地理信息系统（GIS）软件评析

地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）是计算机科学的主要应用领域之一,因此ＧＩＳ技术的进步直接受到计算机软硬件技术发展的影响。本归纳总结了ＧＩＳ软件的功能与特点。对ＧＩＳ软件所支持的操作系统,数据库界面及数据交换格式作了深入的比较与分析。中一些最常用的ＧＩＳ软件产品被选作代表性系统以展示地理信息系统的基本功能类型。最后,ＧＩＳ软件近期内的几处主要发展趋势（开放的ＧＩＳ、面向对象的ＧＩＳ和桌面ＧＩＳ）也在中得     

A geographic data model for representing ground water systems

The Arc Hydro ground water data model is a geographic data model for representing spatial and temporal ground water information within a geographic information system (GIS). The data model is a standardized representation of ground water systems within a spatial database that provides a public domain template for GIS users to store, document, and analyze commonly used spatial and temporal ground water data sets. This paper describes the data model framework, a simplified version of the complete ground water data model that includes two-dimensional and three-dimensional (3D) object classes for representing aquifers, wells, and borehole data, and the 3D geospatial context in which these data exist. The framework data model also includes tabular objects for representing temporal information such as water levels and water quality samples that are related with spatial features.     

基于综合数据库的安徽省地震应急分类响应辅助决策系统

建立了由基础地理数据库、地震地质数据库、地震监测数据库、地震预报数据库、地震应急数据库组成的安徽省防震减灾综合数据库,收集并整理了安徽省地震局自建局以来的各类业务资料.实现了信息化管理.在防震减灾综合数据库的基础上,利用GIS技术研制了具有安徽特色的地震应急分类响应辅助决策系统,在有感地震应急、地震模拟演练以及地震技术...     

国家台网地震速报综合信息发布系统研究

针对目前国家地震台网地震速报现状,提出了一种地震速报综合信息发布系统,并对其进行了应用开发,该系统结合实时的地震信息与GIS数据(GIS数据有震中地区的各种基础地理信息数据和地震行业数据),并和Google Maps所提供的全球范围的地图资源有机融合,通过Intemet为用户提供快速服务.每当有较大地震发生时,系统还可以通过彩信为特定用户自动发送相关图片,这对实时地震灾害评估和地震应急救援提供了极大便利.现在,该系统网站已经成为一个访问量很大的地震网站,尤其在四川汶川8.0级特大地震发生后,发挥了巨大的社会效益.     

The synergistic powers of AEM and GIS geodatabase models in water resources studies

Comprehensive studies of water resources systems require integration of modeling tools and data associated with individual processes. An object-oriented approach is presented here that associates ground water models based upon the analytic element method (AEM) with geographic information system (GIS) geodatabase features using an AEM Model Interface. Each aquifer object contains a prescribed geometry, a mathematical representation in the AEM, and GIS hydrogeologic data. The synergistic understanding inherent in such an approach is illustrated by a study linking local AEM model predictions of water elevation with ground water geodatabase objects. This AEM Model Interface provides a key component in establishing a common object-oriented geodatabase modeling approach linking ground water to a variety of natural and social processes.     

Rigorous landslide hazard zonation using Newmark's method and stochastic ground motion simulation

Researchers and practitioners in earthquake engineering have recognized geographic information systems (GIS) to be a significant tool in modeling spatial phenomenon related to hazard and risk. GIS, as an engineering tool, has been primarily used for its spatial data storing and presentation features. Models are often simplified to be more compatible with the light computational capabilities of many GIS. If not simplified, heavy computations are generally performed external to the GIS. A prototype vector-based GIS was developed that employs a rigorous approach to Newmark's displacement method for assessing earthquake triggered landslide hazards. The rigorous Newmark's analysis provides desirable flexibility by allowing input of actual ground motions. The prototype hazard GIS incorporates a popular shot filtered noise technique for generating artificial ground motions. The rigorous approach was compared to a popular simplified approach for computing Newmark displacements. Distribution of regional displacements was found to be similar with the simplified approach giving more and larger extreme displacements. The rigorous approach is suitable for large scales to model various seismic scenarios and their effect on seismically induced landslide potential.     

