A Climate Change Scenario for the Tropics

This paper describes the construction of a climate change scenario for a region representing the extended Tropics – 30° N to 30° S – using a methodology that combines results from a simple climate model and a Global Climate Model (GCM) transient climate change experiment. The estimated date by which this climate change scenario might be realized ranges from as early as the end of the 2030s to as late as well into the 22nd century. The central estimate is for this scenario to describe the climate of the 2060s, which would represent a global warming rate of about 0.2 °C per decade, with associated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations estimated to be about 560 ppmv, 55% higher than 1990 levels. The role of anthropogenic aerosols in offsetting part of this future global warming and altering the regional character of the changes has not been considered. The paper presents changes in mean temperature; mean rainfall; rainfall seasonality, variability, frequency, and intensity and soil moisture. These patterns of change derive from only one GCM climate change experiment; different experiments would yield different patterns for the same global warming. There is also some discussion about possible changes in tropical cyclone (TC) activity, although since TCs remain poorly modelled in GCMs, the full range of possibilities (from reduced activity, through no change, to increased activity) should be considered in any impact assessment.     

新源县冬小麦对气候变化的响应

根据新源县气象站1982—2018年冬小麦生育期、产量及同期气温、降水、日照时数资料,采用线性回归、pearson相关系数、3 a直线滑动平均等统计方法,研究了近37 a来新源县冬小麦对气候变化的响应。结果表明:近37 a来新源县冬小麦冬前生育期显著推迟,返青至乳熟期显著提前,春、夏季生育期提前主要受3月上、中旬气温影响。出苗—越冬开始期显著缩短、乳熟—成熟期显著延长,其它各生育期间隔无显著变化,全生育期缩短是由播种期显著推迟造成的。冬小麦气候产量与营养生长期的气象要素显著相关。播种期显著推迟导致冬前的热量积累不足,建议播种期提前10 d左右,利于形成壮苗。     

利用WOFOST作物模型研究气候变暖对冬小麦产量的影响

全球气候变暖已经成为一个不争的事实,开展气候变化对冬小麦产量影响的数值模拟对制定农业政策以适应气候变化具有重要意义。本文使用荷兰瓦赫宁根大学开发的WOFOST模型,利用太谷2000年和2001年的数据对WOFOST模型进行验证,确定该模型在山西太谷地区的适用性。文章分析了太谷地区气温变化趋势,假定以1985年-2007年的变暖趋势增温,假设其它条件不变,从而构建了100年内每10a的时间间隔的气象情形。以这些气象情形驱动验证好的模型模拟100年内每10a的时间间隔气候变暖对冬小麦产量的影响。模拟结果表明,气温变化对冬小麦产量的影响不是单一的,未来冬小麦的产量是波动变化的。     

气候变暖对鲁西南冬小麦播种期的影响

用鲁西南1954～2007年冬小麦越冬前气象观测资料.分1954～1980年和1981～2007年两个阶段分别统计其气候要素特征和变化,采用相关分析等数理统计方法对比分析气候变暖对冬小麦播种期和越冬期的影响.结果表明:鲁西南地区1981年以来比1980年前冬小麦播种期间的平均气温约上升0.5℃,冬前积温增加17.8℃,冬小麦越冬期间的平均气温上升近1.0℃.由于气候变暖和品种更换的共同影响.冬小麦的适宜播种期较前27年推迟7天左右.为鲁西南冬小麦确定适宜播种期,减少冬小麦冻害、形成壮苗提供了依据.     

卫辉市气候变化对冬小麦播期的影响

使用卫辉市48 a的气温、降水观测资料,结合冬小麦适宜播种的气候指标,分析了9月下旬及10月上、中旬气温的变化趋势,15、18℃终日的变化趋势,冬前≥0℃积温的变化趋势,冬季负积温的变化趋势以及播期降水量的变化趋势,结果表明:9月下旬及10月上、中旬的旬气温平均每10 a分别升高0.31,0.24,0.40℃;15、1...     

