东太湖水温变化与水-沉积物界面热通量初探

水温对沉水植被的生长和分布具有重要作用,水-沉积物界面热通量对浅水湖泊水温变化的影响值得关注.东太湖是我国东部典型的草型浅水湖区,采用自2013年11月至2015年10月对东太湖湖心进行的不同深度水体及沉积物温度高频观测数据,结合东太湖表层沉积物的热力学性质计算了水-沉积物界面热通量,分析了东太湖水温和水-沉积物界面热通量的变化特征并探讨了其影响因素.结果表明：东太湖各深度水体日升温过程随水深增加后延,升温过程夏季延长,冬季缩短;表层水温日变幅最大,底层水温日变幅次之,沉积物温度日变幅最小,各深度温度日变幅夏季最小、冬季最大;春季和夏季升温过程中各深度日均温变化沿水深存在约1天的延迟,秋季和冬季无此现象;2015年与2014年东太湖温度变化趋势相同,同比月均温差与气温差呈线性相关.沉积物8：00-19：00向水体放热增加或从水体吸热减少,19：00至次日8：00放热减少或吸热增加;3-9月从水体吸热,为热汇,10月至次年2月向水体放热,为热源,沉积物全年为湖泊热源;逐日水-沉积物界面热通量每月6至15日存在相对年变幅较小幅度的正弦式波动.水温和水-沉积物界面热通量的变化主要受太阳辐射和气温的影响,二者对气象参数的响应具有迟滞现象;水-沉积物界面热通量与水温呈负相关,其变化相对水温迟滞,水-沉积物界面热交换的主要作用为缓冲湖泊水体的热量变化;夏季,沉水植物能降低湖泊各层水温和垂向水温差.     

基于高频高光谱近感观测量化风对蓝藻水华的影响

全球气候变化显著影响湖泊理化环境和生态系统演化,对生态系统服务造成负面影响甚至引发生态系统灾变,其中风速下降可能促使富营养化湖泊蓝藻水华的暴发和水面漂浮集聚。以往由于较低的观测频次,往往很难精细量化风对蓝藻水华的影响。利用陆基高光谱近感观测技术,基于分钟小时尺度开展周年高频观测,通过对6—10月蓝藻生长期太湖表层水体叶绿素a浓度统计分析,量化蓝藻水华高频动态变化特征,确定蓝藻水华漂浮集聚的风速阈值。研究发现,随着风速的下降,水体表层叶绿素a浓度随之增加,蓝藻水华出现概率也随之增加。概率分析显示,当近地面风速小于2.5 m/s时,湖泊表层比较容易形成明显肉眼可见的蓝藻水华,藻华发生概率为55.1%。长时间持续的低风速容易诱发蓝藻水华形成和漂浮集聚,强风浪事件后低风速出现1～2天叶绿素a往往就能恢复以往较高水平,这为管理者有效防控蓝藻水华提供了新视角。长期气象观测显示,气候变化影响下太湖地区风速呈现显著下降趋势,增加了蓝藻竞争优势和发生概率,有助于其在表面漂浮集聚。在未来的气候变化情景下,如果风速继续呈现下降趋势,在营养盐条件不变情况下湖泊表层蓝藻水华发生概率可能还会上升,增加蓝藻水华防控...     

大型浅水湖泊水体对流混合速率分析

湖泊水体的对流混合是最基本的物理过程,其能显著影响湖泊生态系统温室气体等循环,但浅水湖泊水体对流混合的研究鲜有报道.本研究基于太湖(面积2400 km2,平均水深1.9 m)中尺度通量网的原位、高频、连续和多点的观测数据,分析该大型浅水湖泊水体对流混合速率w*的时空特征.结果表明太湖水体w*的均值为2.49 mm/s,因太湖的风速、水温和辐射等物理参数无空间变化,w*也无明显的空间变化.但是研究表明w*呈现显著的昼夜变化和季节变化,且昼夜变化幅度强于季节变化.总体上夜间w*是白天的4倍多,冬季w*(均值1.79 mm/s)明显低于春季(均值2.42 mm/s)、夏季(均值2.91 mm/s)和秋季(均值2.82 mm/s).太湖w*主要受风速和能量收支影响,白天风速是主要驱动因子,夜晚能量收支是主要驱动因子.     

