城市边界层动量和保守物通量的特征

利用2005年1-5月北京325 m气象塔47 m高度的湍流脉动资料(风速、温度、水汽和CO2),对城市边界层冠层内的湍流运动统计特征(相似关系、高阶矩、通量和谱等)进行了分析。其中,谱分析的结果表明,城市冠层内稳定度对湍流谱的影响比较小,而水平风速的影响比较大。因此,速度和温度的相似关系在夜间稳定条件下也成立。但是,由于水汽和CO2还受其他因素的影响,相似关系并不适用。更高阶矩的研究表明它们的陡峭度与偏斜度之间存在平方关系。而水汽和CO2之间也存在差异,它们的通量日变化特征明显不同,CO2通量的日变化更能体现人类活动的影响。同时,感热通量、潜热通量和CO2通量存在季节变化,尤其是潜热通量季节差异很大。     

大气边界层湍流标量场的概率分布及其特征分析

利用2004年11月在白洋淀地区和2005年1月在中国科学院大气物理研究所北京325 m气象塔的47 m高度由超声风温仪和水汽二氧化碳分析仪观测的湍流脉动资料,分析了大气边界层不同下垫面湍流标量场(温度、水汽和二氧化碳)的概率分布及其特征。标量场的概率分布通常不同于高斯分布,而且还会产生偏斜,可以用指数分布描述。因此,标量的偏斜度通常不为0,陡峭度也往往比3大。非0偏斜度的出现可能是由湍流时间序列中的相干结构和间歇性部分造成的。其中,相干结构的存在使概率分布偏斜,但是,它们对偏斜度的贡献相对较小,而与概率分布的长尾现象有关的间歇性则会使偏斜度大大增加。温度、水汽和二氧化碳的平均偏斜度和陡峭度反应了标量场与稳定度、下垫面、天气条件、源汇等因素之间的关系。在不同下垫面,温度和感热通量的偏斜度随稳定度变化比较一致;水汽通量的偏斜度在稳定和不稳定条件下都为正,而水汽本身在不稳定条件下可能出现负的偏斜度;二氧化碳和二氧化碳通量的偏斜度受下垫面影响很大,在不同下垫面,偏斜度与稳定度之间的关系并不一致;而3个标量的陡峭度随稳定度的变化不显著,它们与相应的偏斜度之间存在平方关系。     

Observational Investigation of the Statistical Properties of Surface-Layer Turbulence in a Suburban Area of São Paulo,Brazil: Objective Analysis of Scaling-Parameter Accuracy and Uncertainties

Boundary-Layer Meteorology - Statistical properties of turbulence, specifically variances of velocity components, temperature, water vapor, and carbon dioxide densities, are observationally...     

城市近地层湍流特征分析

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所在北京的325 m铁塔观测资料,本文分析了47、140和280 m三个高度的湍流统计特征.结果表明,城市近地层的湍流速度方差和湍流温度方差都较好地满足局地相似关系,140 m和280 m的湍流特征非常接近,而47 m的湍流特征与之相比表现出明显的差异,说明由于城市冠层动力和热力非均匀性的影响...     

Use of variance techniques to measure dry air-surface exchange rates

The variances of fluctuations of scalar quantities can be measured and interpreted to yield indirect estimates of their vertical fluxes in the atmospheric surface layer. Strong correlations among scalar fluctuations indicate a similarity of transfer mechanisms, which is utilized in some of the variance techniques. The ratios of the standard deviations of two scalar quantities, for example, can be used to estimate the flux of one if the flux of the other is measured, without knowledge of atmospheric stability. This is akin to a modified Bowen ratio approach. Other methods such as the normalized standard-deviation technique and the correlation-coefficient technique can be utilized effectively if atmospheric stability is evaluated and certain semi-empirical functions are known. In these cases, iterative calculations involving measured variances of fluctuations of temperature and vertical wind velocity can be used in place of direct flux measurements. For a chemical sensor whose output is contaminated by non-atmospheric noise, covariances with fluctuations of scalar quantities measured with a very good signal-to-noise ratio can be used to extract the needed standard deviation. Field measurements have shown that many of these approaches are successful for gases such as ozone and sulfur dioxide, as well as for temperature and water vapor, and could be extended to other trace substances. In humid areas, it appears that water vapor fluctuations often have a higher degree of correlation to fluctuations of other trace gases than do temperature fluctuations; this makes water vapor a more reliable companion or reference scalar. These techniques provide some reliable research approaches but, for routine or operational measurement, they are limited by the need for fast-response sensors. Also, all variance approaches require some independent means to estimate the direction of the flux.This research has been funded as part of the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through IAGDW89930069-01 to the U.S. Department of Energy.     