气候变化对济阳县冬小麦播期的影响分析

基于济阳县1962—2011年冬小麦越冬前观测资料,结合冬小麦适宜播种的气象指标,采用相关分析等数理统计方法,分析了近50a 来9月下旬及10月上、中旬的气温变化趋势,16℃,18℃终日的变化趋势,结果表明：济阳县9月下旬及10月上、中旬的旬平均气温每10a分别升高0.144℃,0.127℃,0.154℃;16℃,18℃终日日期逐渐推迟;冬前≥0℃积温随年代推移呈递增趋势。由于气候变化和品种更换的共同影响,冬小麦适播期应推迟到寒露播种最佳。     

Elevation Dependence of Winter Wheat Production in Eastern Washington State with Climate Change: A Methodological Study

Crop growth models, used in climate change impact assessments to project production on a local scale, can obtain the daily weather information to drive them from models of the Earth's climate. General Circulation Models (GCMs), often used for this purpose, provide weather information for the entire globe but often cannot depict details of regional climates especially where complex topography plays an important role in weather patterns. The U.S. Pacific Northwest is an important wheat growing region where climate patterns are difficult to resolve with a coarse scale GCM. Here, we use the PNNL Regional Climate Model (RCM) which uses a sub-grid parameterization to resolve the complex topography and simulate meteorology to drive the Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) crop model. The climate scenarios were extracted from the PNNL-RCM baseline and 2 × CO₂ simulationsfor each of sixteen 90 km² grid cells of the RCM, with differentiation byelevation and without correction for climate biases. The dominant agricultural soil type and farm management practices were established for each grid cell. Using these climate and management data in EPIC, we simulated winter wheat production in eastern Washington for current climate conditions (baseline) and a 2 × CO₂ `greenhouse' scenario of climate change.Dryland wheat yields for the baseline climate averaged 4.52 Mg ha^–1 across the study region. Yields were zero at high elevations where temperatures were too low to allow the crops to mature. The highest yields (7.32 Mgha^–1) occurred at intermediate elevations with sufficientprecipitation and mild temperatures. Mean yield of dryland winter wheat increased to 5.45 Mg ha^–1 for the 2 × CO₂ climate, which wasmarkedly warmer and wetter. Simulated yields of irrigated wheat were generally higher than dryland yields and followed the same pattern but were, of course, less sensitive to increases in precipitation. Increases in dryland and irrigated wheat yields were due, principally, to decreases in the frequency of temperature and water stress. This study shows that the elevation of a farm is a more important determinant of yield than farm location in eastern Washington and that climate changes would affect wheat yields at all farms in the study.     

气候变化背景下河南省冬小麦品种更新特征

利用河南省30个农业气象站1981-2010年共196个冬小麦品种的观测数据和同期气象数据,采用相关分析和回归分析方法,研究了气候变化背景下冬小麦生育期长度、积温需求和产量构成要素等品种更新特征。结果表明：30年来,河南省冬小麦生长季平均气温升高明显,营养生长期增温速率高于生殖生长期,降水量变化趋势不明显。不同区域品种更新的主要特征是出苗-抽穗天数减少（2.8~5.9 d/10a）、抽穗-成熟天数增加（1.3~2.5 d/10a）;完成各生育阶段所需积温（>0℃积温）总体呈增加趋势,其中抽穗-成熟期尤为明显（26~50℃?d/10a）。有效穗和穗粒数与营养生长期长度或同期积温无显著相关,千粒重随生殖生长期延长而显著增加。豫南地区生育期天数比（抽穗至成熟天数/出苗至成熟天数）和同期积温比（抽穗至成熟积温/出苗至成熟积温）随时间增加,积温比对产量变化的解释性高于天数比;豫中和豫北地区生育期天数比随时间增加,但积温比无明显的时间变化趋势,单产提高与生育期天数比增加有关。气候变化背景下河南省冬小麦品种更新特征是营养生长期缩短、生殖生长期延长、千粒重增加,从而提高了产量。     

Simple Temperature Scenario for a Gulf Stream Induced Climate Change

Consequences of a Gulf Stream induced ocean surface cooling for the temperature climate of Western Europe were studied by means of a conditional perturbation of the observed daily temperature time series of the Netherlands. On days with advection of airmasses of maritime origin, the observed temperatures in the series were lowered with a fixed value, representing the influence of a cooler Atlantic Ocean. On the other days, the observed temperatures were left unchanged. The perturbation results in a decrease in the mean temperature that is almost constant over the year, and in a change in the standard deviation of the daily temperatures that is seasonally dependent. Due to preferential cooling of warm winter days, the standard deviation decreases in the winter, whereas in the other seasons the standard deviation increases as a result of preferential cooling of days with low temperatures. Although this ocean cooling scenario indicates an increase of the relative frequency of cold winters and cool summers, it is neither characterized by the occurrence of winters with unprecedented low temperatures nor by the disappearance of summer heatwaves.     

