Indicative features of placer gold for the prediction of the formation types of gold deposits (east of the Siberian Platform)

Prediction and search for gold deposits in the east of the Siberian Platform are problematic because the study area is overlain by a thick cover of MZ-KZ deposits. Search for gold deposits by the largest geological institutions using conventional methods have not yielded positive results, because the main attention was focused on the discovery of ancient gold-bearing conglomerates of the Witwatersrand type and on the evaluation of the gold ore potential of basic magmatism. Typomorphism of placer gold bears huge information about the genesis of native gold, both its primary endogenous origin and its exogenous transformation, which makes it possible to identify the formation type of mineralization, increases the reliability of the prediction of gold deposits, and ensures their purposeful search in the platform areas. The revealed indicative features of placer gold made it possible to substantiate the formation of the gold ore sources of Precambrian low-sulfide gold-quartz, gold-iron-quartzite, porphyry gold-copper, and gold-PGE mineralization and Mesozoic gold-silver, gold-rare-metal, and gold-sulfide-quartz mineralization in the east of the Siberian Platform. We have established that high-fineness placer gold with microinclusions of pyrite, arsenopyrite, quartz, and carbonates with recrystallized structures and lines of plastic deformation is specific to the ore sources of low-sulfide gold-quartz mineralization. A high content of Cu (up to 4%) in flaky high-fineness gold is one of indicators of porphyry gold-copper mineralization. The angular shape of gold grains, the fine fraction and high fineness of gold, its completely recrystallized and regrown internal structure, and the permanent presence of Fe, Bi, and Cu microimpurities and hematite, ilmenite, and corundum microinclusions are typical of gold-iron-quartzite mineralization. Flaky and laminated high-fineness gold particles with steady Pt, Pd, and Ni impurities and Pt-mineral phases and Au-Pt intergrowths in them testify to the ore sources of gold-PGE mineralization. Laminated and cloddy gold fractions of > 0.25-2.0 mm, the medium and low fineness of gold, its single-crystal or, sometimes, porous internal structure, the wide range of microimpurities (Pb, Zn, As, Sb, Cu, Te, etc.), and microinclusions of native Ag, adularia, Sr-barite, and calcite are indicators of gold-silver mineralization. Laminated, dendritic, and cloddy-angular gold grains, wide variation in gold fineness (307-950‰), and the presence of microinclusions of native bismuth, maldonite, arsenopyrite, and silver tellurides are indicative of gold-rare-metal mineralization. Laminated and cloddy gold grains, their size varying from dust to > 0.25 mm, their mono- and coarse-grained internal structure, wide variation in gold fineness (600-900‰), and the presence of Hg microimpurities (up to 6% and more) and microinclusions of quartz, calcite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, tellurides, selenides, and REE phosphates point to gold-sulfide-quartz mineralization. The established placer gold indicators of the particular formation types of ore sources in the east of the Siberian Platform made it possible to predict Precambrian gold deposits with low-sulfide-gold-quartz mineralization similar to the Kirkland Lake and Porcupine mines and gold deposits with Mesozoic gold-silver mineralization similar to the Cripple Creek mine. The developed criteria for determining the types of mineralization by indicative features of placer gold give an insight into the ore genesis and can be successfully applied to prediction and search for gold deposits and to evaluation of their gold resources.     

论新疆伊犁浅成低温热液型金矿与斑岩型铜（钼金）矿的相随相伴规律

中亚成矿域中的斑岩型铜（钼金）矿,有别于滨太平洋区的斑岩铜矿,它们大部分是形成于大洋消亡之后,与A型俯冲或后碰撞阶段的构造岩浆作用有关,并非都形成于岛弧发展阶段,且常与浅成低温热液型金矿（产于陆相-亚陆相火山岩内）时间相随、空间相伴,两者属于一个统一的岩浆系统;浅部是浅成低温热液型金矿,深部是高温斑岩型铜（钼金）矿,其成矿特点表现出两者元素组合连续、过渡与转化,两者类型相随相伴。     

