FY-3星紫外臭氧总量探测仪(TOU)监测大气臭氧及吸收性气溶胶

FY-3卫星上搭载的紫外臭氧总量探测仪(Total Ozone Unit,TOU)是我国首台自主研制的用于全球臭氧总量监测的仪器,自2008年5月至今已有3台仪器搭载在气象卫星(FY-3A/FY-3B/FY-3C)上成功发射并在轨运行。TOU利用紫外波段进行臭氧总量反演,以获得全球臭氧的分布及其变化。2013年,针对我国灰霾、沙尘等气溶胶污染事件频发的环境问题,TOU紫外探测数据被成功用于吸收性气溶胶指数(AAI)的反演,之后TOU被用于我国吸收性气溶胶污染事件的监测,为沙尘、灰霾等的预报提供监测数据。对TOU的数据和产品的质量和应用进行了介绍,包括L1B数据、臭氧总量产品及AAI指数。在此基础上,根据现有仪器的不足,对后续仪器的发展方向进行了阐述。     

基于DEM的江苏气温空间插值研究

以江苏省及周边39个常规气象站点1957—2001年的月平均气温数据和90 m空间分辨率的DEM数据为基础,采用基于DEM的多元线性回归插值方法,分析多年平均气温与海拔、坡度和坡向等地形因子的相关关系,建立适合该区域的多元回归空间插值模型.同时与反距离权重法(IDW)和克里格(Kriging)插值法等传统方法的计算结果进行对比,并用交叉验证方法比较5种插值方法的精度.结果表明:该研究区各月气温递减率在 0.5~0.9 ℃/(100 m) 左右;基于DEM的多元线性回归空间插值方法(MLR)无论从插值效果还是误差精度上,均优于其他传统插值方法.插值结果客观地表达了气温与各地形要素的相关性,反映了气温的空间变异性.     

FY-3A气象卫星臭氧总量数据的质量控制方案及其在台风Tembin(2012)和Isaac(2012)中的应用

我国第二代极轨气象卫星“风云三号”A星(FY-3A)上搭载的紫外臭氧总量探测仪(Total Ozone Unit,TOU)每天可以提供一次覆盖全球的臭氧总量观测。为了在数值预报中应用TOU的臭氧资料,从资料同化角度发展了一套质量控制方案。首先基于臭氧总量和平均位势涡度的高相关性建立了逐日动态更新的臭氧线性回归预报模型,然后使用双权重算法对臭氧资料进行质量控制。将该质量控制方案应用于台风Tembin(2012)和Isaac(2012)个例,试验结果说明该方案可以体现出臭氧总量和平均位势涡度之间相关关系的逐日变化,识别出的离群资料百分比随时间变化较稳定,可以保留原始资料的主体信息,并且显著降低了原始资料的标准差。同时,质量控制后的臭氧数据与统计拟合量更加一致,观测减拟合的概率密度函数分布形式也更接近高斯分布,有利于后续的资料同化。     

基于DEM修订的新疆区域气温空间插值精度优化研究

为研究新疆地区气温的空间变异性,以新疆66个国家气象台站1981—2010年月平均气温和30 m空间分辨率DEM数据为基础,采用传统插值法、基于DEM多元线性回归插值和基于DEM修正的空间插值方法对新疆区域气温数据进行栅格化,并分析年平均气温与海拔的相关关系。通过采用反距离权重法(IDW),普通克里格法(Kriging),样条函数法(Spline)和趋势面分析法(Trend)4种空间插值方法对气象要素进行直接插值、气温多元回归模型残差结果插值、基于DEM修正插值对比分析。通过针对插值方法进行基于MAE和RMSIE的交叉验证,结果表明传统插值方法、基于多元线性回归和基于DEM修正4种空间插值精度均为IDWKrigingSplineTrend。反距离权重(IDW)空间插值方法最优,基于DEM修正IDW插值、基于多元线性回归IDW插值与传统IDW插值精度分别是0.039、0.477、1.038,插值结果客观的表达了新疆区域气温随空间梯度的变化趋势。     