高温干旱背景下太湖藻情变化特征及机制

2022年我国长江流域经历了长期的高温干旱,对湖泊水生态环境和湖内藻情态势产生了深远影响。但目前关于干旱环境下湖泊水华的响应特征研究较少。以太湖为例,基于2005—2022年湖体营养盐与叶绿素a浓度的长期监测数据,结合卫星遥感影像反演的蓝藻水华面积变化,探讨了2022年高温干旱对太湖蓝藻的影响特征及驱动机制。结果表明,2022年蓝藻水华高发季节(5—9月),太湖蓝藻水华的平均面积和最大面积均明显下降,其中5月的水华面积仅为近5年同期平均面积的20%;水样采集分析获得的水体叶绿素a浓度和微囊藻生物量在春季也明显下降。营养盐方面,2022年太湖的总氮和总磷均值分别为1.41和0.084 mg/L,较近5年均值分别下降了30.6%和27.3%,均为2005年以来的最低值。氮磷浓度空间分布的克里金插值显示,除西北湖区(竺山湾)受河流入湖影响外,大部分湖区的溶解态氮磷也都处于较低状态,冬季溶解性总磷浓度小于0.02 mg/L的水域面积占全湖面积的79%。随机森林分析表明,总磷、水温和风速是影响春季微囊藻和藻类生物量的关键因子。冬季湖体磷水平低,加上春季外源负荷较少,致使2022年春季太湖大范围湖...     

HJ-1B/IRS热红外数据反演太湖水温的方法比较

太湖是我国典型的富营养化湖泊,水温是影响太湖藻类生长的重要环境因子之一,我国环境减灾卫星HJ-1B搭载的红外多光谱相机IRS对太湖水温动态遥感监测具有较大的性能优势.利用6景过境太湖的IRS热红外遥感影像,分别采用单通道普适性算法、辐射传输模型法和单窗算法反演太湖水温,并与实测水温和同期的TERRA/MODIS温度产品进行对比.结果表明,普适性单通道算法反演水温偏高,而辐射传输模型法和单窗算法则偏低;3种算法反演水温的均方根误差在1.001 K以内,单窗算法反演精度最高,其次是辐射传输模型法,再次为普适性单通道算法,而同期MODIS温度产品的均方根误差为1.507 K.3种算法从IRS热红外数据反演的水温直方图均呈正峰态、尖峰状态分布,反演结果能真实地反映太湖水温的空间分布特征.本研究对只有单个热红外通道的卫星传感器开展内陆水体水温遥感监测具有一定的参考意义.     

1973—2020年洞庭湖水温演变特征

表层水温是影响湖泊水生生态系统的关键因素,研究其对气候变化的响应过程及机制是评估湖泊生态环境可持续发展的重要切入点。本文针对水温的长期演变趋势问题,基于实测水文气象数据,采用Air2water数据驱动模型重构洞庭湖长序列水温资料,研究湖泊表层水温在气象条件驱动下的演变特征,为湖泊生态环境监测、水安全保障和综合治理等提供理论依据。主要结论有：（1）尽管Air2water数据驱动模型以常微分方程的简化形式概化湖泊热力学过程,但可较准确地反演水温的变化趋势。根据长序列实测气温资料重构的1973 2020年洞庭湖日均水温序列具有较高的可信度。（2）1973 2020年,洞庭湖水温年内变化具有显著的上升期和下降期,且降温过程较升温快。在气候变暖背景下,年均水温呈现持续的波动性上升趋势,且1996年发生突变后上升趋势更为显著,其中城陵矶站和南咀站年均水温的上升率分别达到0.20和0.16℃/10 a。1996年洞庭湖流域的突变式增温主要是由冷季的显著增暖过程驱动。（3）采用广义单位线法建立水温气温之间的耦合关系,水温随气温上升的速率先增大至极大值后逐渐减缓。1996年水温发生突变后,水温随气温的变...     

