Comparative studies of fracture models for marine structural steels

Smooth and notched round specimens and smooth flat specimens are prepared from two steels, API-2W50 and DnV-DH32TM. From incremental tensile tests for smooth specimens, average true stress–logarithmic true strain curves are obtained. By using Bridgman's formula for round specimens and Choung's formula for flat specimens, average true stress is rectified. Then, tensile tests for notched specimens with various notch radiuses are carried out and damage tests are performed to identify material parameters of the damage mechanics model. Three yield models are taken into account: a shear fracture model based on a von Mises's yield function, a linear damage mechanics model based on Lemaitre's law of damage evolution, and a porous plasticity model based on Gurson's yield function. While the shear fracture model can forecast the tested plastic deformation path including final fracture for smooth specimens, it unrealistically estimates that the hydrostatic stress at the necking section largely contributes the plastic behaviors for notched specimens. The linear damage mechanics model assumes linear relationship between the damage value and plastic strain, and fails to accurately estimate the test results. The porous plasticity model presents very good agreement with experimental results regardless of the notch radiuses as long as material parameters are reasonably chosen.     

Impact test simulations of stiffened plates using the micromechanical porous plasticity model

This paper first reviews the physical meanings and the expressions of two representative strain rate models: CSM (Cowper–Symonds model) and JCM (Johnson–Cook model). Since it is known that the CSM and JCM are suitable for low-intermediate and intermediate-high rate ranges, many studies regarding marine accidents such as ship-to-ship collisions, ship-to-rock groundings, and explosions in FPSO have employed the former in particular. A formula to predict the material constant of the CSM is introduced from a literature survey. The validity of the formula is proved by comparing with strain rate test results of high strength marine structural steels of DH-36. Numerical simulations with two different material constitutive equations, the classical metal plasticity model based on the von Mises yield function and the micromechanical porous plasticity model based on the Gurson yield function, have been carried out for stiffened plates under impact loading. It is concluded that the porous plasticity model with the porosity fracture criterion can quantitatively predict plastic deformation process and final fracture under impact loading if the material constants are properly chosen.     

Numerical analysis and centrifuge modeling of shallow foundations

The influence of non-coaxial constitutive model on predictions of dense sand behavior is investigated in this paper. The non-coaxial model with strain softening plasticity is applied into finite-element program ABAQUS, which is first used to predict the stress-strain behavior and the non-coaxial characteristic between the orientations of the principal stress and principal plastic strain rate in simple shear tests. The model is also used to predict load settlement responses and bearing capacity factors of shallow foundations. A series of centrifuge tests for shallow foundations on saturated dense sand are performed under drained conditions and the test results are compared with the corresponding numerical results. Various footing dimensions, depths of embedment, and footing shapes are considered in these tests. In view of the load settlement relationships, the stiffness of the load-displacement curves is significantly affected by the non-coaxial model compared with those predicted by the coaxial model, and a lower value of non-coaxial modulus gives a softer response. Considering the soil behavior at failure, the coaxial model predictions of bearing capacity factors are more advanced than those of centrifuge test results and the non-coaxial model results;besides, the non-coaxial model gives better predictions. The non-coaxial model predictions are closer to those of the centrifuge results when a proper non-coaxial plastic modulus is chosen.     

Model testing and performance comparison of plastic and metal tidal turbine rotors

Experimental model tests were conducted to predict the performance of two sets of metal and plastic bi-directional tidal turbine rotors. This test programme aims to provide reliable and accurate measurement data as references for developers, designers and researchers on both model and full scale. The data set presented in this paper makes available the detailed geometry and motion parameters that are valuable for numerical tools validation. A rotor testing apparatus that was built using an off-the-shelf K&R propeller dynamometer, its configuration, testing set-up, calibration of the apparatus and data acquisition are described. Comparison analysis between the metal and plastic rotors hydrodynamic performance in terms of torque, drag and derived power and drag coefficients are also presented. The results show a substantial decrease in maximum power performance for the plastic rotors – about 40% decrease at a tip speed ratio of around 3.0, compared with rigid metal rotors. The plastic rotors have also a much higher cut-in speed. It showed that materials for rotor models with low rigidity such as polyamide (nylon) produced by selective laser sintering (SLS) systems may substantially under-predict power generation capacity. As a result, they are considered unsuitable for rotor model performance evaluation.     

