approach to rapidly assess the effects of restoration projects on soil erosion intensity and their extensive spatial and temporal dynamics is important for regional ecosystem management and the development of soil conservation strategies in the future. This study applied a model that was developed at the pixel scale using water soil erosion indicators (land use, vegetation coverage and slope) to assess the soil erosion intensity in the Loess Plateau, China. Landsat TM/ETM+ images in 2000, 2005 and 2010 were used to produce land use maps based on the object-oriented classification method. The MODIS product MOD13Q1 was adopted to derive the vegetation coverage maps. The slope gradient maps were calculated based on data from the digital elevation model. The area of water soil-eroded land was classified into six grades by integrating slope gradients, land use and vegetation coverage. Results show that the Grain-To-Green Project in the Loess Plateau worked based on the land use changes from 2000 to 2010 and enhanced vegetation restoration and ecological conservation. These projects effectively prevented soil erosion. During this period, lands with moderate, severe, more severe and extremely severe soil erosion intensities significantly decreased and changed into less severe levels, respectively. Lands with slight and light soil erosion intensities increased. However, the total soil-eroded area in the Loess Plateau was reduced. The contributions of the seven provinces to the total soil-eroded area in the Loess Plateau and the composition of the soil erosion intensity level in each province are different. Lands with severe, more severe and extremely severe soil erosion intensities are mainly distributed in Qinghai, Ningxia, Gansu and Inner Mongolia. These areas, although relatively small, must be prioritised and preferentially treated.     

The application of spatial data processing to land use conflict resolution in the lal lal water catchment of the Ballarat growth corridor: a case study from chapter one of the Buninyong planning scheme

Land use conflict within the Lal Lal Water Catchment is between landowners, the Shire, the Water Board and those directing regional pressures for development. It is exacerbated by inconsistency in building permit appraisal outcomes. The deliberations involved would clearly have benefited from access to spatial data sets through use of a Geographical Information System (GIS) during applications appraisal, in that inconsistencies are most obvious when mapped in relation to the criteria applied. GIS methodologies would ensure that information of a high standard was produced. Three strategic points are identified for the implementation of GIS: at the planning scheme formulation stage; the permit application stage; and the formal conflict resolution stage. Reference to GIS at the first two stages presupposes the existence of a local government area (LGA) spatial data base and a GIS/LIS that can output overlay maps. Application of GIS at the third stage is somewhat ‘after the event’. This study suggests that without such a regional review of the spatial patterns of permit appraisal criteria (including overland flow modelling) each appeal or negotiation is likely to yield an outcome that is inconsistent in relation to other cases. An LGA planning office maintaining a GIS with all layers relating to these criteria will have assembled its spatial data according to the requirements of its planning scheme and will make most use of it in a GIS at the permit appraisal stage.     

The influence of rainfall and land use patterns on soil erosion in multi-scale watersheds: A case study in the hilly and gully area on the Loess Plateau,China

Soil erosion has become a major global environmental problem and is particularly acute on the Loess Plateau (LP), China. It is therefore highly important to control this process in order to improve ecosystems, protect ecological security, and maintain the harmonious relationship between humans and nature. We compared the effects of rainfall and land use (LU) patterns on soil erosion in different LP watersheds in this study in order to augment and improve soil erosion models. As most research on this theme has so far been focused on individual study areas, limited analyses of rainfall and LU patterns on soil erosion within different- scale watersheds has so far been performed, a discrepancy which might influence the simulation accuracies of soil erosion models. We therefore developed rainfall and LU pattern indices in this study using the soil erosion evaluation index as a reference and applied them to predict the extent of this process in different-scale watersheds, an approach which is likely to play a crucial role in enabling the comprehensive management of this phenomenon as well as the optimized design of LU patterns. The areas considered in this study included the Qingjian, Fenchuan, Yanhe, and Dali river watersheds. Results showed that the rainfall erosivity factor (R) tended to increase in these areas from 2006 to 2012, while the vegetation cover and management factor (C) tended to decrease. Results showed that as watershed area increased, the effect of rainfall pattern on soil erosion gradually decreased while patterns in LU trended in the opposite direction, as the relative proportion of woodland decreased and the different forms of steep slope vegetation cover became more homogenous. As watershed area increased, loose soil and craggy terrain properties led to additional gravitational erosion and enhanced the effects of both soil and topography.     

基于Multi-Agent System的多尺度土地利用变化模型的构建与模拟

通过土地利用情景变化模型反映多尺度的土地利用现象,是学者们研究的焦点问题。本文基于MAS理论,构建从地块到村庄的多尺度土地利用变化模型,揭示微观层面不同尺度上土地利用变化的机制。应用该模型,以陕西省米脂县孟岔村为例进行研究,定量分析该村农户个体、农户群体和农户整体等不同尺度上的土地利用决策,并通过与2008年实际土地利用变化数据对比和分析,对构建的多尺度土地利用变化模型进行检验。通过分析,认为:(1)基于MAS的多尺度农户土地利用变化模型可较好地反映微观土地利用决策和空间的多尺度变化;(2)构建用 连续数值表示的农户土地利用决策与实际状况比较符合;(3) 本文为不同农户群体间的转化方法、农户间相互作用,以及市场与政策因素的作用等方面的研究打下坚实的基础。     

滇西北山区土地持续利用动态评价与分析--以云南省永胜县为例

以云南省永胜县为例,应用景观生态学原理,构建土地持续利用的时空耦合的综合评价指标体系,定量评价全县1996年、1999年和2001年间的土地利用可持续性动态,并构建指标贡献度与指标障碍度,定量表征各指标的相对作用强度。研究结果表明,研究时段内全县各乡镇土地利用可持续性整体均较低,相对差异大而稳定;区域土地利用系统在1999年前后发生了较大变化,偏离了土地持续利用目标;对全县各乡镇土地利用可持续性起重要贡献作用的因素主要是人口密度与土地利用程度指数,景观多样性与复种指数次之;主要障碍因素则是地均工农业总产值、粮食作物单产、景观破碎度,油料作物单产、单位面积耕地化肥使用量次之。