臭氧氧化分解污泥的试验研究

臭氧氧化能有效地分解污泥,为对臭氧氧化后污泥性质的变化进行系统的研究,本文采用接触反应柱对污泥在臭氧氧化过程中性质的变化进行了研究。结果表明,在臭氧投量为0．1gO3／gSS时,污泥中的溶解性COD浓度从256mg／L增加到2126mg／L,污泥沉降速度由初始的0．19cm／min增至1．43cm／min,滤饼的含水率由初始的76．6％降至70．6％。臭氧氧化后污泥絮体被分解,产生大量悬浮粒子,使污泥上清液的浊度和悬浮物浓度增加。臭氧氧化处理后污泥的过滤性能恶化。污泥比阻增大。     

利用臭氧氧化发光光谱特征检测水质污染

利用不同的污染物质在被臭氧氧化时发光特性不同的原理检测水质污染。检测出来的发光光谱与不同污染源的特征光谱进行对比,辅助发光时序等特征,检测几种污染物的含量和确定污染源。对涉及的有关技术问题进行了探讨。     

盐度对上流式厌氧污泥反应器脱氮性能的影响

采用模拟废水研究了1.5%盐度对厌氧反硝化上流式厌氧污泥反应器(DN-UASB)脱氮效能及工艺稳定性的影响。实验结果表明,当进水NO~-_3-N浓度为1 000 mg/L,C/N为4.5时,1.5%盐度下DN-UASB反应器最高氮去除速率(NRR)可达35.52 kg/(m~3·d),最高COD去除速率(CRR)可达127.8 kg/(m~3·d),高于无盐下DN-UASB反应器最高NRR与CRR(分别为28.61和94.5 kg/(m~3·d))。1.5%盐度可提高DN-UASB脱氮效能,且无明显NO~-_2-N积累。1.5%盐度、无盐条件下DN-UASB反应器C/N均随氮容积负荷(NLR)提升而降低,高负荷工况下1.5%盐度环境下C/N降幅达21.4%,高于无盐环境下的C/N降幅(4.7%)。1.5%盐度、无盐环境下,高负荷工况出水TN、COD浓度均较常负荷工况呈现明显波动。1.5%盐度可减缓出水水质波动,使出水水质更稳定,出水TN的变异系数比和极差系数比较无盐条件分别降低40.1%与32.8%,出水COD的变异系数比和极差系数比较无盐条件分别降低58.7%与44.3%,更有利于反应器稳定运行。     

以污泥提取液为生长介质的纤细角毛藻培养与CO2生物固定

污水污泥(MSS)中含有大量的氮磷营养盐,以其替代传统培养基作为微藻的营养来源,将显著降低微藻吸收固定CO2的成本,增强微藻在工业碳减排中的应用潜力。本研究以污水污泥提取液与海水的混合液作为纤细角毛藻(Chaetoceros gracilis)的生长介质,同时通入高浓度(5%～20%)CO2,在优化培养条件的基础上,将微藻接种到螺旋管式光生物反应器中进行动态试验,并逐日测定相应的藻生物量和固碳能力。结果表明,在污泥提取液和海水的混合体系中,纤细角毛藻的最适生长条件为:通入10%CO2气体,污泥提取液和海水按照1∶29比例混合,温度为30℃,光照强度为6 000lx。当保持10%CO2的通入速度为20mL·min-1时,生物反应器的适宜运行条件为:藻接种量1×106cells·mL-1,循环流量1 200mL·h-1。在上述优化条件下,最大藻生物量产率(0.36g·L-1·d-1)和最高固碳速率(0.67g·L-1·d-1)出现在循环培养第5d;此外,培养液中氮、磷营养盐的利用程度较高,NO3--N、NH4+-N、NO2--N、PO43--P的去除率分别达到96.9%、93.3%、78.0%和88.5%。     