Numerical modeling of nonlinear water waves over heterogeneous porous beds

The transformation of nonlinear water waves over porous beds is studied by applying a numerical model based on Chen's [2006. Fully nonlinear Boussinesq-type equations for waves and currents over porous beds. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 132:2, 220–230] Boussinesq-type equations for highly nonlinear waves on permeable beds. The numerical model uses a high-order time-marching solution and fourth-order finite-difference schemes for discretization of first-order spatial derivatives to obtain a computational accuracy consistent with the model equations. By forcing the wave celerity and spatial porous-damping rate of the linearized model to match the exact linear theory for horizontal porous bed over a prescribed range of relative depths, the values of the model parameters are optimally determined. Numerical simulations of the damped wave propagation over finite-thickness porous layer demonstrate the accuracy of both the numerical model and governing equations, which have been shown by prior theoretical analyses to be accurate for both nominal and thick porous layers. These simulations also elucidate on the significance of the higher-order porous-damping terms and the influence of the hydraulic parameters. Application of the model to the simulation of the wave field around a laboratory-scale submerged porous mound provides a measure of its capability, as well as useful insight into the scaling of the porous-resistance coefficients. For application to heterogeneous porous beds, the assumption of weak spatial variation of the porous resistance is examined using truncated forms of the governing equations. The results indicate that the complete set of Boussinesq-type equations is applicable to porous beds of nonhomogeneous makeup.     

Settlement Analysis for An Embankment Considering Visco-Elasto-Plastic Characteristics

—In the paper.a visco-elasto-plastic constitutive model and a method for determining modelparameters for soft clay are presented.In this model total strain of soft clay is assumed to be divided intothree parts:instantaneous elastic.visco-elastic and visco-plastic.The characteristics of instantaneous andvisco-elastic deformation of soft clay are simulated by Merchant's model.the plastic is by a model withtwo yield surfaces.And related constitutive equation is conducted,A number of stress-controlled triaxialtests are performed to calculated the model parameters The visco-elasto-plastic model is used for analysisof the displacement of an embankment on soft ground by use of three-dimensional finite element method.The predicted settlements agree well with the measured data.It is indicated that the viscous characteristicsshould be taken into account in deformation analysis for soft clay.     

轴压作用下双金属复合管组合作用与承载力分析

为探究轴压作用下双金属复合海底管道的组合作用与承载性能,对双金属复合海底管道进行了试验研究和理论分析。开展了不锈钢衬管材料性能试验,对比了国际主流不锈钢本构关系模型和试验结果。利用ABAQUS建立了精细化的双金属复合管道轴压试验有限元模型,系统研究了关键参数如复合工艺产生的环向复合应力、钢管初始缺陷幅值等对双金属复合管在轴压作用下力学性能的影响规律。通过对比已有轴压双金属复合管道试验结果,验证有限元模型。基于验证的有限元模型,对轴压作用下双金属复合管道的组合作用以及径厚比和材料强度对承载力的影响进行了分析。结果表明双金属复合管道的轴压极限承载力主要取决于基管的截面屈服荷载,并随着管径和材料强度的提高而增大。并依据分析结果对双金属复合海底管道的设计提出建议。     

Implementation of state-dependent plasticity model in strain wedge model for laterally loaded piles in sand

