Model of a strong volcanic blast and a method of estimating the mass ejected

A hydrodynamic model of a strong volcanic blast associated with large (caldera-forming) ash–gas-flow eruptions is presented. We show that the mass erupted from a vent influences considerably the damping of the shock wave. If the ejected mass flux is constant, the shock amplitude as a function of distance will decrease slower (in accordance with the inverse 4/3 power law) than that of an atomic explosion (the inverse cube power law). From the modelling, we extract a relation connecting the effective energy of a blast with the mass ejected during the blast phase. The mass released during the largest explosion of the 1883 eruption of Krakatau, and the lateral blast energy at Mount St. Helens on 1980 May 18 are estimated on the basis of the equation obtained.     

Intermediate school's trip to India: Preparing for competence

In November 2010, students from a Palmerston North intermediate school embarked on a 2‐week excursion to India. Qualitative research was carried out before, during and after the trip. Results discussed in this article focus primarily on the students' account of their trip, especially their perceived cultural competence and their explanation for it. Accounts of their competence are also offered by the parents and teachers, for example, they especially valued the students' extensive school‐based preparation. Insights gained from the experiences of this trip may be applied to other, including older, cohorts of students embarking on overseas school field trips.     

陨石冲击历史和冲击变质分类研究进展

本文评述了近年来陨石冲击变质效应和压力温度历史研究的新进展。根据对冲击变质主要压标熔长石性质的最新分析结果和陨石冲击脉体矿物组合研究的成果,指出现有陨石冲击变质分类的主要特点和某些不完善之处。本文提出,陨石按照冲击变质特征可以划分为以下两类:一是含高密度相类,如熔长石和各种高压矿物;二是合低密度相类,如长石击变玻璃、低压熔融玻璃和低压矿物组合。在含高密度相陨石中,可根据高压相的产出种类特点进一步划分冲击阶段;而在含低密度相陨石中,可根据矿物的冲击熔融程度划分冲击阶段。     

Shock-induced temperatures of MgO

Shock-compressed MgO radiates thermally at temperatures between 2900 and 3700 K in the 170–200 GPa pressure range. A simple energy-transport model of the shocked-MgO-targets distinguishes between different shock-induced radiation sources in these targets and provides estimates of spectral absorption-coefficients, α _ΛMgO, for shocked MgO (e.g. at 203 GPa, α _ΛMgO˜ 630, 7500, 4200 and 3800 m⁻¹, at 450, 600, 750 and 900 nm, respectively). The experimentally inferred temperatures of the shock-compressed states of MgO are consistent with temperatures calculated for MgO assuming that (1) it deforms as an elastic fluid, (2) has a Dulong-Petit value for specific heat at constant volume in its shocked state, and (3) undergoes no phase transformation below 200 GPa.     

Shock temperatures in anorthite glass

Summary. Temperatures of CaAl₂Si₂O₈ (anorthite glass) shocked to pressures between 48 and 117 GPa have been measured in the range from 2500 to 5600 K, using optical pyrometry techniques. The pressure dependence of the shock temperatures deviates significantly from predictions based on a single high-pressure phase. Either a variable specific heat, or the existence of three phase transitions, at pressures of about 55, 85 and 100 GPa and with transition energies of about 0.5 MJ kg⁻¹ each (∼ 1.5 MJ kg⁻¹ total) can explain the shock-temperature data. The proposed phase transition at 100 GPa can possibly be identified with the stishovite melting transition. Theoretical models of the time dependence of the thermal radiation from the shocked anorthite based on the geometry of the experiment and the absorptive properties of the shocked material yield good agreement with observations, indicating that it is not necessary to invoke intrinsic time dependences to explain the data in many cases. Observed time dependences were used to calculate absorption coefficients of the shocked material of from about 2 mm⁻¹ to greater than 24 mm⁻¹– an increasing function of shock pressure. The assumption that the shocked material radiates as a black body is supported by the theoretical model, and by the close agreement between measured and calculated black body spectral radiance as a function of wavelength.     

政府能动性对外部冲击型战略耦合断裂的暂时性调节研究——以江苏省昆山市为例

突如其来的新冠肺炎疫情在全球蔓延肆虐,国家间和区域间的人员、货物流动阻滞,对全球生产网络带来了巨大冲击。受此影响,涉外企业纷纷出现了与国际市场、供应链、劳动力、金融资本之间的短暂割裂。在此外部冲击面前,基于全球经济深度链接的战略耦合理论,无法有效解释全球生产网络出现的被动性、暂时性、突发性的耦合断裂。以江苏省昆山市为例,通过深入访谈和调研,重点研究地方政府能动性在维系战略耦合联系中的作用机制。研究发现,昆山政府以本地产业链供应链信息的系统掌握为基础,综合运用协调整合、政策支撑、资源调配等能力,修复导致耦合断裂的环节或重建新耦合。本文提出外部冲击型耦合断裂这一概念,丰富拓展了对战略耦合动态性的认识。其次,本文深化了对政府-全球生产网络互动联结的理解,讨论了地方政府在维系战略耦合联系中的能动性作用和局限性。     