1958-2017年太湖蒸发量年际变化趋势及主控因子

湖泊蒸发对气候变化非常敏感,是水文循环响应气候变化的指示因子,因此研究湖泊蒸发的控制因素,对于理解区域水文循环有重要意义.本文利用太湖中尺度涡度通量网避风港站观测数据校正JRA-55再分析资料,驱动CLM4.0-LISSS模型,并利用2012-2017年涡度相关通量数据和湖表面温度数据检验模型模拟蒸发结果,验证了该模型在太湖的适用性;估算了1958-2017年间太湖的湖面蒸发量,并利用Manner-Kendall趋势检验分析了湖面蒸发的变化趋势,寻找太湖实际蒸发的年际变化的主控因子.结果如下:校正后的JRA-55再分析资料模拟的太湖蒸发与观测值之间存在季节偏差,但是季节偏差在年尺度上相互抵消,再分析资料可用于年际尺度太湖蒸发变化的模拟;1958-2017年间太湖蒸发量以1977年为界,先下降(-3.6 mm/a),后增加(2.3 mm/a);多元逐步回归结果表明,向下的短波辐射是太湖1958-2017年间太湖蒸发变化的主控因子,向下的长波辐射、气温、比湿也对湖泊蒸发年际变化有一定影响,但是风速对蒸发量的年际变化影响不大.     

过去40年太湖剧烈的湖泊物理环境变化及其潜在生态环境意义

过去40年,全球气候变暖、辐射变暗和变亮、风速减弱、气候异常波动等自然环境变化以及筑坝建闸、岸堤硬质化和调水引流等强烈人类活动势必会深刻改变太湖湖泊物理环境和过程,驱动湖泊生态系统演化.基于历史文献、档案数据以及气象水文和透明度等长期观测数据,本文系统梳理了太湖气温、水温、风速、水位和透明度等物理环境空间分布和长期变化特征,探讨了气温和风速、水位和透明度相互协同作用机制及其潜在生态环境意义.受全球变化和城市化等影响,过去40年太湖气温和水温呈现显著升高趋势,而近地面风速则表现为持续下降,湖泊增温和风速下降有利于藻类生长和蓝藻水华漂浮聚集,某种程度上增加了蓝藻水华出现频次和集聚的面积.为防洪和满足流域日益增长的水资源需求,闸坝管控和调水引流使太湖水位呈现缓慢增加趋势,而入湖污染物增加和富营养化则造成水体透明度逐渐下降,致使透明度与水位(水深)的比值明显降低,减少了湖底可利用光强,恶化水下光环境,在一定程度上驱动了太湖水生植被和草型生态系统退化.湖泊物理环境长期变化逐渐拓展了太湖藻型生境空间而压缩了草型生境空间,加剧了草型生态系统向藻型生态系统转化和增强了藻型生态系统的自我长期维持.太湖湖泊物理环境的显著变化也会部分抵消流域营养盐削减和湖体营养盐下降对藻类生物量和蓝藻水华的控制,增加了太湖蓝藻水华防控和湖泊富营养化治理的难度.这意味着未来流域控源截污需要更加严格的标准,而湖泊水位等物理环境的有效管控是应对藻华加剧和恢复草型生态系统的适应性管理策略.     