应用涡旋相关方法对戈壁地区湍流输送特征的初步研究

利用微机技术建立了一个较为廉价的近地层大气湍流数据实时采集处理系统,在1988年黑河预实验中工作良好,取得了一套较为完整的数据。对戈壁沙滩点的风、温、湿湍流脉动数据进行统计分析和涡旋相关方法处理,结果表明近地层大气的湍强特征符合一般规律。通量分析指出,戈壁地区的水汽通量在白天的绝大多数小时都呈负值(向下),而夜间为正。文中对湍流谱的特征也进行了初步分析。     

Nocturnal CO2 exchange over a tall forest canopy associated with intermittent low-level jet activity

Summary Nocturnal eddy-covariance carbon dioxide fluxes have uncertainties arising from non-stationary atmospheric processes. Low-level jets (LLJ) are one of the prominent nocturnal boundary-layer phenomena observed over non-mountainous terrain, and are capable of generating shear and turbulence close to the ground. The influence of intermittent LLJ activity on nocturnal carbon dioxide exchange measurements is investigated using wind profile observations and eddy-covariance flux measurements over a tall forest canopy. Results suggest that the buildup and venting of CO₂ are closely associated with LLJ activity during the night. Of significance in quantifying nocturnal fluxes, this paper demonstrates how low-level jet activity introduces sporadic coupling between the canopy and the atmosphere.     

The Validity of Similarity Theory in the Roughness Sublayer Above Forests

Flux-gradient relationships based upon similarity theory have been reported to severely underestimate scalar fluxes in the roughness sublayer above forests, as compared to independent flux estimates (for example, eddy covariance or energy balance measurements). This paper presents the results of a unique three-month investigation into the validity of similarity theory in the roughness sublayer above forests. Eddy covariance and flux-gradient measurements of carbon dioxide (CO²) exchange were compared above a mixed deciduous forest at Camp Borden, Ontario, both before and after leaf senescence. The eddy covariance measurements used a Li-Cor infrared gas analyzer, and the flux-gradient (similarity theory) measurements featured a tunable diode laser Trace Gas Analysis System (TGAS). The TGAS resolved the CO² concentration difference to 300 parts per trillion by volume (ppt) based upon a half-hour sampling period. The measured enhancement factor (the ratio of independent flux estimates, in this case eddy covariance, to similarity theory fluxes) was smaller and occurred closer to the canopy than in most previous investigations of similarity theory. Very good agreement between the eddy covariance and similarity theory fluxes was found between 1.9 and 2.2 canopy heights (h^c), and the mean enhancement factors measured before and after leaf senescence were 1.10 plusmn; 0.06 and 1.24 ± 0.07, respectively. Larger discrepancies were measured closer to the canopy (1.2 to 1.4 h^c), and mean enhancement factors of 1.60 ± 0.10 and 1.82 ± 0.11 were measured before and after leaf senescence, respectively. Overall, the Borden results suggest that similarity theory can be used within the roughness sublayer with a greater confidence than previously has been believed.     

Stability dependence of fluxes and bulk transfer coefficients in a tropical boundary layer

Turbulence data obtained aboard a NOAA P-3 research aircraft during flights over the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean are used to obtain mean vertical profiles of water vapor density, potential temperature, wind speed and fluxes of latent heat, buoyancy and momentum. The variation of eddy fluxes and bulk transfer coefficients as a function of atmospheric stability are plotted for two of the flights. The observed transfer coefficients generally agree with those obtained from parameterizations based on surface-layer similarity theory (Deardorff, 1968; Kondo, 1975).     

广州市区与增城市气象要素差异性分析

利用广州市区和增城市1982—2013年的气象观测资料,应用数据对比和相关分析的方法,从年际和季节变化两个角度,分析了两地气象要素的差异性;运用拉格朗日模式,模拟了2个个例的水汽来源,分析两站降水量差异性的可能原因。结果表明:城市热岛效应导致广州市区温度高于增城市,而相对湿度低于增城市;城市冠层作用使得广州市区风速明显低于增城市。差异性存在明显的季节不同,温度和相对湿度在秋季差异最明显,风速在冬季差异最明显,而降水量在夏季差异最明显。通过相关性分析得到两站的温度以及相对湿度的相关系数达到0.99和0.89,可利用经验公式联系两地的预报结果。HYSPLIT模式模拟水汽来源表明,不同的水汽来源可以导致广州市区和增城市降水先后顺序以及降水量的差异。     