基于GIS的当雄同震InSAR形变场分析

InSAR技术对同震形变的量测达到了厘米级的精度,但在数据后处理和结果分析方面仍然存在明显的不足。采用可对空间信息进行存储、管理及分析等功能的GIS,对InSAR数据获取的2008年10月6日16时30分西藏自治区当雄县MW6.3地震的同震形变场进行分析。结果表明:(1)GIS可对多源数据进行有效管理;(2)可以确定当雄地震的震中位置;(3)可获取沉降区的最大形变量;(4)可确定主要的形变区间;(5)可将形变结果进行三维展示。GIS可有效地弥补InSAR数据后处理、数据分析及成果展示方面的不足。     

Scaling issues in watersheds assessments

Watershed assessments require the integration of point, linear and spatial data. This can best be accomplished using a geographic information system (GIS). A categorical classification system was combined with the GIS overlay technique to arrive at a stratification of a watershed in Nepal, and to scale the soil nutrient information from terraces to watersheds. With this technique land use activities can directly be related to socio-economic and bio-physical conditions. The effects of surplus applications of nutrients or nutrient deficits on water and soil are analyzed. Although difficult to quantify, socio-economic factors and property right issues play a key role in these relationships.     

Deduction and application of generalized Euler formula in topological relation of geographic information system (GIS)

Topological relation is one important characteris-tics of spatial data, and reflects the structural relation-ships among geographical objects, and is regarded as the core of spatial data processing[1,2]. Topological transformation has been widely used in diverse spatial studies, and in fact, the processing of geographical data is a kind of topological transformations[3]. There-fore, it is of significance to study the mathematical theory of generating and checking topological rela-tions in GIS…     

Comparison of Clark,Nash Geographical Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph models for semi arid regions

This paper compares the results obtained from three hydrologic techniques namely Clark, Nash and Geographical Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph. Underpinning of these models and calibration of parameters for these models was a demanding assignment which was performed by downhill simplex optimization method. A semi-arid region of Pakistan was selected for testing the models. Computer coding was prepared for all the models. SPOT maps of the study area were collected from NESPAK (National Engineering Services of Pakistan). The rainfall runoff data was taken from Punjab Irrigation and Power Department. The maps were digitized using ERDAS and Arc GIS to determine the geographic parameters of the watershed. Field surveys and measurements were used to estimate the discharge data. The shape of direct runoff hydrograph, peak flows and time to peak flow obtained from the three models were compared. The model efficiency was determined by a statistical parameter coefficient of determination. It was found that the Clark model simulated superior results in comparison with Nash and Geographical Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph models.     

Seismotectonic database of Turkey

Turkey is located in one of the most seismically active regions in the world. Characterizing seismic source zones in this region requires evaluation and integration of geological, geophysical, seismological and geodetical data. This first seismotectonic database for Turkey presented herein was prepared, under the framework of the National Earthquake Strategy and Action Plan—2023. The geographic information system (GIS)-based database includes maps of active faults, catalogues of instrumental and historical earthquakes, moment tensor solutions and data on crustal thickness. On the basis of these data, 18 major seismotectonic zones were delineated for Turkey and the surrounding region. The compilation and storage of the seismotectonic data sets in a digital GIS will allow analyses and systematic updates as new data accrete over time.     

Application of Ground Penetrating Radar Surveys and GPS Surveys for Monitoring the Condition of Levees and Dykes

This paper analyses the possibility of using integrated GPS (Global Positioning System) surveys and ground penetrating radar surveys to precisely locate damages to levees, particularly due to the activity of small fossorial mammals. The technology of intercommunication between ground penetrating radar (GPR) and an RTK (Real-Time Kinematic) survey unit, and the method of data combination, are presented. The errors which may appear during the survey work are also characterized. The procedure for processing the data so that the final results have a spatial character and are ready to be implemented in digital maps and geographic information systems (GIS) is also described.     

起伏地形下天文辐射分布式估算模型

基于数字高程模型（DEM）,建立了起伏地形下天文辐射分布式估算模型.模型全面考虑了地形因子对天文辐射的影响,只需DEM数据作为输入项,适用于遥感图像处理、地理信息系统等数据处理平台.以1km×1km分辨率的DEM数据作为地形的综合反映,计算了我国全年各月天文辐射的空间分布.结果表明：我国年天文辐射总量有明显的纬向分布特点,随着纬度的降低,年天文辐射总量由北向南增加;由于受坡向、坡度和地形遮蔽因子影响,山区天文辐射表现出非地带性分布特征.本文所提供的我国天文辐射数据产品,可作为基础地理数据供相关研究应用.     

A ubiquitous knowledgeable data representation model (UKRM) for three-dimensional geographic information systems (3D GIS)

In the face of complicated, diversified three-dimensional world, the existing 3D GIS data models suffer from certain issues such as data incompatibility, insufficiency in data representation and representation types, among others. It is often hard to meet the requirements of multiple application purposes (users) related to GIS spatial data management and data query and analysis, especially in the case of massive spatial objects. In this study, according to the habits of human thinking and recognition, discrete expressions (such as discrete curved surface (DCS), and discrete body (DB)) were integrated and two novel representation types (including function structure and mapping structure) were put forward. A flexible and extensible ubiquitous knowledgeable data representation model (UKRM) was then constructed, in which structurally heterogeneous multiple expressions (including boundary representation (B-rep), constructive solid geometry (CSG), functional/parameter representation, etc.) were normalized. GIS’s ability in representing the massive, complicated and diversified 3D world was thus greatly enhanced. In addition, data reuse was realized, and the bridge linking static GIS to dynamic GIS was built up. Primary experimental results illustrated that UKRM was overwhelmingly superior to the current data models (e.g. IFC, CityGML) in describing both regular and irregular spatial objects.     