不同型号水温仪同井对比观测分析

在永年北杜井250 m深度安装的ZKGD3000-NT型地下水数据监测系统水温仪和SZW-1型数字式温度计进行对比观测与井水温梯度测量。结果表明,随着深度的增加,井水温度逐渐升高,水温与深度呈正相关,温度梯度没有明显的梯度异常井段。但两者温度动态差异较大,SZW-1温度计观测结果动态稳定性高,可以判定温度22.58℃是永年井250 m深度的井水温度,基本保持稳定上升趋势,上升速率稳定;而同孔、同深度安装的ZKGD3000-NT水温仪测值波动性较大,变化速率亦大,呈现下降趋势或下降速率增大。     

永年北杜井上两种水温仪的对比观测实验及其结果分析

同井安装的ZKGD3000-NT型地下水数据监测系统水温仪和SZW-1型数字式温度计在永年北杜井250 m深度进行对比观测与井水温梯度测量,结果表明,温度梯度都随着深度的增加,井水温度逐渐升高,水温与深度呈正相关,没有明显的梯度异常井段。但两者温度动态差异较大,SZW-1温度计观测结果动态稳定性高,可以判定温度22.58℃是永年井250 m深度的井水温度,基本保持稳定上升趋势,上升速率稳定;而同孔同深度安装的ZKGD3000-NT水温仪测值波动性较大,变化速率也大,呈现下降趋势或下降速率增大。     

青藏高原地表温度的比较分析

利用青藏高原改则、甘孜、拉萨和那曲气象站的地面水银温度计观测的地面0 cm温度和地面向上、大气向下长波辐射观测资料,计算和比较分析了地面水银表温度与地表辐射温度的差异.分析表明,由于地面水银温度计接触式测温方法的局限性,使得气象台站观测场地的地面水银表温度存在较大的误差：在裸露地表,夏季白天的正偏差可达4℃以上,夜间的负偏差在-2℃左右;在稠密植被地表,白天正偏差最高可达16℃以上,夜间的负偏差可达-3℃.由于偏差的不均衡性和离散性,即使对地面水银表温度作简单平均或积分平均处理,其代表性仍然很差.在对地表温度准确性要求较高的定量化研究与应用中,应避免直接采用地面水银表温度资料,即使由于资料缺乏而以其代之,也应对其采取适当的订正补偿等处理措施.随着科学研究对地表温度准确性的更高要求,推广使用地表辐射测温的观测方法是必要的.     

长春地区地表温度日变、年变对地温测量的影响

通过实地观测试验,并采用傅里叶分析法进行理论分析,来研究长春地区地表温度日变、年变对地温测量的影响规律及影响深度,为在长春地区利用浅层地温测量方法研究地质问题提供重要参数信息.地温变化幅度随深度作指数衰减,衰减系数与地表温度周期、热扩散率有关.     

Synchronous retrieval of land surface temperature and emissivity

This is an old topic for more than ten years to retrieve land surface temperature (LST) from satellite data, but it has not been solved yet. At first, people tried to transplant traditional split window method of sea surface temperature (SST) to the retrieval of LST, but it was found that the emissivities of land surface (ε_i) must be involved in atmospheric correction. Then many different formulas appeared with assumption of emissivities known. In fact, emissivities of land surface with pixel size cannot be known beforehand because of various reasons, so in recent years the focus of attention has been transferred to retrieving emissivities (ε_i) and LST at the same time. Therefore, we have to solve missing equations problem. For this some people try to introduce middle infrared information, but new problems will be brought in which means that it is very difficult to describe middle infrared BRDF of targets with high accuracy and the scattering of atmospheric aerosol cannot be ignored. Therefore a different way is offered to solve this problem only using two thermo-infrared bands data based on three assumptions, constant emissivities in two measurements, and the same atmospheric parameters for neighbouring pixels and the difference of emissivity (Δε) of two channels can be known beforehand. Results of digital simulations show that it is possible to retrieve LST with its root mean square (RMS) of errors less than 1 K and RMS of relative error of ground radiance at 7% if the error of atmospheric temperature at ± 2°C and the relative error of atmospheric water vapor at ± 10% can be satisfied. Results have been confirmed by initial field test. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49471056) and China’s National Key Basic Research Plan.     