ABSTRACT

The strain wedge model effectively performs nonlinear analyses of the lateral response of piles by using a nonlinear stress-strain relationship to describe soil behavior in the strain wedge. In this study, a state-dependent plasticity model has been implemented in the strain wedge model to calculate the stress-strain relationship for sand in the strain wedge. To complement this implementation, the effect of dilatancy on the shear strain is considered in the strain wedge. A full-scale test and a 45 g centrifuge model test on laterally loaded piles are used to validate the proposed method. The results show that the deflections and moments predicted by the proposed method accord well with those measured from full-scale and centrifugal model pile tests. Moreover, the combination of the state-dependent plasticity model and the strain wedge model allows for analyzing the lateral response of single piles using a unique set of model parameters for different relative densities of sands. In addtion, the stress-strain response in the strain wedge, not the dilatancy, dominates the soil resistance in the strain wedge and thus the lateral response of piles.     

电化学修复过程氢致钢筋塑性降低的影响与控制试验研究

电化学修复技术是提升既有钢筋混凝土结构耐久性重要方法,能有效除去有害氯离子,延长结构使用寿命。采用电化学修复技术对钢筋混凝土结构进行耐久性修复时,作为阴极的钢筋会发生析氢反应,当钢筋表面的氢浓度达到临界值时,钢筋的塑性会降低,并发展成裂纹,导致钢筋出现氢脆现象。开展了不同电化学参数的电化学修复试验,并采用物理方法和力学方法进行了氢致塑性降低的影响分析。结果表明氢致塑性降低与电流密度、应力水平均相关;当清楚工程构件的受力状态时,可采用合适的电流密度对构件进行电化学修复,控制塑性损失程度在工程的可接受范围内,以达到钢筋氢脆控制的目的。     

含水合物粉细砂的三轴试验及模拟

利用水饱和法制备含天然气水合物试样,进行等向压缩试验和不排水三轴试验.采用天然气水合物临界状态(M HCS)模型同时预测排水条件和不排水条件下的三轴试验,并进行变动参数分析.不排水条件下,密实纯砂发生应变硬化,而相近密实度的含水合物试样出现应变软化,峰值偏应力随水合物饱和度和围压增大.通过与排水和不排水三轴试验结果的对...     

Numerical simulation of the nonlinear wave-induced dynamic response of anisotropic poro-elastoplastic seabed

Abstract

In this paper, a 2D poro-elastoplastic model for wave-induced dynamic response in an anisotropic seabed is derived analytically. The seabed is treated as a porous medium and characterized by Biot’s consolidation equations. The soil plasticity and wave non-linearity are included in the model and both the pore fluid and the soil skeleton are assumed to be compressible. The nonlinear ocean waves are respectively considered as progressive and standing waves. The previous experimental data is used to validate the proposed model. Numerical results demonstrate that the influence of nonlinear wave components should not be ignored without committing substantial error. A significant difference between progressive and standing waves is also observed for the development of residual pore pressure, as well as the distribution of liquefied zone. A detailed parametric investigation reveals that the nonlinear wave-induced seabed response is also affected significantly by cross-anisotropic soil parameters.     

深埋海底隧洞内水压力下饱和土的动力特性

将衬砌分别视为多孔柔性材料和弹性介质,在频率域内研究内水压力作用下饱和分数导数黏弹性土-深埋圆形隧洞多孔柔性或弹性衬砌系统的耦合简谐振动。土体的宏观力学特性采用多孔介质理论来模拟。通过引入与土体体积分数相关的应力系数,利用衬砌和土体界面处位移连续,分别得到饱和黏弹性土和衬砌的位移、应力和孔隙水压力等的解析表达式。在此基础上,分析了多孔柔性衬砌和弹性衬砌结构的差异,并考察了应力系数、渗透系数、分数阶导数本构参数等对系统动力响应的影响,结果表明:多孔柔性衬砌材料条件下系统的动力响应明显大于弹性衬砌材料条件下系统的动力响应;随着分数导数阶数和材料参数比的增加,系统共振效应明显减弱;衬砌边界透水和不透水只是反映边界渗透性的两种极限状态。     