东秦岭两种新型钼矿床的矿物特征及成因分析

东秦岭地区发现了两种新型的钼矿床——花岗岩型钼矿床和石英脉状钼矿床。花岗岩型钼矿床矿体赋存于花岗岩中,石英脉型钼矿与石英脉关系密切,矿体分布在石英脉的上下部流纹岩中,前者成矿与燕山期花岗岩热液有关,而后者是否是燕山期花岗岩热液的产物还有待进一步研究。两种类型钼矿床中的辉钼矿与石墨关系密切。     

澳大利亚稀土矿床主要类型及其成矿特征

澳大利亚稀土矿资源丰富,类型多样。通过对澳大利亚170余处稀土矿床地质特征的总结,将澳大利亚稀土矿床划分为4个主要类型和13个亚类。主要类型为与岩浆活动有关的稀土矿床、与沉积盆地有关的稀土矿床、与近代河流和滨海砂矿有关的稀土矿床和与表生风化作用有关的稀土矿床,并对每个亚类型矿床的分布特征、成矿时代和地质特征进行了总结。在此基础上,根据澳大利亚稀土矿床的地质背景、成矿特征等因素,初步划分出9个主要的稀土矿床矿集区,并从商业价值和资源潜力角度分别对矿集区的找矿潜力进行分析,综合认为H和E区是下一步进行矿业投资的良好对象。     

澳大利亚稀土矿床主要类型及其成矿特征

澳大利亚稀土矿资源丰富,类型多样。通过对澳大利亚170余处稀土矿床地质特征的总结,将澳大利亚稀土矿床划分为4个主要类型和13个亚类。主要类型为与岩浆活动有关的稀土矿床、与沉积盆地有关的稀土矿床、与近代河流和滨海砂矿有关的稀土矿床和与表生风化作用有关的稀土矿床,并对每个亚类型矿床的分布特征、成矿时代和地质特征进行了总结。在此基础上,根据澳大利亚稀土矿床的地质背景、成矿特征等因素,初步划分出9个主要的稀土矿床矿集区,并从商业价值和资源潜力角度分别对矿集区的找矿潜力进行分析,综合认为H和E区是下一步进行矿业投资的良好对象。     

热液矿床中萤石的稀土元素地球化学及其地质意义

萤石是许多热液矿床中重要的脉石矿物,其稀土元素含量及相关参数（如∑REE、LREE/HREE、Eu/Eu^*、Ce/Ce^*、Y/La、Tb/Ca-Tb/La图解等）,能为揭示成矿流体性质、来源与演化,建立成矿模式,评价区域成矿潜力等提供重要信息。然而,随着微区分析技术的日趋成熟,原位实测数据显示,萤石中微量元素（包括稀土元素）的分配在显微尺度上可能具有不均一性,致使依据萤石溶液法获得的稀土元素含量所反映地质信息的可靠性受到质疑。因此,在应用萤石稀土元素地球化学探讨相关地质问题前,有必要加强萤石微观结构的观察和配套的流体包裹体以及相关同位素组成分析。本文在综述萤石稀土元素地球化学研究基础上,初步探讨了影响萤石稀土元素不均一分配的主要机制,以期为萤石稀土元素在热液矿床成因研究中的应用提供借鉴。     