陆表自然和人文要素相互作用——“全球变化及应对”重点专项研究进展

在国家重点研发计划支持下,项目提出了陆表不均一性检测和订正的新方法,解决了渐变型不均一性检测和订正的难题,构建了中国地表太阳辐射、气温、地温、风速和降水等参数均一化站点和格点数据集,修订了关于中国地表风速变化趋势、增温格局及其形成机制的结论。融合多源数据,构建并验证了千米级、流域级或县域级的电厂、人口、生物质能、取水量、氮排放、二氧化碳排放等影响自然系统的关键人文要素历史和未来预估数据集。构建了未来关键人文要素情景,研制了碳中和目标下甲烷和氧化亚氮排放情景和用于驱动全球模式的未来情景,预估了中国碳中和战略的实施对全球变暖的减缓作用,发现中国碳中和对远期和中期全球变暖的减缓作用显著。给出了中国各省份水体氮排放安全阈值及超越时间,阐明了中国粮食产量与氮施肥的关系,提出了在保障粮食安全的前提下减少水体氮排放的有效途径,指出重构城乡养分循环体系是同时保障粮食安全和恢复水质的必要途径。发现全球饱和水汽压差的年际变化与大气二氧化碳浓度上升速率的年际变化显著相关,阐明了饱和水汽压差变化在调控生态系统生产力中的重要角色以及多因素耦合作用在生态系统生产力变化中的复杂影响。建议更全面细致地评估中国各种碳中...     

Nonuniform Distribution Of High-Frequency Turbulence In The Unstable Boundary Layer

Turbulent flow data of wind velocity and temperature in the unstably stratifiedatmospheric boundary layer, derived from steel tower observations in the field and wind-tunnel experiments were used to study the relationship between the plumes and the small-scale eddies in the inertial subrange. Flow visualisation experiments in the wind tunnel were also conducted to observe the structure of the flow in the plumes, and time series data were analysed by using wavelet transforms. The results show that variances of velocity and temperature due to the small-scale eddies are large in the plumes and small outside of the plumes, and that the momentum and heat fluxes due to the small-scale eddies follow the same tendency as found in the variances. The ratios of the variances caused by the small-scale eddies in the plumes to the whole of the variances caused by the small-scale eddies in and out the plumes increase with non-dimensional height -z/L in which L is the local Obukhov length. Similar ratios of the fluxes caused by the small-scale eddies also show the same tendency. These ratios can be expressed as functions of -z/L for results based on field observationand the wind tunnel experiments. This relation hardly changes even if the wavelet function is changed. The flow visualisation experiments show that the plumes have a complicated structure in which mushroom type flows are stacked on top of each other. This characteristic structure seems to increase the energy of the small-scale eddies in the plumes.     

HEIFE戈壁地区近地层大气的湍流结构和输送特征

根据黑河地区地气相互作用实验研究(HEIFE)1988年POP和1990年PIOP实验的观测资料,分析了戈壁地区近地层大气的湍流结构,主要是风速分量和温度方差的相似关系,以及各有关量的功率谱和湍流通量的协谱。1988年POP期间发现的戈壁近地层大气中白天经常出现的水汽由上而下输送等特殊现象,在1990年PIOP中得到进一步的验证。文中分析了有关物理机制,认为这一现象和众所周知的“绿洲效应”是戈壁-绿洲这一地区性中尺度环流影响的两个侧面。     

冬季北京城市近地层的气象特征

运用2001年1～3月北京大气边界层和大气化学综合试验期间,中国科学院大气物理研究所铁塔上所获得的8～320 m 15层风、温度和湿度梯度资料,对冬季北京城市边界层特征进行了诊断分析.结果表明,在冬季北京城市边界层中,平均而言地表粗糙度为1.34、零平均位移约为20 m;温度基本上随高度呈线性变化;风速随高度的变化并不总遵循对数关系,尤其是在午前和夜间,风速与高度之间对数关系的不显著率可达30%～40%.不能简单套用在Monin-Obuhov相似理论中由Businger-Dve风廓线层结订正获得的近地面层动量、热量和水汽湍流输送计算公式.     

Application of an infrared carbon dioxide and humidity instrument to studies of turbulent transport

A calibration equation and some results of the field performance of an infrared instrument, which is designed to measure simultaneous fluctuations of atmospheric carbon dioxide and water vapor, are described. Field observations show that the instrument is suitable for simultaneous measurement of turbulent fluxes of carbon dioxide and water vapor in conjunction with a sonic anemometer. Measured values of carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes show diurnal variations characterized by crop activity with respect to assimilation, respiration and evapotranspiration. Carbon dioxide is transferred downward during the daytime and upward at night, while latent heat and sensible heat are transferred in the opposite sense. The non-dimensional gradient of carbon dioxide is expressed in the following form under weak unstable conditions: _c = (1 – 16 _v )^-1/2. Here, _v is the Monin-Obukhov stability parameter including the humidity effect. This relation was originally proposed for temperature and humidity. Thus, the results indicate that the turbulent mechanisms of carbon dioxide fluctuations are similar to those of other scalar entities. This is strongly supported by the high correlation coefficient found between fluctuations of carbon dioxide and temperature or humidity in the air layer over crop fields.     