未来气候情景下冬小麦潜在北移区农业气候资源变化特征

基于区域气候模式系统PRECIS输出的RCP4.5气候情景数据分析表明,相较于1981-2010年,至2071-2097年冬小麦种植北界将平均向北移动147.8 km,北移面积约1.86×105 km²。选取代表光、温、水资源的9项农业气候资源指标,探究未来情景下,2021-2097年冬小麦潜在北移区内农业气候资源变化特征,结果表明：(1)相较于基准时段(1961-1990年),未来潜在北移区内光照资源变化呈减少趋势;热量资源呈明显增加趋势,在21世纪末的30年,波动性加大;降水资源整体增加趋势不明显,但波动性亦呈现增大趋势。(2)未来潜在北移区内,2030T (2021-2050年)、2050T (2041-2070年)和2070T (2061-2090年)时段光照资源在研究区域的东北部减少幅度较大,而在西南部较小;热量资源在研究区域的北部增加比南部明显;降水资源则主要在研究区域的东北部增加明显。     

气候变化对雨养冬小麦水分利用效率的影响估算

研究气候变化对雨养冬小麦水分利用效率的影响规律,可为农业适应气候变化提供科学依据。通过构建代表站雨养冬小麦产量和土壤水分变化量的模拟方程,分析水分利用效率的历史变化,并结合两种区域气候模式PRECIS和REGCM4.0输出的4种不同气候变化情景资料,估算未来2021—2050年雨养冬小麦水分利用效率的可能变化。结果表明:1981—2010年甘肃、山西和河南代表站的雨养冬小麦水分利用效率呈二次曲线变化趋势,最大值出现在2003年前后。4种气候变化情景的模拟结果均显示:2021—2050年冬小麦全生育期耗水量明显增加,各代表站不同情景平均增加6.2%;产量有增有减,平均产量变化率为1.4%;水分利用效率平均减小3.8%,且变率减小。区域气候模式PRECIS估算的水分利用效率的减小量A2情景大于B2情景,REGCM4.0模式估算的水分利用效率的减小量RCP8.5情景大于RCP4.5情景。整体来看,RCP气候情景对雨养冬小麦水分利用效率的负面影响更大。     

Assessing Winter Wheat Responses to Climate Change Scenarios: A Simulation Study in the U.S. Great Plains

Hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major crop in the Great Plains region of the U.S. The goal of this assessment effort was to investigate the influence of two contrasting global climate change projections (U.K. Hadley Center for Climate Prediction and Research and Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis) on the yield and percent kernel nitrogen content of winter wheat at three locations in Nebraska. These three locations represent sub-humid and semi arid areas and the transition between these areas and are also representative of major portions of the winter wheat growing areas of the central Great Plains. Climate scenarios based on each of the projections for each location were developed using the LARS-WG weather generator along with data from automated weather stations. CERES-Wheat was used to simulate the responses for two contrasting cultivars of wheat using two sowing dates. The first sowing date represented current sowing dates appropriate for each location. The second sowing date was later and represents the approximate date when the mean air temperature from the climate scenarios is the same as the mean air temperature from the actual climate data at the current sowing dates. The yield and percent kernel nitrogen content using the two climate scenarios generally decrease going from the sub-humid eastern to the semi arid western parts of Nebraska. Results from these simulations indicate that yield and percent kernel nitrogen content using the two climate scenarios could not both be maintained at levels currently simulated. Protein content (directly related to kernel nitrogen content) and end-use quality are the primary determinants for the use of hard red winter wheat in baked goods. Nitrogen management and new cultivars, which can enhance the uptake and translocation of nitrogen, will be proactive steps to meet the challenges of global climate change as represented by these climate scenarios.     

气候变化对河南省灌溉小麦的影响及对策初探

灌溉是河南省冬小麦最重要的种植管理模式。在DSSAT-CERES小麦模型参数调试和区域适用性验证的基础上,利用区域气候模式PRECIS输出的未来气候情景资料,量化分析了2021—2050年河南省灌溉条件下冬小麦产量的可能变化,结果表明:若不采取其他措施,未来A2,B2两种温室气体排放情景下,河南省冬小麦产量平均减少5%左右,A2情景减产率略高于B2;随着产量降低,产量波动区间略有缩小,但25%~75%的稳产区间也相应缩小,且B2情景下更容易出现极端低产的年份;冬小麦水分利用效率相应降低。采取适当应对措施,如延迟播种期、减小种植密度等有利于提高产量或缓解减产趋势。     

基于IPCC A1B情景的中国未来气候变化预估:多模式集合结果及其不确定性

利用耦合模式比较计划(CMIP3)提供的20世纪气候模拟试验(20C3M)及A1B情景预估试验,讨论了全球增暖情景下21世纪中期中国气候的可能变化。结果表明,A1B情景下,中国夏季降水变化在-0.1～1.1mm/d,冬季降水变化在-0.2～0.2mm/d。模式对降水变化的预估存在较大不确定性。无论冬夏,预估的全国表面气温都将升高,升温幅度在1.2～2.8℃;随纬度升高,增暖幅度相应增大。模式对表面气温变化的预估能力强于对降水变化的预估能力。在A1B情景下,东亚夏季风增强,而冬季风则略为减弱,东亚夏季风雨带到达最北后南撤的时间较之20C3M滞后约一个月。     