钠化和赤铁矿化蚀变对Zr和Nb-Be-REE矿化的指示意义: 以内蒙古巴尔哲矿床为例

碱性花岗岩型稀有稀土金属矿床是Zr、Nb、Be及REE的重要来源, 其成矿经历了多种交代和蚀变过程, 但这些交代和蚀变与矿化的指示意义尚未明确。内蒙古巴尔哲碱性花岗岩型稀有稀土矿床拥有世界级的Zr、Nb、Be及REE储量, 发育强烈的钠质交代和赤铁矿化, 是探讨上述问题的理想对象。显微岩相学、全岩主微量和钠铁闪石主微量元素分析表明, 未蚀变界熔花岗岩贫Zr、Nb、Be和REE, 钠铁闪石具有较高的REE含量和较低的Na含量。钠质交代界熔花岗岩均发生了赤铁矿化蚀变, 主要发育雪球石英、钠锆石、兴安石、独居石、氟碳铈矿及Nb-Be-REE矿物假象。其主要特征为: 全岩贫F和富Zr、Nb、Be和REE金属元素; 钠铁闪石可见霓石化, 钠铁闪石具有较低的REE含量和较高的Na含量, 钠锆石原位分解再结晶为锆石-石英假象。仅赤铁矿化界熔花岗岩主要发育兴安石、独居石、氟碳铈矿及Nb-Be-REE矿物假象。其主要特征为: 全岩富REE、Be, 贫Zr、Nb金属元素; 钠铁闪石被赤铁矿、铌铁矿等含铁氧化物交代, 钠铁闪石具有较高的REE含量和较低的Na含量。界熔花岗岩钠质交代过程中, 钠铁闪石发生霓石化释放Ba、Zr、Nb和部分REE等元素, 钠锆石分解为锆石-石英假象释放约1%的CaO; 在赤铁矿化过程中, 钠铁闪石被赤铁矿、铌铁矿等矿物交代, 释放约2%的F, 流体中Ca和F的加入诱发成矿晚阶段LREE矿物的富集沉淀。钠铁闪石主微量元素特征和钠质交代界熔花岗岩中钠锆石的出现表明岩浆经历了贫Zr的单锆相到富Zr的多锆相的高分异演化。多锆相界熔花岗岩均发生钠质交代, 钠锆石几乎全部分解为锆石-石英假象, 表明钠质交代可指示界熔花岗岩的Zr矿化。赤铁矿化界熔花岗岩发育大量富Nb-Be-REE的热液矿物, 且Nb、Be及REE含量与赤铁矿化程度呈正相关, 表明岩浆晚期出溶的含矿流体交代界熔花岗岩, 发生赤铁矿化并沉淀金属元素。

     

Au-(Ag)-Te-Se成矿系统与成矿作用

根据金矿床中碲、硒赋存特点与富集程度,可将Au-(Ag)-Te-Se成矿系统的矿床成因类型划分为:(1) 浅成低温热液型金-银矿床;(2) 造山型金矿床;(3) 卡林-类卡林型金矿床;(4) 碱性-偏碱性侵入岩型金矿床;(5)斑岩型(铜)金矿床;(6) 夕卡岩型(铜)金矿床;(7) VMS型金多金属矿床。碲、硒都是亲地幔的元素,侵入岩与火山岩是Au-(Ag)-Te-Se成矿系统中碲、硒的重要来源,黑色岩系也是硒的重要来源。温度、pH、氧逸度等是控制Te、Se的迁移与富集的重要因素。Au-(Ag)-Te-Se成矿系统的成矿机制与岩浆脱气、流体-熔体分离、水-岩反应、流体沸腾与混合、有机作用密切相关。其中岩浆脱气、流体-熔体分离、流体沸腾与流体混合是碲化物型金矿床的重要成矿机制,而水-岩反应、流体混合、有机作用是硒化物型金矿床的重要成矿机制。在成矿过程中,先期形成一些亚稳定或不稳定的过渡态矿物易发生固溶体分离作用,或是不饱和流体与已形成的矿物发生溶解-再沉淀作用,导致矿石具有丰富的物质组成和结构特点。     

中国伴生铟（镉镓锗）矿床的时空分布、成因类型及成矿机制：总结与展望

铟(In)是21世纪重要的紧缺战略性矿产,对国家稳定、发展和提升国际竞争力具有重要意义。中国拥有全球最丰富的铟资源,但尚未发现铟的独立矿床,目前已知的57个伴生铟矿床兼有镉(Cd)、镓(Ga)、锗(Ge)的资源潜力。本文在详细梳理所有伴生铟矿床的区域分布、成因类型、形成时代、赋存矿物、独立矿物和富集规律的基础上,总结了铟成矿作用的研究现状和发展方向。统计发现:我国伴生铟矿床高度集中于中亚造山带东段和华南地区;可划分为7种成因类型,包括矽卡岩型、岩浆-热液型、海相火山岩型、陆相火山岩型、叠加(复合/改造)型、斑岩型和受变质型;7类矿床中,铟无一例外主要赋存于闪锌矿中,作为副产品被回收;85%的伴生铟矿床形成于中生代,古近纪和中生代之前的矿床数量较少。目前全球已发现了19种铟独立矿物,我国报道了其中的5种。硫铟铜矿(CuI nS2)是我国最常见的铟独立矿物,其余的铟独立矿物如自然铟,羟铟矿等仅出现在特定的伴生铟矿床中。目前研究多关注扬子地台西南缘的矽卡岩型伴生铟矿床,而对散布于全国各地其他6类伴生铟矿床的研究尚处于起步阶段。这在很大程度上限制了对铟富集机制的认识,更不利于摸清国内铟资源家底...     