利用多层薄层贴壁光生物反应器室外培养螺旋藻的研究

设计开发一套新型多层薄层贴壁光生物反应器装置,利用其在室外进行螺旋藻(Spirulina sp.)的高密度培养,对适合螺旋藻的工业贴壁介质材料及光稀释倍数进行初步考察和评价。实验结果表明:附着在超细纤维毛巾上的螺旋藻生物量产率(30~60 g/(m~2·d))要高于附着在植绒材料上的螺旋藻生物量产率(10~40 g/(m~2·d));在实验期间,当光稀释倍数达到10×时,螺旋藻的生物量产率可达到45~60 g/(m~2·d),明显高于2.5×及5×光稀释倍数下的生物量产率;连续培养8 d的螺旋藻平均生物量产率达到30.3 g/(m~2·d),且其营养成分与传统液体培养的螺旋藻营养成分一致。上述结果为该反应器的规模化应用提供支持。     

从厌氧反应器的发展谈UASB反应器的改良

对厌氧反应器的发展沿革、技术现状和研究进展进行了较为全面的总结。介绍了第 1代、第 2代和第 3代厌氧反应器的特点及应用状况。分析了厌氧反应器的发展趋势 ,对比了 EGSB、IC反应器与 UASB反应器的结构特征 ,提出并验证了改良 UASB反应器。结果显示 ,改良 UASB反应器有利于提高负荷和设备开发。     

EM对SBR工艺处理生活污水的强化作用

生物强化技术对于改善现有污水处理工艺的效果具有重要作用 。实验研究以生活污水中添加有效微生物群(EM)和单以生活污水两种方式培养活性污泥,然 后分别将其引入SBR反应器,以考察EM对SBR工艺处理生活污水的强化作用。结果表明,在正 常生活污水浓度和最优工艺条件(污水pH6～8,曝气2h,静置沉淀0.5h)下,EM-SBR反应器对 污水CODcr、NH+4-N的平均去除率分别比普通SBR工艺高19.08%和23.17%;且具有较好 的稳定性。此外,EM强化的SBR工艺还具有极强的抗冲击负荷能力,当进水CODcr为2738mg．L-1时,处理3h后,出水CODcr即可达到《污水综合排放标准》的要求,去除率高于96 %,而普通SBR工艺即使处理6h也不能达标。     

Community Metabolism in Microbial Mats: The Occurrence of Biologically-mediated Iron and Manganese Reduction

Community metabolism and nutrient, iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) cycling were examined in two intertidal, marine, microbial mat communities during short (4–5 days) incubations in closed, flow-through microcosms. Sediment microcosms were incubated under either light (light–dark cycles) or dark (continuous darkness) conditions to assess the effect(s) of photosynthetic oxygen production and microalgal activity on nutrient, Fe and Mn cycling. The effects of chemical redox reactions between reduced sulphur (S), Fe and Mn cycling were examined by blocking sulphate reduction, and reduced S production, with 25 mM molybdate while incubating under dark conditions.In light-incubated microcosms, negligible fluxes of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and trace metals were observed. A substantial sediment–water flux of reduced Fe (Fe²⁺) and Mn (Mn²⁺) was observed in microcosms incubated under continuous darkness; highest fluxes were observed in molybdate-amended microcosms. At both sites, biologically-mediated redox reactions accounted for a substantial (>50%) portion of the Fe²⁺and Mn²⁺flux. Both microbial mat communities exhibited similar rates of gross photosynthetic oxygen (O₂) production, but dramatically different rates of net benthic O₂flux. Distinct patterns of net O₂production and trace metal cycling arose from differences in either trace metal oxide availability or reactivity (mineralogy), organic carbon mineralization rates, or sediment characteristics (porosity). Variations in the microbial community responsible for trace metal cycling could have also contributed to the pattern. The present data illustrate that chemically-mediated redox reactions between metal oxides and reduced S complicate interpretation of Fe and Mn fluxes, underscoring the need to separate chemical and biological reactions when attempting to determine the role of biological trace metal reduction in organic carbon oxidation.     