重庆城市热岛环流结构和湍流特征的数值模拟

利用中尺度模式WRF（V3.9）对2016年8月17～18日重庆一次城市热岛环流个例进行了数值模拟，探讨了山地城市热岛环流的三维结构和演变特征，分析了热岛环流期间湍流动能和各项湍流通量的特征。结果表明:15:00（北京时，下同）乡村风开始出现，随着热岛强度增强乡村风增大，18:00热岛环流结构最显著，次日02:00热岛环流结构被破坏，仅低层存在微弱的乡村风。其中，重庆市城市热岛环流最强时，水平尺度约城市尺度的1.5～2倍，垂直厚度约1.3 km，水平风速约2～4 m s?1，最大上升速度约0.5 m s?1。受地形、河流以及背景风的影响，环流呈现非对称的结构，且强度较弱。湍流特征分析结果表明，城市区域的湍流动能明显大于其它区域。此外，城市热岛环流通过湍流运动将郊区的水汽输向城市；高层湍流动量补充边界层中因热岛环流发展而造成的动量耗散。     

Flux-gradient profiles for momentum and heat over an urban surface

Summary In this paper, we evaluate the applicability of flux-gradient relationships for momentum and heat for urban boundary layers within the Monin-Obukhov similarity (MOS) theory framework. Although the theory is widely used for smooth wall boundary layers, it is not known how well the theory works for urban layers. To address this problem, we measured the vertical profiles of wind velocity, air temperature, and fluxes of heat and momentum over a residential area and compared the results to theory. The measurements were done above an urban canopy whose mean height z_h is 7.3 m. 3-D sonic anemometers and fine wire thermocouples were installed at 4 heights in the region 1.5z_h < z < 4z_h. We found the following: (1) The non-dimensional horizontal wind speed has good agreement with the stratified logarithmic profile predicted using the semi-empirical Monin-Obukov similarity (MOS) function, when it was scaled by the surface friction velocity that is derived from the shear stress extrapolated to the roof-top level. (2) The scaled gradient of horizontal wind speed followed a conventional semi-empirical function for a flat surface at a level (z/z_h = 2.9), whereas, in the vicinity of the canopy height was larger than the commonly-used empirical relationship. (3) The potential temperature profile above the canopy shows dependency on the atmospheric stability and the scaled gradient of temperature is in good agreement with a conventional shear function for heat. In the case of heat, the dependency on height was not found. (4) The flux-gradient relationship for momentum and heat in the region 1.5z_h < z < 4z_h was rather similar to that for flat surfaces than that for vegetated canopies.     

Horizontal and Vertical Turbulent Fluxes Forced by a Gravity Wave Event in the Nocturnal Atmospheric Surface Layer Over the Amazon Forest

A nocturnal gravity wave was detected over a south-western Amazon forest during the Large-Scale Biosphere–Atmosphere experiment in Amazonia (LBA) in the course of the dry-to-wet season campaign on October 2002. The atmospheric surface layer was stably stratified and had low turbulence activity, based on friction velocity values. However, the passage of the wave, an event with a period of about 180–300 s, caused negative turbulent fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and positive sensible heat fluxes, as measured by the eddy-covariance system at 60 m (≈30 m above the tree tops). The evolution of vertical profiles of air temperature, specific humidity and wind speed during the wave movement revealed that cold and drier air occupied the sub-canopy space while high wind speeds were measured above the vegetation. The analysis of wind speed and scalars high frequency data was performed using the wavelet technique, which enables the decomposition of signals in several frequencies allowed by the data sampling conditions. The results showed that the time series of vertical velocity and air temperature were −90° out of phase during the passage of the wave, implying no direct vertical transport of heat. Similarly, the time series of vertical velocity and CO₂ concentration were 90° out of phase. The wave was not directly associated with vertical fluxes of this variable but the mixing induced by its passage resulted in significant exchanges in smaller scales as measured by the eddy-covariance system. The phase differences between horizontal velocity and both air temperature and CO₂ concentration were, respectively, zero and 180°, implying phase and anti-phase relationships. As a result, the wave contributed to positive horizontal fluxes of heat and negative horizontal fluxes of carbon dioxide. Such results have to be considered in nocturnal boundary-layer surface-atmosphere exchange schemes for modelling purposes.