南极格罗夫山100块陨石的矿物-岩石学特征

本文主要报道了南极格罗夫山新回收的100块陨石的岩石学和矿物化学特征。并根据矿物-岩石学特征,划分了它们的化学-岩石类型:6块属于非平衡型普通球粒陨石(H3和L3群各3块);92块属于平衡型普通球粒陨石,包括:H群24块(13块H4,10块H5,1块H6),L群64块(2块L4,44块L5,18块L6),LL群4块(3块LL4,1块LL5);另外两块属于石-铁陨石。6块非平衡型普通球粒陨石保存了原始的岩石学和矿物化学特征,包括:清晰的球粒结构、橄榄石和低钙辉石具有明显的成分环带以及极不均一的化学组成等。92块平衡型普通球粒陨石中的橄榄石和低钙辉石显示出均一的化学组成,表明它们达到了一定的热力学平衡。这些普通球粒陨石受到的风化作用以W1和W2为主,所占比例高于90%,表明南极陨石受到的风化作用不强烈。有约40%的陨石样品受到了强烈的冲击作用,并产生冲击脉或者冲击囊,它们是研究高压冲击矿物和冲击作用的理想样品。     

北极黄河站上空低热层中性风场对行星际激波的响应

行星际激波作为日地空间环境中传输能量的重要载体,与热层的相互作用可以对热层的空间环境产生剧烈影响,借助FPI设备观测的低热层中性风场行为可以对这一问题进行更加深入的研究。在行星际激波和地球磁层相互作用时期,通过全天空法布里-珀罗干涉仪(all-sky FPI)的观测数据对北极黄河站(78.92°N,11.93°E)上空低热层风场行为展开了研究,对2011年11月26、28日以及2011年12月1日OI557.7nm辐射高度(约为97km)的观测数据进行了处理,此外也将观测期间的中性大气水平风场与水平风模型2007(HWM07)进行了对比。行星际扰动数据和同时期水平风场数据的对比分析表明,ACE卫星监测到行星际激波半小时内水平风场在幅值和方向上均可以产生剧烈变化,产生变化的原因可能与焦耳加热有关。对2011年11月28日OI557.7nm辐射高度的视线风场(方向为FPI设备朝向热层大气被观测处)进行分析,结果表明在行星际扰动期间,OI557.7nm辐射高度上的风场行为变化可能也同时来自于离子拖曳的作用。     

金融危机下泛长三角FDI时空格局演化及其机制研究

在华FDI的区域差异及其区位选择的演化过程与机制,受企业属性、产业特性及来源国和承接国社会经济环境等多种因素影响.在国际金融危机冲击下,全球虚拟与实体经济波动、国际产业转移新趋势与国家宏观政策新导向等内外部因素不断重构在华FDI时空格局演变过程与机制.基于路径依赖、外部冲击等理论分析框架,本文以泛长三角地区为例,首先从总量、行业与区位选择等方面分析了金融危机前后FDI的时空演变过程;其次通过计量模型对FDI区位选择影响因素演变过程进行实证研究.研究表明,金融危机前后泛长三角FDI区位选择及其影响因素转变遵循路径依赖动态演化模式,主要表现为原有演化路径受到金融危机冲击,伴随市场环境、生产要素成本、创新环境、集聚经济和沉淀成本、制度环境等内外生因素影响,FDI总量、行业与区位选择的演化趋势也呈现出复杂性与多样化.     

High-frequency rock temperature data from hyper-arid desert environments in the Atacama and the Antarctic Dry Valleys and implications for rock weathering

In desert environments with low water and salt contents, rapid thermal variations may be an important source of rock weathering. We have obtained temperature measurements of the surface of rocks in hyper-arid hot and cold desert environments at a rate of 1/s over several days. The values of temperature change over 1-second intervals were similar in hot and cold deserts despite a 30 °C difference in absolute rock surface temperature. The average percentage of the time dT/dt > 2 °C/min was ~ 8 ± 3%, > 4 °C/min was 1 ± 0.9%, and > 8 °C/min was 0.02 ± 0.03%. The maximum change over a 1-second interval was ~ 10 °C/min. When sampled to simulate data taken over intervals longer than 1 s, we found a reduction in time spent above the 2 °C/min temperature gradient threshold. For 1-minute samples, the time spent above any given threshold was about two orders of magnitude lower than the corresponding value for 1-second sampling. We suggest that a rough measure of efficacy of weathering as a function of frequency is the product of the percentage of time spent above a given threshold value multiplied by the damping depth for the corresponding frequency. This product has a broad maximum for periods between 3 and 10 s.     