Cu2+对序批式反应器中活性污泥胞外聚合物产量及其组分的影响

研究了长期暴露条件下Cu2+对序批式反应器(SBR)性能及其活性污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)特性的影响。结果表明,进水中加入10 mg·L-1的Cu2+后,在SBR运行的第16~55天,COD和NH+4-N的去除率保持稳定;在第56~75天,COD和NH+4-N的平均去除率与进水Cu2+浓度为0 mg·L-1时相比分别下降了3.88%和6.41%。浓度为10 mg·L-1的Cu2+长期作用下,活性污泥中EPS、松散附着EPS(LB-EPS)和紧密附着EPS(TB-EPS)产量及LB-EPS和TB-EPS中蛋白质(PN)含量增加。傅里叶变换红外光谱分析表明10 mg·L-1 Cu2+的长期暴露导致TB-EPS中PN的C=O键、N-H键和C-O键相对含量降低。X射线光电子能谱(XPS)测试结果显示在10 mg·L-1 Cu2+长期暴露条件下,LB-EPS和TB-EPS中元素Cu和O百分含量增加。     

Kinetics of microbially mediated reactions: dissimilatory sulfate reduction in saltmarsh sediments (Sapelo Island, Georgia, USA)

A sediment disk reactor was tested in once flow-through mode to retrieve kinetic parameters for the Monod rate law that describes sulfate reduction. The experimental method was compared with a previously described procedure by the authors where a sediment plug-flow reactor was operated in a recirculation mode. In recirculation mode, accumulation of metabolic byproducts in certain cases may result in negative feedback, thus preventing accurate determination of kinetic information. The method described in this article provides an alternative to the recirculation sediment plug-flow-through reactor technique for retrieving kinetic parameters of microbially mediated reactions in aquatic sediments.For sulfate reduction in a saltmarsh site, a maximum estimate of the half-saturation concentration, K_s, of 204±26 μM and a maximum reaction rate, R_m, of 2846±129 nmol cm_{(wetsediment)}³ d⁻¹ was determined. The K_s value obtained was consistent with the one estimated previously (K_s=240±20 μM) from a different site within the same saltmarsh mud flat using a recirculating reactor. From the R_m value and reduction rates determined using ³⁵SO₄²⁻ incubation experiments, we infer that sulfate reduction is limited in the field. Substrate availability is not the main contributor for the limitation, however. Competition from other microbes, such as iron reducers affects the activity of sulfate reducers in the suboxic to anoxic zones, whereas aerobes compete in the oxic zone. High sulfide concentration in the pore water may also have acted as a toxin to the sulfate reducers in the field.     

Numerical Simulation of Biological Impact Caused by Direct Injection of Carbon Dioxide in the Ocean

The direct injection of CO₂ in the deep ocean is a promising way to mitigate global warming. One of the uncertainties in this method, however, is its impact on marine organisms in the near field before CO₂ is diluted widely in the ocean. Since field experiments cost enormously, computational simulations are expected to show detailed information on the dilution process near injection points and its impact on marine organisms. In general, the LC50 concept is widely applied for testing the acute impact of a toxic agent on organisms. As a biological impact model we therefore consider mortality, which reflects recent laboratory experiments on zooplankton at various concentrations of CO₂. Here we regard the sigmoid-transformed mortality as a linear function of time in the logarithmic scale, and not just of the concentration of CO₂ in the logarithmic scale. This model was installed in a computational simulation code for the reconstruction of small-scale ocean turbulence. The results suggest that the biological effect is not significant when the ship speed is 4 knots and CO₂ is injected at 0.1 ton/sec in the form of a spray through 100 nozzles provided vertically on a pipe at 10 m intervals. It is therefore considered that the moving-ship method is effective for direct CO₂ injection. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.