Integrative inversion of land surface component temperature

Land surface temperature (LST) was a key parame-ter in the study of energy fluxes and substance ex-change between the atmosphere and the ground. Re-trieving LST accurately was the main task of infrared remote sensing these years. According to the request of environmental monitor and global change study, the target was specified that the sea surface temperature (SST) should be accurate to 0.3 K, and the land sur-face temperature (LST) should be accurate to 1K in the near future[1]. Sea su…     

Monitoring of water surface temperature of Eurasian large lakes using MODIS land surface temperature product

In this study, data from MODIS land surface temperature product level 3 (MOD11A2) were used to investigate the spatiotemporal variation of Eurasian lakes water surface temperature (LSWT) from 2001 to 2015, and to examine the most influencing factors of that variation. The temperature of most lakes in the dry climate zone and in the equatorial climatic zone varied from 17 to 31°C and from 23 to 27°C, respectively. LSWTs in the warm temperate and cold climatic zones were in the range of 20 to 27°C and −0.6 and 17°C, respectively. The average day time LSWT in the polar climate zone was −0.71°C in the summer. Lakes in high latitude and in the Tibetan Plateau displayed low LSWT, ranging from −11 to 26°C during the night time. Large spatial variations of diurnal temperature difference (DTD) were observed in lakes across Eurasia. However, variations in DTDs were small in lakes located in high latitude and in tropical rainforest regions. The shallow lakes showed a rapid response of LSWT to solar and atmospheric forcing, while in the large and deep lakes, that response was sluggish. Results of this study demonstrated the applicability of remote sensing and MODIS LST products to capture the spatial–temporal variability of LSWT across continental scales, in particular for the vast wilderness areas and protected environment in high latitude regions of the world. The approach can be used in future studies examining processes and factors controlling large scale variability of LSWT.     

月表温度对于月幔对流影响的数值模拟研究

行星内部对流计算中, 一般都将其表面温度作为常温处理.但在月球、水星等无大气的天体表面, 温度与纬度明显相关, 月球两极和赤道的平均温度相差可以达到100 K以上.纬度相关的温度边界条件, 是否会影响天体早期对流特征与内部热状态, 过去没有得到重视和研究.本文使用有限元方法进行了二维球壳对流模型的热演化模拟, 以评估无大气行星上, 与纬度高度相关的表面温度对其内部对流和演化的影响.模拟计算结果表明, 表面温度会对月球对流形态产生较大影响, 两极因为相对更冷而易于形成下降流, 上升流更倾向于从赤道位置开始, 在早期演化中表现得尤为明显.受边界条件影响, 月球两极与赤道的岩石圈厚度差异可以达到400 km以上.今后在研究太阳系内月球、水星一类没有大气的天体演化、特别是早期演化时, 对于表面温度纬度相关分布的影响应该予以考虑.

     

Relationship between thermally forced surface wind and sea surface temperature gradient

An important part of the influence of the oceans on the atmosphere is through direct radiation, sensible heat flux and release of latent heat of evaporation, whereby all of these processes are directly related to the surface temperature of the oceans. A main effect of the atmosphere on the oceans is through momentum exchange at the air-ocean interface, and this process is directly related to the surface wind stress. The sea surface temperature (SST) and the surface wind stress are the two important components in the air-ocean system. If SST is given, a thermally forced boundary layer atmospheric circulation can be simulated. On the other hand, if the surface wind stress is given, the wind-driven ocean waves and ocean currents can be computed.The relationship between SST and surface wind is a coupling of the atmosphere and the oceans. It changes a one-way effect (ocean mechanically driven by atmosphere, or atmosphere thermally forced by oceans) into two-way air-sea interactions. Through this coupling the SST distribution, being an output from an ocean model, leads to the thermally forced surface winds, which feeds back into the ocean model as an additional forcing.Based on Kuo's planetary boundary layer model a linear algebraic equation is established to link the SST gradient with the thermally forced surface wind. The surface wind blows across the isotherms from cold to warm region with some deflection angle to the right (left) in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere. Results from this study show that the atmospheric stratification reduces both the speed and the deflection angle of the thermally forced wind, however, the Coriolis' effect increases the wind speed in stable atmosphere (Ri>10^–4) and increases the deflection angle.     