Influence of Climate Change on Winter Wheat Growth in North China During 1950-2000

1. IntroductionChinese agriculture has undergone tremendousstructural changes over the last decades. The averagestaple crop productivity has doubled in 25 yr while thepopulation increased by 25 % [China Statistical Year-book (CSY), 2003]. Winter wheat is one of China'smost important staple food crops, with a total farm-ing area of nearly 24 million hectares and a produc-tion exceeding 92 million ton in 2002 (CSY, 2003).Although China has been the world's largest wheatproducer since 1983 (…     

Numerical Simulation of Regional Climate Change under IPCC A2 Scenario in China

Regional climate change in China under the IPCC A2 Scenario, was simulated for continuous 10-yr period by the MM5V3, using the output of an IPCC A2 run from CISRO Mark 3 climate system model as lateral and surface boundary conditions. The regional climate change of surface air temperature, precipitation, and circulation were analyzed. The results showed that （1） the distribution of mean circulation, surface air temperature, and precipitation was reproduced by the MM5V3. The regional climate model was capable to improve the regional climate simulation driven by GCM. （2） The climate change simulation under the IPCC A2 Scenario indicated that the surface air temperature in China would increase in the future, with a stronger trend in winter and the increasing magnitude from the south to the north. The precipitation distribution would appear a distinct change as well. Annual mean precipitation would remarkably increase in Northeast China, Yangtze and Huaihe River Valley, and the south area of the valley. Meanwhile, rainfall would show a decreasing trend in partial areas of North China, and many regions of Southwest and Northwest China.     

气候变化对华北地区冬小麦水分亏缺状况及生长的影响

根据多点多年气象资料、作物发育期资料和土壤水文资料,计算了未来气候变化情景下华北冬小麦主产区小麦不同发育阶段和全生育期内水分亏缺量的变化。结果表明,气温升高时小麦水分亏缺状况变差,亏缺量等值线南移,引起小麦气候适宜区范围缩小,减产额加大,产值降低,用于额外灌溉的生产费用增加。     

Concepts of Good Science in Climate Change Modelling

The paper by Shackley et al. (1998) appears to present a case for re-considering the way in which climatic science is presented for the purpose of climatic policy development. It also creates, perhaps unwittingly, a picture of naive climate scientists driven by the moods of White House administrators to squander funds in ignorance. We believe that this view, while interesting, is incorrect. Here we respond to Shackley et al.'s (1998, p. 137) invitation to climate scientists to take part in such discussions: in a sense, to (re)consider the scientific and implicit social and policy commitments they have entered into through pursuit of a particular scientific research programme.     

我国西北地区21世纪季节气候变化情景分析

使用各国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)数据分发中心提供的7个全球海气耦合气候系统模式(CCC、CCSR、CSIRO、DKRZ、GFDL、HADL、NCAR)的模拟结果,对我国西北地区未来21世纪考虑温室气体增加(GG)和温室气体与硫化物气溶胶共同影响(GS)时,冬夏季的气候变化情景进行了分析.模式集成结果分析表明,我国西北地区的变暖趋势与全球、东亚和中国一致,但变暖幅度明显高于全球、东亚和中国.对未来100年各个季节线性倾向的分析表明,西北地区GG和GS时都是冬季变暖最大,可高达5～8℃/100a,且整个西北地区中新疆地区为最大变暖区.21世纪由于人类活动,西北地区最低温度和最高温度都将明显升高,其线性趋势可达4～6℃/100 a.由于全球气候模式对区域尺度的模拟存在较大的不确定性,未来需要作更多的深入研究.     

气候变化对河南南部冬小麦播种期的影响

以位于河南省南部地区的驻马店市为研究区域,利用1961～2003年驻马店市冬小麦播种期内气象观测资料,采用相关分析等数理统计方法对气候变化对冬小麦播种期的影响进行分析,结果表明：在河南南部地区,传统播种期内气温逐渐升高;气候适宜冬小麦播种期逐渐推迟;传统播种期内降水量有所减少。并利用1981～2003年驻马店市冬小麦作物观测资料进一步分析了按照传统观念播种小麦存在的弊端。从而得出结论：在河南南部地区,冬小麦的播种必须打破传统的种植观念,适当晚播,才有利于冬小麦产量的进一步提高。