江西宁都葛藤嘴浅变质岩离子吸附型稀土矿成矿模式

江西宁都葛藤嘴离子吸附型稀土矿床是新近发现的新类型稀土矿床,成矿母岩为一套浅变质岩系。本文对矿区内的浅变质岩岩石类型、稀土元素含量及风化壳中稀土分布特征进行了研究,总结了成矿模式。矿区内岩石类型有变质砂岩、变质凝灰岩、千枚岩及片岩类。稀土元素含量普遍偏高,平均为384×10-6,变质凝灰岩类可达723×10-6,属于LREE型。风化壳钻孔样品中稀土含量增高,稀土配分继承了母岩特征。此类矿床最为特殊的是成矿母岩呈层产出,母岩的岩石类型、厚度及层位是重要的找矿要素。宁都地区浅变质岩类中良好的成矿母岩主要为变质砂岩和变质凝灰岩,两者不仅稀土含量较高,产出厚度较大,风化壳矿体也较为连续。     

藏东主要岩金矿床类型基本特点及其找矿前景

藏东地区是西南三江复合造山带有色金属、贵金属成矿带的重要组成部分,也是三江带中北段新生代强烈陆内变形区,具有金和金银金属矿产成矿的优越条件。已发现的众多岩金矿(化)点反映出藏东有多种岩金矿床成因类型,其中以斑岩型和破碎带充填交代型两种类型最为重要。前者以新生代浸源偏碱性斑岩为成矿母岩,矿(化)体赋存于斑岩、隐爆角砾岩内部、接触带及外接触蚀变带中,主矿化元素为金、银、铅、锌,少数还有铜、钨;后者的矿(化)体一般赋存于多期活动的区域性大断裂侧次级断裂、派生断裂、层间破碎带及节理、劈理发育带内,主矿化元素亦为金及银、铅、锌、铜,个别有锑、汞等。成矿时代以新生代及白垩纪-新生代为主。文中还对藏东构造单元和新生代偏碱性岩带进行划分,对两种金矿床类型的一般矿化特征、矿源层、蚀变和化探异常与矿化关系、找矿标志及找矿方向作了简要论述。     

巴布亚新几内亚铜金矿床大地构造背景、成因类型与成矿特征

巴布亚新几内亚地质构造格架复杂,包括地台、碰撞造山带、外来地体、俯冲带、岛弧和海底扩张中心。巴布亚新几内亚铜金矿床类型主要为斑岩型铜金矿床、浅成低温热液型金银矿床和夕卡岩型铜金矿床(三者之间具有密切的时间、空间和成因关系),其次为海底块状硫化物矿床。铜金矿床分布比较集中,主要产出于碰撞造山带和岛弧上,其次产出于现代海底扩张中心。铜金矿床大多规模巨大或较大,埋藏较浅,易于勘探和适合露天开采。与铜金矿床有关的岩浆岩大多为钙碱性火山岩和浅成侵入岩,少数与富钾碱性火山岩（橄榄玄粗岩）或侵入岩伴生。铜金矿床蚀变带发育且分带性明显,大多与斑岩体系和/或火山机构有关。虽然许多铜金矿床的矿物成分比较复杂,但是其矿石较易处理和利用。     

巴布亚新几内亚铜金矿床大地构造背景、成因类型与成矿特征

巴布亚新几内亚地质构造格架复杂,包括地台、碰撞造山带、外来地体、俯冲带、岛弧和海底扩张中心。巴布亚新几内亚铜金矿床类型主要为斑岩型铜金矿床、浅成低温热液型金银矿床和夕卡岩型铜金矿床（三者之间具有密切的时间、空间和成因关系）,其次为海底块状硫化物矿床。铜金矿床分布比较集中,主要产出于碰撞造山带和岛弧上,其次产出于现代海底扩张中心。铜金矿床大多规模巨大或较大,埋藏较浅,易于勘探和适合露天开采。与铜金矿床有关的岩浆岩大多为钙碱性火山岩和浅成侵入岩,少数与富钾碱性火山岩（橄榄玄粗岩）或侵入岩伴生。铜金矿床蚀变带发育且分带性明显,大多与斑岩体系和／或火山机构有关。虽然许多铜金矿床的矿物成分比较复杂,但是其矿石较易处理和利用。     