基于边界面模型的砂土中板锚循环承载力数值分析

利用带误差控制的显式积分算法,将一种适用于饱和砂土排水循环动力分析的边界面塑性模型编写成可供有限元软件调用的用户自定义材料子程序。建立土体单元有限元数值模型对Toyoura砂的静、动排水三轴试验进行模拟,验证了模型具备合理描述砂土在不同荷载条件下力学响应的能力。建立饱和砂土中板锚循环承载分析的数值模型,针对板锚在砂土中的单调抗拔特性和循环承载特性进行数值分析,得到了与模型试验一致的荷载—位移响应规律。考察循环荷载要素对板锚循环承载特性的影响,结果发现,随着循环荷载的施加,板锚永久位移逐渐累积,循环荷载会导致板锚持续移动,循环幅值越大,初始位移和位移变化率越大;循环均值越大,初始位移越大,但位移变化率越小。     

Pipe laying simulation with an active reel drive

Dynamic and quasi-static models for analysis of a pipe lay spread are presented in the paper. Depending on the type of a pipe, spooling it on a big drum (reel) may cause plastic deformations. When the pipe is reeled out at sea, again it undergoes plastic deformations. In order to model such a nonlinear behaviour, a model, which includes both elasto-plastic material characteristics and large deformations, is required. Discretisation of the pipe is performed by means of the Rigid Finite Element Method (RFEM), which allows us to study static and dynamic problems, taking into account required properties of the model. Different sea conditions are simulated and analysed. It is shown how operational conditions can limit the ability of laying operation by a dedicated vessel, due to an unstable system response. The second part of the paper presents an upgrade of a passive reel drive by application of an active drive. In the model used for control applications, the pipe is modelled by a neural network. This allows us to perform a real-time calculations. In this fast-response calculation model, nonlinear aspects of the system are taken into account. The improvements in a pipe laying vessel performance are presented by some results of numerical simulations. The conclusions are also formulated.     

The numerical study of wave-induced pore water pressure response in highly permeable seabed

The coupling numerical model of wave interaction with porous medium is used to study waveinduced pore water pressure in high permeability seabed.In the model,the wave field solver is based on the two dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations with a k-ε closure,and Forchheimer equations are adopted for flow within the porous media.By introducing a Velocity-Pressure Correction equation for the wave flow and porous flow,a highly efficient coupling between the two flows is implemented.The numerical tests are conducted to study the effects of seabed thickness,porosity,particle size and intrinsic permeability coefficient on regular wave and solitary wave-induced pore water pressure response.The results indicate that,as compared with regular wave-induced,solitary wave-induced pore water pressure has larger values and stronger action on seabed with different parameters.The results also clearly show the flow characteristics of pore water flow within seabed and water wave flow on seabed.The maximum pore water flow velocities within seabed under solitary wave action are higher than those under regular wave action.     

Use of Lade's Single Surface Work-Hardening Model to Investigate Mechanical Behavior of Decomposed Soils

In this study, it was attempted to assess soil parameters necessary for Lade's single surface work-hardening model that reviewed the physical and mechanical properties of granite soil located in Korea based on the results of triaxial compression tests. In addition, finite element analyses coupled with the determined soil parameters as inputs were conducted based on Lade's single surface work-hardening model and the results were compared with element test results. It could be seen that, in predicting undrained mechanical behavior, the single surface model was reproducing the stress-strain relation obtained through element tests at high accuracy. It is worthwhile to inform that these differences in the initial loading stage and the impossibility to predict swelling behavior are caused by the fact that there is no prediction model for changes in shear properties, especially in dilatancy properties due to particle crushing occurring while element tests are conducted. Hence, it is concluded that, to expand the applicability of Lade's single surface work-hardening constitutive model to practical problems, the model should be modified in relation to the dilatancy of soils.     