水盐动态与土地利用变化相互作用的分析

利用1987年和1998年两期土地利用现状图,1988~1998年水文资料和2000年、2001年地下水和土壤水、盐含量的监测资料,分析三工河流域水盐的时空动态变化对流域土地利用的影响。1988~1998年三条河流年出山口总径流量10年间无显著变化,但上游老绿洲耕地面积逐步扩大,引水量逐年增加,可以占到出山口径流总量的90%以上。1998年相对于1988年,上游绿洲地下水位有所下降,而所有下游观测点的地下水位均有所升高,盐渍化问题加剧。通过2000年和2001年三工河流域下游的新垦绿洲地下水、土壤的连续观测表明,从绿洲、过渡带到沙漠中,土壤盐分含量的变化梯度不大,差异不显著,而水分则有显著的下降趋势。但是在过渡带由于受绿洲灌溉过程的影响,地下水位较浅,土壤含水量较高,植被较为稳定,因此绿洲边界始终没有变化。因此水分的减少是绿洲过渡带动态稳定的关键限制因子。绿洲内的撂荒地和靠近绿洲的荒漠草地受绿洲内部灌溉过程的影响,地下水位升高,超过了地下水的临界深度,同时又因为缺少灌溉的反复淋洗,在强烈的蒸发作用下,盐分的表聚现象十分明显,而且整个剖面内盐分的含量都较高,土壤的盐渍化现象非常严重。     

Additive models in mining and exploration

In this paper we present the use of additive models (AMs) for geostatistical applications. AMs are generalizations of linear regression models which hold the central place in the toolbox of applied statisticians. Generally speaking, the linear relationship between response and predictors is replaced with a general functional form. Recently such models were introduced in geostatistics. Especially, we give an approach for binary data. In this case we get generalized additive models (GAMs). Logistic regression is quite popular in medical and biological research. Using logit links also in GAMs we get so called additive logistic models. An application for geostatistical data is introduced. In a second approach we use AMs for spatial prediction and surface modelling. In both cases an advantage of multivariate data can be taken. The proposed applications can be used in the development of exploration strategies, especially in the early stage of exploration     

国内外产业转移研究进展及其近今趋向

后金融危机和低碳经济的背景下,倒逼世界各国调整产业结构、转变经济发展模式,尽快摆脱金融危机的阴影。产业转移是产业结构优化升级的主要表现形式和重要途径,进而为产业的全球转移带来了新的机遇,对于产业转移的研究越发重要。目前国内外学者对产业转移进行了广泛的研究,本文从产业转移的影响因素、类型、模式、效应等几个方面进行回顾和述评。发现目前研究存在的趋势:基础理论研究的不断创新;研究方法的定量化、工具化;研究内容的系统化;研究视角的多样化。     

反应热与温度和压力的关系

推导了化学反应的反应热与温度和压力的关系 ,讨论了压力对反应热的影响。     

中俄“新—西”区域合作的区位分析及对策研究

积极开展国际间的区域经济合作是地区经济发展的一个新趋势,也是我国对外开放的重要组成部分。中国新疆与俄罗斯西西伯利亚地区地理位置毗连,广泛开展双方的地区间经济合作,不仅有利于促进中俄共同繁荣与发展,而且有利于巩固本地区乃至中亚的安全与稳定。两地区均远离各自国家的经济和政治中心,属于较为落后的内陆地区,在边界特征、相邻经济体方面具有特殊性,且在政治制度、经济体制和产业结构上存在较大的差异性,经济互补性强。基于此,双方应通过边境区位再造、改善区位条件,并采取灵活松散的、开放性的和以项目合作为主要内容的次区域合作方式。经过分析,认为具有独特地域经济特点的新—西区域合作应由国家和地方政府、国际和地区组织共同推动,并充分考虑本地差异性较强的实际,采取跨境旅游休闲型经济特区、境外经济合作区、科技园区等多样化的发展方式,促进新—西地区社会经济发展。     

数字地图要素样式结构化存储表达研究与实现

研究数字地图要素样式结构化存储问题,分析目前国内外最新研究进展和各种实现方式的优缺点。从地图要素样式共享的目的入手,探索遵循国际标准的样式实现方案;设计并使用XML的结构化可扩展特性,借助元编程的最新理念和Java编程语言实现兼容SLD标准的地图样式表达和存储机制。实验中定义了点、线、填充、字体等各种地图符号的XML表达形式,并与SLD主题样式相对应,与其他地图样式的转换操作表明,该模式可以实现地图要素样式的自定义设计和共享传播。     

世界天然气资源的储、产、供需动向及我国的对策

为了积极开拓利用天然气资源的途径,本文分析了世界天然气资源及其供需动向。我国进口天然气的国际资源条件是可能的,价格是有利的。东南沿海地区从东南亚进口液化天然气和从俄罗斯进口管输天然气是经济的、可行的。中东的液化天然气将是潜力较大的进口对象。