用GMS卫星资料研究我国东南部夏季短波云辐射强迫

利用中分辨率辐射计算模式（MODTRAN3）、站点的温压湿探空资料和美国标准大气的气溶胶、臭氧和微量气体参数，计算出无云情况下的地面总辐射，再与实测地面总辐射结合得出云对太阳的辐射强迫。同时利用GMS卫星资料反演出云辐射参数——反照率和亮温，分析了短波云辐射强迫和云辐射参数的关系，建立了两者的回归模式，用于估算地面资料缺少地区的短波云辐射强迫。     

复杂地形下太阳总辐射空间订正方法——以四川省为例

利用四川省158个气象站2016-2019年逐小时2 m气温、相对湿度、地面气压、能见度等观测数据,通过SMARTS模式计算并积分得到逐月晴天太阳总辐射,建立晴天太阳总辐射随海拔高度的变化关系,将该关系应用到1990-2019年太阳总辐射空间插值订正中,并对订正效果进行验证,结果表明:晴天太阳总辐射随海拔高度呈对数增加...     

基于RS和GIS技术的新疆气温空间插值方法探讨

分析新疆90个气象站点2004年年均气温与经纬度、海拔高度的关系,之间具有较好的线形相关关系(r2=0.897)。通过"回归方程计算 空间残差"的方法对全疆2004年年均气温数据进行插值。验证结果为:插值计算值与实测值间相关系数r2=0.994,平均误差1.53%。插值结果表明:利用"回归方程计算 空间残差"的方法可以生成高精度、高空间分辨率新疆年平均网格温度结果。     

基于符号回归的四川省多因子气温空间插值

以四川省为例开展复杂地形下气温插值方法的研究,结合遥感数据、DEM数据与气象站点数据,基于符号回归分别构建多因子气温插值模型、少因子气温插值模型,并与多元线性回归模型和传统插值方法(反距离权重法、普通克里金法、协同克里金法)进行对比。结果表明：基于符号回归的两种模型与多元线性回归模型在四季插值精度均显著优于传统插值方法,其中多因子气温插值模型在四季精度皆为最高;评估基于符号回归的两种模型与多元线性回归模型在简单与复杂地形区域下的气温插值精度,多元线性回归模型在夏季整体精度最差,少因子气温插值模型在冬季的复杂地形区域插值精度最低,而多因子气温插值模型在两种地形区域的全年插值精度皆最优;多因子气温插值模型的气温空间分布特征与遥感气温产品最相近,整体误差较小,可精准反映气温空间分布特征。基于符号回归的多因子气温插值模型可以提升复杂地形区域气温插值精度。     

GRAPES紫外线（UV）数值预报

应用GRAPES（Global/Regional Assi milation PrEdiction System）模式中的Goddard短波辐射方案,创建了紫外线数值预报系统（GRAPES-UV）。介绍了Goddard短波辐射方案,给出了GRAPES-UV系统的运行和个例分析。研究结果表明,紫外线指数（UVI）除了与纬度、地形和日变化有关外,还与云的分布以及天气形势密切相关,GRAPES模式中云的微物理方案对UV预报有较大的影响,UVI在晴空和对流云降水地区的强烈反差是UVI的重要特征。在个例试验中应用了臭氧总量预报模式,通过T213模式为化学输送模式提供气象背景,利用卫星资料同化技术建立臭氧的初始场,预报大气臭氧总量。应用国际上通常采用的临界成功指数（CSI）对2007年夏季北京和上海UV预报进行统计检验。北京和上海24 h紫外线强度等级为强和很强的CSI分别为0.625和0.780,接近同样方法的美国检验结果0.677。该系统从2006年3月起在中国气象局大气成分观测与服务中心的业务系统中正常运行,并在大气成分中心网站上发布UVI和紫外线强度等级预报,并提醒公众采取合适的方法保护自身免受UV的过度辐射。     

辽宁乡镇天气预报中风和相对湿度及云量的空间插值方法

针对开展乡镇天气预报时对高精度逐日气象要素输入值的需要,以辽宁地区为例, 在乡镇预报前期研究成果的基础上,选用距离权重反比法作为基本方法,综合考虑海拔高度,建立风向、风速、相对湿度和云量历史资料库。结果表明：风速、相对湿度可由经度和纬度求算权重,然后采用海拔高度订正插值误差最小;风向和云量可由经度、纬度和海拔高度求算空间距离确定权重插值误差最小。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.