超强台风“桑美”(2006)能量发展的物理因子

应用非线性动力系统的研究方法, 基于NCEP/NCAR再分析资料, 以超强台风 “桑美” (2006) 在我国近海的突然增强和突然减弱过程为例, 从动能角度分析热带气旋能量发展的条件, 将分析结果转化为可用于分析预测热带气旋强度变化的实用指标, 如非热成风涡度、 热成风偏差及其垂直变化。结果表明: 热带气旋中心附近存在非热成风涡度负值中心, 有利于近海热带气旋突然增强; 非热成风涡度的变化与热带气旋中心气压变化有较好的一致性。当扰动自下向上传播时, 在热带气旋增强阶段热成风偏差为正值, 而在减弱阶段为负值; 当外围波扰向内核传播时, 在热带气旋增强阶段热成风偏差垂直变化为负值, 而在减弱阶段为正值, 热成风偏差及其垂直变化的这种变化在对流层中低层更明显。当扰动自下向上、 自外围向内核传播时, 在热带气旋增强阶段非热成风涡度为负值、 热成风偏差为正值、 热成风偏差垂直变化为负值; 减弱阶段则相反。     

惯性波的对流不稳定和台风形成初期阶段的物理分析

本文主要讨论在低纬度,当大气中水汽供给充分,并满足γ>γm的条件不稳定状态时所发生的热成风适应过程。这时适应过程的特点和文献[11]中所讨论的完全不同。在起始时,如果流场上的热成风涡度大于温度场的热成风涡度,当扰动的水平尺度小于适应的特征尺度L_0时,可引起惯性波的对流不稳定。这种不稳定的作用,可在较短的时间内(约24小时)造成上层是反气旋、下层是气旋和中心为暖中心的猛烈的涡旋形成。此外,本文还讨论了台风形成启动机制的动力学本质。指出:在热成风破坏方面,假如存在着造成流场上热成风涡度大于温度场热成风涡度的非热成风产生的机制,即可构成台风形成的启动机制。     

由台风低压倒槽引发的山东暴雨过程研究

2004年8月26-28日发生在山东省的大到暴雨过程主要是由"艾莉"台风减弱的低压和西风带冷空气远距离相互作用造成的,台风倒槽的发展与低空东南气流的加强及台风低压外围热量和动量的向北输送密切相关.采用双向三重嵌套网格非静力模式MM5对这一过程进行了数值模拟,研究了台风倒槽的中尺度结构特征,并通过涡度收支探讨了台风倒槽及中尺度低涡发生发展的物理过程.结果表明,强降水是在台风倒槽顶部强风中心与弱风中心之间的强辐合作用下触发的,台风倒槽的增强和中尺度低涡的形成是低空急流及其动力作用的结果,降水的非绝热加热也起着重要作用.涡度方程的收支诊断表明,对流层低层的散度项、对流层中层的水平平流项和铅直输送项是正涡度的主要贡献者,在同一等压面上散度项和水平平流项的作用是相反的.对流层中层铅直输送项的贡献为正,扭转项为负贡献,涡度变化的总趋势是它们相互作用的净结果.等压面上相对涡度的变化趋势并不是均匀的,中尺度低涡的东南象限相对涡度局地变化较强,这是强降水发生在此的重要原因.低层正涡度的增加是由水平辐合引起的,而高层正涡度的增加是涡度由低层向高层垂直输送的结果.因此台风倒槽的发展和中尺度低涡的形成主要是由于低层的涡度制造,另一方面来自中低层涡度的垂直输送.     

近10a西北太平洋海域登陆台风的环境场特征分析

对1995～2004年5～10月西北太平洋海域登陆台风的大尺度环境场的特征进行了分析。结果表明：海表温度（SST）在台风发生的区域要高于周围其它区域,而且都在26.5℃以上,即高的海表温度有利于台风的发展;在台风的发现点主要集中的区域范围,相对涡度几乎都为正值,正的相对涡度有利于台风的发展;对流层中层相对湿度大,有利于上升浮力和潜热释放的维持,使热带气旋得以发展;弱的环境风垂直切变有利于台风强度的增大,并且两者之间的影响存在着一定的时间滞后。     