Rare earth element and strontium isotope geochemistry in Dujiali Lake,central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China: Implications for the origin of hydromagnesite deposits

Rare earth element (REE) and strontium isotope data (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) are presented for hydromagnesite and surface waters that were collected from Dujiali Lake in central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), China. The goal of this study is to constrain the solute sources of hydromagnesite deposits in Dujiali Lake. All lake waters from the area exhibit a slight LREE enrichment (average [La/Sm]_PAAS = 1.36), clear Eu anomalies (average [Eu/Eu*]_PAAS = 1.31), and nearly no Ce anomalies. The recharge waters show a flat pattern (average [La/Sm]_PAAS = 1.007), clear Eu anomalies (average [Eu/Eu*] _PAAS = 1.83), and nearly no Ce anomalies (average [Ce/Ce*]_PAAS = 1.016). The REE+Y data of the surface waters indicate the dissolution of ultramafic rock at depth and change in the hydrogeochemical characteristics through fluid-rock interaction. These data also indicate a significant contribution of paleo-groundwater to the formation of hydromagnesite, which most likely acquired REE and Sr signatures from the interaction with ultramafic rocks. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr data provide additional insight into the geochemical evolution of waters of the Dujiali Lake indicating that the source of Sr in the hydromagnesite does not directly derive from surface water and may have been influenced by both Mg-rich hydrothermal fluids and meteoric water. Additionally, speciation modeling predicts that carbonate complexes are the most abundant dissolved REE species in surface water. This study provides new insights into the origins of hydromagnesite deposits in Dujiali Lake, and contributes to the understanding of hydromagnesite formation in similar modern and ancient environments on Earth.     

桂东北黄关萤石矿床稀土元素和氢氧同位素特征

桂东北地区热液脉状萤石矿床数量众多,但萤石矿床的成矿流体性质和矿质来源不甚清楚。本文以黄关萤石矿床作为研究对象,在详细野外地质调查的基础上开展了萤石稀土元素测试及氢氧同位素研究,并与都庞岭花岗岩的全岩稀土元素特征进行对比。结果显示：萤石ΣREE = 38.08×10^-6~83.23×10^-6,花岗岩围岩ΣREE = 122.02×10^-6~199.56×10^-6,围岩花岗岩与萤石的稀土元素配分曲线均呈右倾型,具有同步性,表明矿物形成与围岩花岗岩关系密切;Eu无明显异常,Ce弱负异常或异常不明显,指示萤石在相对氧化的环境下形成;氢氧同位素测试结果显示,δD_V-SMOW介于-50.4‰~-34.7‰,δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW介于-9.8‰~-5.5‰,认为成矿流体以大气降水为主。矿床成矿物质F来自于都庞岭花岗岩体,Ca主要来自地层,部分来自岩体。

     

南岭中段锡矿床主要类型及找矿模式

在野外调查和综合研究的基础上,将南岭中段主要锡矿床分为两类五型,即Ⅰ．岩浆期后气成-热液类锡矿床,Ⅱ．构造控制的多源热液类锡矿床;Ⅰ-1．变花岗岩型,Ⅰ-2．云英岩型,Ⅰ-3．矽卡岩型,Ⅰ-4．石英脉型,Ⅱ-1．构造蚀变岩型。初步建立了区内云英岩型、矽卡岩型和构造蚀变岩型锡矿的找矿模式,并就找矿中需要注意的问题以及主攻类型、找矿区位进行了讨论。     

New insights into nanomineralogy and geochemistry of Ni-laterite ores from central Greece (Larymna and Evia deposits)