A temperature prediction-correction method for estimating surface soil heat flux from soil temperature and moisture data

Surface soil heat flux is a component of surface energy budget and its estimation is needed in land-atmosphere interaction studies. This paper develops a new simple method to estimate soil heat flux from soil temperature and moisture observations. It gives soil temperature profile with the thermal diffusion equation and, then, adjusts the temperature profile with differences between observed and computed soil temperatures. The soil flux is obtained through integrating the soil temperature profile. Compared with previous methods, the new method does not require accurate thermal conductivity. Case studies based on observations, synthetic data, and sensitivity analyses show that the new method is preferable and the results obtained with it are not sensitive to the availability of temperature data in the topsoil. In addition, we pointed out that the soil heat flux measured with a heat-plate can be quite erroneous in magnitude though its phase is accurate.     

Inference of ground surface temperature history from subsurface temperature data: Interpreting ensembles of borehole logs

Ground surface temperature histories (GSTHs) inferred from borehole temperaturedepth (T-z) data are often degraded, to a various extent, by random or systematic noise in theT-z data and in the measurements of thermophysical properties of the earth. To minimize the effects of noise, and hence improve the fidelity of the inferred GSTH, a plausible approach is to perform a simultaneous inversion, of theT-z logs in a region, or alternatively, to invert the individualT-z logs and then average the resulting GSTHs. Averaging and simultaneous inversion are conceptually different: whereas an averaging can always be peformed, a simultaneous inversion is predicated on the assumption of a common transient component of the GSTH in all theT-z logs. In this work we examine and compare the two approaches, using a time domain inverse formulation based on the method of least squares. We consider a set of scenarios: (a) multipleT-z logs from a single borehole, (b) multiple boreholes from a single site, (c) multiple boreholes in similar climatological settings, and (d) multiple boreholes in different climatological settings. We show that for (a), (b) and (c), averaging and simultaneous inversion yield nearly identical results. For boreholes in different settings, the assumption of a common transient GSTH may be invalid and averaging and simultaneous inversion give divergent results.     

Determination of bare surface soil moisture from combined temporal evolution of land surface temperature and net surface shortwave radiation

Land surface soil moisture (SSM) is an important variable for hydrological, ecological, and meteorological applications. A multi‐linear model has recently been proposed to determine the SSM content from the combined diurnal evolution of both land surface temperature (LST) and net surface shortwave radiation (NSSR) with the parameters TN (the LST mid‐morning rising rate divided by the NSSR rising rate during the same period) and t_d (the time of daily maximum temperature). However, in addition to the problem that all the coefficients of the multi‐linear model depend on the atmospheric conditions, the model also suffers from the problems of the nonlinearity of TN as a function of the SSM content and the uncertainty of determining the t_d from the diurnal evolution of the LST. To address these problems, a modified multi‐linear model was developed using the logarithm of TN and normalizing t_d by the mid‐morning temperature difference instead of using the TN and t_d. Except for the constant term, the coefficients of all other variables in the modified multi‐linear model proved to be independent of the atmospheric conditions. Using the relevant simulation data, results from the modified multi‐linear model show that the SSM content can be determined with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.030m³/m³, provided that the constant term is known or estimated day to day. The validation of the model was conducted using the field measurements at the Langfang site in 2008 in China. A higher correlation is achieved (coefficient of determination: R² = 0.624, RMSE = 0.107m³/m³) between the measured SSM content and the SSM content estimated using the modified multi‐linear model with the coefficients determined from the simulation data. Another experiment is also conducted to estimate the SSM content using the modified model with the constant term calibrated each day by one‐spot measurements at the site. The estimation result has a relatively larger error (RMSE = 0.125m³/m³). Additionally, the uncertainty of the determination of the coefficients is analysed using the field measurements, and the results indicate that the SSM content obtained using the modified model accurately characterizes the surface soil moisture condition. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.