近10a西北太平洋海域登陆台风的环境场特征分析

对1995~2004年5~10月西北太平洋海域登陆台风的大尺度环境场的特征进行了分析。结果表明:海表温度(SST)在台风发生的区域要高于周围其它区域,而且都在26.5℃以上,即高的海表温度有利于台风的发展;在台风的发现点主要集中的区域范围,相对涡度几乎都为正值,正的相对涡度有利于台风的发展;对流层中层相对湿度大,有利于上升浮力和潜热释放的维持,使热带气旋得以发展;弱的环境风垂直切变有利于台风强度的增大,并且两者之间的影响存在着一定的时间滞后。     

利用热成风适应原理对暖性西南低涡生成机制的再分析

本文采用σ-p混合坐标系,根据非绝热和地形影响下的热成风适应原理,探讨了暖性西南低涡生成的机制。分析表明:正的非热成风涡度是低涡生成的一个重要指标;对流层中低层的暖平流中心,地面的可感加热,低层的暖空气与场面气压p~*的负变压中心配合,或与它的负平流中心相配合,将产生正的非热成风涡度;场面气压的梯度(?)p~*,高低压中心的空间分布(?)~2p~*,场面气压的变压(?)p~*/(?)t和平流(-(?)_h·(?)p_*)等都与垂直运动直接有关。地形还影响热成风适应特征尺度(或变形半径)L~o。在一般条件下,地形和潜热的作用使L_o比不考虑两者作用时的L_o变小,易使L>L_o条件满足,更有利于流场向温度场适应。     

大尺度运动对台风形成影响的天气分析

本文根据15个台风形成的实例分析,发现台风形成前200毫巴的流场形势基本上可分为三种类型。在这些类型中,台风形成前1—3天,高层都有显著的正涡度平流,并且这种正的气旋涡度平流常大于下层的,因而可造成上下层涡度平流差的正值区。这正值区迭置在地面扰动之上,而后这扰动就发展成台风。这和我们在文献[7]中所指出的台风形成启动机制的结论是一致的。也就是在热成风破坏和适应的统一中,在热成风破坏方面,如果存在有能够造成这样的非热成风的机制,使得流场上的热成风涡度大于温度场的热成风涡度,那么这种机制即为台风形成的启动机制,在我们所分析的例子中,高层和低层流场形势的特点,可以是多种多样的,但都包含这一共同的动力学本质。     

暖性西南低涡生成的一种可能机制

本文根据非绝热、有摩擦情况下的热成风适应原理，探讨暖性西南低涡生成的机制，并对两次暖性西南涡过程进行分析。结果表明:暖性西南低涡生成前12小时，在低涡源地附近存在较大的正值非热成风涡度，地面感热加热和暖平流对于产生正值非热成风涡度有重要贡献。由于西南低涡在生成初期为一浅薄系统,υ值较大时，L＞L0的条件可以满足，适应的结果在低层形成暖性西南低涡。     

风场对高原涡在河套地区打转影响的初步分析

利用NCEP/NCAR 2000,2002和2005年7-8月的再分析资料,对伴有热带低压向北活动的在河套地区打转的3个高原低涡个例,在不同活动阶段的对流层中层风场与涡度收支进行分析。结果表明,热带低压活动可影响持续高原涡的环境风场,环境风场改变了持续高原涡的风场结构,使低涡风场成非对称结构;持续高原涡在河套地区打转活动所伴的正涡度的维持与发展的动力机制主要取决于总涡度变率正值的发生与发展的各贡献项;处在低槽与横向、纵向不同分布的切变环境场中的低涡对涡区正总涡度变率贡献机制是不同的,在低槽与横向切变环境场中活动的低涡的维持与发展的动力机制主要是与辐合流场维持及发展对正涡度变率的贡献密切相关,在纵向切变环境场中活动的低涡的维持与发展的动力机制与环境场中低涡东、西两旁分别为偏南、北气流造成的水平绝对涡度平流输送项对正涡度变率的贡献密切相关;在切变环境场这一较弱的天气系统中的低涡是移向正总涡度变率中心区的。     

"碧丽斯"台风暴雨影响广西的湿位涡诊断分析

应用湿位涡理论,对发生在广西境内由台风减弱的低压引发的大暴雨过程进行诊断。结果表明:暴雨产生在eθ面陡峭密集区附近,eθ陡立密集区附近易导致湿斜压涡度发展;当对流层低层M PV 1<0,同时M PV 2>0时,暴雨易发生,暴雨产生在高低空正负湿位涡柱的下方;对流层高层高值湿位涡下传,使得对流层低层稳定度降低,导致对流不稳定能量释放,有利于暴雨产生。低层西南暖湿气流加强,不稳定能量在释放的同时不断得到补充,使得暴雨增幅。     