Improving force resultant model for anchors in clays from large deformation finite element analysis

Abstract

This paper presents an improved plasticity force-resultant model for anchors deeply embedded in clays, developed from large deformation finite element analyses. The current available force-resultant models for anchors are mainly developed from small strain finite element analysis while experimental approach has not been used due to technical challenges. The advantage of large deformation finite element analysis is that it provides much more data points to fit the yield surface than small strain finite element analysis, in addition to avoiding excess mesh distortion problems. Furthermore, the flow rule or normality can be effectively checked in the large deformation finite element analysis and further used to improve the fitting quality. After validated against retrospective simulations, the better performance of the developed plasticity force-resultant model is demonstrated by comparing with available experimental observations from centrifuge test.     

Scour of the Seabed Under A Pipeline in Oscillating Flow

The scour of the seabed under a pipeline is studied experimentally in this paper. Tests are carried out in a U-shaped oscillatory water tunnel with a box imbedded in the bottom of the test section. By use of the standard sand, clay and plastic grain as the seabed material, the influence of the bed material on the scour is studied. The relationship between the critical initial gap-to-diameter ratio above which no scour occurs and the parameters of the oscillating flow is obtained. The self-burial phenomenon, which occurs for the pipeline not fixed to two sidewalls of the test section, is not observed for the fixed pipeline. The effect of the pipe on sand wave formation is discussed. The maximum equilibrium scour depths for different initial gap-to-diameter ratios, different Kc numbers and different bed sands are also given in this paper.     

Flow and bed shear stresses in scour protections around a pile in a current

Transport of bed sediment inside and beneath the scour protection may cause deformation and sinking of the scour protection for pile foundations. This may reduce the stability of the mono pile and change the natural frequency of the dynamic response of an offshore wind turbine installed on it in an unfavourable manner. Using physical models and 3D computational fluid dynamic (CFD) numerical simulations, the velocity and bed shear stresses are investigated in complex scour protections around mono piles in steady current. In the physical model the scour protections consisted of an upper cover layer with uniformly distributed coarse stones and a lower filter layer with finer stones. For the numerical simulations, the Flow-3D software was used. The scour protection layers were simulated with different numerical approaches, namely regularly arranged spheres, porous media, or their combinations (hybrid models). Numerical simulations with one or four layers of cover stones without filter layer were first computed. Three additional simulations were then made for a scour protection with a cover layer and a single filter layer. Finally, a simulation of a full scale foundation and scour protection was made with porous media approach.Based on the physical and numerical results, a method to determine the critical stones size to prevent motion of the base sediment is established and compared to a full scale case with sinking of scour protection (Horns Rev I Offshore Wind Farm, Denmark). It is also found that the CFD simulations are capable of calculating the flow velocities when the scour protection is represented by regular arranged spheres, while the turbulence in general is underestimated. The velocity can also be calculated using porous media flow approach, but the accuracy is not as good as for spheres. The deviation is more severe for more complex scour protections. In general, computational models provide valuable information for the prediction and design of scour protections for offshore wind farms.     

Wave reflection from vertical breakwater with porous structure

This paper presents numerical solutions for the wave reflection from submerged porous structures in front of the impermeable vertical breakwater. A new time-dependent mild-slope equation involves the parameters of the porous medium including the porosity, the friction factor and the inertia coefficient, etc. is derived for solving the boundary value problem. A comprehensive comparison between the present model and the existing analytical solution for the case of simple rectangular geometries of the submerged structure is performed first. Then, more complicated cases such as the inclined and trapezoidal submerged porous structures in front of the vertical breakwater with sloping bottom are considered. This study also examines the effects of the permeable properties and the geometric configurations of the porous structure to the wave reflection. It is found that the submerged porous structure with trapezoidal shape has more efficiency to reduce the wave reflection than that of triangular shape. The numerical results show that the minimum wave reflection is occurred when the breakwater is located at the intermediate water depth.