Nickeliferous laterite ores from two typical central Greece deposits (Larymna and Evia), currently used in the LARCO GMMSA smelting plant to produce ferronickel, were characterized using a combination of diffraction, microscopic, and analytical techniques. X-ray diffraction patterns of various fractions, with emphasis to the clayey material (<2 μm), after glycolation and heating at 550 °C, indicated that both materials contain crystalline Fe³⁺ oxide (hematite) and chlorite-group phyllosilicates, whereas the Evia sample contains additional illite. Transmission electron microscopy investigations revealed that the LARCO laterite ores consist of complex nanoscale aggregates of the above-mentioned phases. Different Ni-bearing Mg-Fe-phyllosilicates (mainly chlorite-group minerals), occur in mixture with hematite. Nickel is present in all examined phases, and therefore the separation of pure Ni-phases, by physical or chemical methods, is practically unfeasible. Trace element bulk analyses showed that there no significant differences, with regarding to Ni content concentrations (ca. 0.6–0.7 wt.%), between the initial ore and the clay fraction, for both the Larymna and Evia laterites (ca. 30% and 26% wt.% enrichment respectively). However, the Larymna ore contains double quantities of Co and it is enriched in rare earths compared to Evia (ΣREE = 774 ppm and 76 ppm respectively), while Sc concentrations are comparable in both mining areas (64 ppm and 42 ppm respectively). Discrimination diagrams (e.g. Th/Sc vs. Zr/Sc and Ce/Ce* vs. Eu/Eu*) showed that LARCO laterite Ni-ores do not exclusively originate in ultrabasic -ophiolitic- rocks as previously considered.     

从南水北调中线文物与地貌关系看全新世以来沿线人聚居条件变化

早期先民聚居和活动遗址及古墓分布受地貌类型及其与河流关系影响,在跨流域不同地区表现关系如何？本文以沿伏牛山和太行山山前地带线性展布的南水北调中线干渠两侧各3 km宽度带为个案,研究干渠沿线唐白河、淮河、黄河北、滏阳河和海河等5个区段的362处文物分布随水系及地貌单元的变化。结果发现,干渠沿线先人多聚居在缓坡地和岗地,其次是冲洪积扇和微倾斜平原。石器时代遗址基本在大河二级支流、河流二级阶地上,高出河床10~20 m左右。文物总数与调查干渠线路长度大致成正比,沿线路分布密度约0.5处/km。淮河-黄河北区段文物较集中且新石器遗址数量与线路长度大致成正比,沿线路分布密度约0.2处/km;海河区段文物密度相对较低。不同时代（7个时期）文物占比表现出一些共性特征,如战国至南北朝文物占比最高的在黄河北和滏阳河区段,分别为30%和41%,而明清文物占比较高的为海河和唐白河区段,分别为32%和44%。战国后太行山山麓带渐变干旱,黄河以北海河以南的华北平原西部湖区与山麓之间聚居遗址增多。上述结果为南水北调中线干渠规划设计中合理避让、科学保护和适量发掘文物供了一定依据

     

兴蒙造山带东缘内生钼矿床的成因类型、成矿年代及成矿动力学背景

兴蒙造山带东缘是中国重要内生多金属成矿区,近年来已发现钼矿床20余座。依据矿床地质、地球化学特征和年代学成果,将该区内生钼矿床类型划分为斑岩型、接触交代热液型和中高温浅成热液型。初步确定斑岩型矿床形成与高钾钙碱性花岗质岩浆作用有关,而接触交代热液型矿床形成与钙碱性花岗质岩浆作用以及围岩性质有关,成矿作用主要发生在195～165Ma和115～110Ma两个区间,成矿物质普遍具有壳幔混合源的特点;而其地球动力学背景分别与古太平洋板块俯冲欧亚大陆和伊泽奈崎板块俯冲欧亚大陆相适应。     

巴尔哲碱性花岗岩中的熔体和熔体-流体包裹体: 岩浆-热液过渡的信息

熔体包裹体由被封存在矿物中的原始岩浆组成,有效的保存了有关其主矿物形成时周围岩浆介质的物理化学信息,是研究岩浆演化和成矿作用的原始样品。本文以内蒙古巴尔哲超大型稀有稀土金属矿床中伟晶岩壳和石英斑晶中的熔体包裹体和流体-熔体包裹体为研究对象,使用高温热台和激光拉曼进行分析。结果显示熔体包裹体的熔融温度在750~1027℃之间(平均为916℃),熔体-流体包裹体的均一温度在475~650℃之间(平均为562℃),而包裹体内的硅酸盐矿物和稀土矿物的存在表明巴尔哲岩体的岩浆-热液演化及其对稀有稀土矿化的制约。