新疆地震应急指挥技术系统基础地理信息平台设计与实现

探讨了基于GIS的新疆地震应急指挥技术系统基础地理信息平台设计的目标、关键技术、架构和功能,研究了地震应急平台中基础数据库各类数据的结构及集成的技术设计及实现方法,分析了地震数据图形和属性之间的关系.     

地震应急专题图离线自动出图研究与应用

地震应急专题图能为地震应急工作提供及时必要的技术支撑,为缩短地震应急专题图的制图时间,降低地震专题图的制图技术难度,提高地震应急工作的效能,研究选取海南省为研究区域,进行地震应急专题图离线自动出图的研究与应用。本次研究将传统思路中利用GIS专业软件进行制图的过程提前处理,建立一系列预存储的地图切片数据,在使用时脱离GIS软件环境和应急基础数据库,在研发的软件中利用这些预存储的切片数据再拼接出需要的应急专题图地理底图,已达到快速批量出图的实现和应用,为海南省的地震应急业务工作做出可靠有效的支持。      

道路网络抗震功能失效空间决策支持方法研究

地震作用后桥梁的破坏是导致道路网络功能失效的主要原因。在进行道路网络抗震功能失效分析这一决策过程中,不仅要应用空间分析模型对空间数据进行分析,而且也要对属性数据进行有效的决策分析,因此本文结合了G IS(地理信息系统)与DSS(决策支持系统),形成了以模型库为驱动核心的道路网络抗震功能失效分析空间决策支持,本文着重对数据库及模型库的构建进行了深入研究。     

Use of terrain variables for mapping gully erosion susceptibility in Lebanon

This paper predicts the geographic distribution and size of gullies across central Lebanon using a geographic information system (GIS) and terrain analysis. Eleven primary (elevation; upslope contributing area; aspect; slope; plan, profile and tangential curvature; flow direction; flow width; flow path length; rate of change of specific catchment area along the direction of flow) and three secondary (steady‐state; quasi‐dynamic topographic wetness; sediment transport capacity) topographic variables were generated and used along with digital data collected from other sources (soil, geology) to statistically explain gully erosion field measurements. Three tree‐based regression models were developed using (1) all variables, (2) primary topographic variables only and (3) different pairs of variables. The best regression tree model combined the steady‐state topographic wetness and sediment transport capacity indices and explained 80% of the variability in field gully measurements. This model proved to be simple, quick, realistic and practical, and it can be applied to other areas of the Mediterranean region with similar environmental conditions, thereby providing a tool to help with the implementation of plans for soil conservation and sustainable management. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

城市地震应急指挥技术系统数据管理研究

以城市地震应急指挥技术系统(UEECTS)数据管理为研究背景,将空间地理信息系统技术引入数据管理领域,为UEECTS系统设计并开发了数据管理子软件系统,在实现对UEECTS系统数据空间可视化展示的基础上,实现了对系统数据的查询、添加、删除及修改数据管理操作,为城市UEECTS系统建设提供了良好的数据支持。针对UEECTS系统的数据规划以及数据管理子软件系统的开发与实现做了详细讨论与阐述,以期为全国范围内UEECTS系统数据库的建设以及数据管理子软件系统的开发应用提供通用性模型。     

Landslide susceptibility analysis using GIS and artificial neural network

The purpose of this study is to develop landslide susceptibility analysis techniques using an arti?cial neural network and to apply the newly developed techniques to the study area of Yongin in Korea. Landslide locations were identi?ed in the study area from interpretation of aerial photographs, ?eld survey data, and a spatial database of the topography, soil type and timber cover. The landslide‐related factors (slope, curvature, soil texture, soil drainage, soil effective thickness, timber age, and timber diameter) were extracted from the spatial database. Using those factors, landslide susceptibility was analysed by arti?cial neural network methods. The landslide susceptibility index was calculated by the back‐propagation method, which is a type of arti?cial neural network method, and the susceptibility map was made with a geographic information system (GIS) program. The results of the landslide susceptibility analysis were veri?ed using landslide location data. The validation results showed satisfactory agreement between the susceptibility map and the existing data on landslide location. A GIS was used to ef?ciently analyse the vast amount of data, and an arti?cial neural network to be an effective tool to maintain precision and accuracy. The results can be used to reduce hazards associated with landslides and to plan land use and construction. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.