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ZONAL WIND ANOMALIES IN HIGH AND LOW TROPOSPHERE AND ANNUAL FREQUENCY OF NW PACIFIC TROPICAL CYCLONES

Relationships between large-scale zonal wind anomalies and annual frequency of NW Pacific tropical cyclones and possible mechanisms are investigated with the methods of correlation and composition.It is indicated that when △ U200-△U850 ＞0 in the eastern tropical Pacific and △ U200- △U850 ＜0 in western tropical Pacific, the Walker cell is stronger in the Pacific tropical region and the annual frequency of NW Pacific tropical cyclone are above normal. In the years with zonal wind anomalies, the circulation of high and low troposphere and the vertical motions in the troposphere have significant characteristics. In the time scale of short-range climate prediction, zonal wind anomalies in high and low troposphere are useful as a preliminary signal of the annual frequency prediction of NW Pacific tropical cyclones.     

RESEARCH ON THE INTERANNUAL AND INTERDECADAL VARIABILITIES OF THE MONSOON TROUGH AND THEIR IMPACTS ON TROPICAL CYCLONE GENESIS OVER THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN

In this paper, we mainly summarize and review the progresses in recent climatological studies (by CMSR, IAP/CAS and some associated domestic and international institutions) on the interannual and interdecadal variabilities of monsoon troughs and their impacts on tropical cyclones and typhoons (TCs) geneses over the western North Pacific Ocean. The climatological characteristics of monsoon troughs and four types of circulation patterns favorable to TCs genesis over the western North Pacific Ocean in summer and autumn are given in this paper. It is also shown in this paper that the monsoon trough over the western North Pacific Ocean has obvious interannual and interdecadal variabilities. Especially, it is revealed in this paper that the interannual and interdecadal variabilities of the monsoon trough over the western North Pacific Ocean influence the TCs genesis not only through the impact on distributions of the vorticity in the lower troposphere and the divergence in the upper troposphere, the water vapor in the mid- and lower troposphere and the vertical shear of wind fields between the upper and lower troposphere over the western North Pacific Ocean, but also through the dynamical effects of the transition between convectively coupled tropical waves and providing disturbance energy. Besides, some climatological problems associated with TCs activity over the western North Pacific Ocean that need to be studied further are also pointed out in this paper.     

中国近海热带气旋强度突变的热力特征

应用2000 2006年的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,通过合成分析和对比分析,利用全型垂直涡度倾向方程,研究中国近海热带气旋强度突变的热力特征.结果表明:(1)突然增强热带气旋在其中心附近对流层高低层均存在视热源Q1的极大值中心,低层Q1在突然增强过程中越来越强;而突然减弱热带气旋在中心附近对流层中层存在Q1的极大值中心,而且在突然减弱过程中Q1越来越弱.视水汽汇Q2的极值中心在热带气旋强度变化过程中位于对流层中层,在突然增强过程中有所增大,而在突然减弱过程中有所减小.(2)Q1的峰值高度在热带气旋突然增强和突然减弱过程中分别位于对流层高层和中层.Q2的峰值高度在热带气旋突然增强过程中不断抬升,而在突然减弱过程中不断降低,这说明积云对流的垂直输送在热带气旋突然增强过程中起到一定作用.(3)热带气旋中心附近对流层中上层非绝热加热随着高度增加、对流层低层垂直非均匀加热的增大有利于热带气旋的突然增强,反之导致热带气旋突然减弱.     

POTENTIAL VORTICITY STRUCTURE OF SUMMER CYCLONES OVER THE CHANGJIANG-HUAIHE VALLEY

Based on the theory of Ertel potential vorticity,the isentropic potential vorticity maps and vertical pro-files of potential vorticity for two summer cyclones over the Changjiang-Huaihe Valley are analysed.Afterdiscussing a possible mechanism for the genesis and development of such systems and their differences fromtypical extratropical cyclones,a conceptual model for their activities is proposed:A weak disturbance in the mid-level of troposphere originated from around the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau may cause heavy precipitation underfavourable conditions and latent heat release in the mid-troposphere leads to downward extension of cycloniccirculation and a wave on the quasi-stationary front.This weak cyclone can develop substantially and becomea typical extratropical cyclone only when air from the lower stratosphere flows downslope along isentropic sur-faces into the region of interest.     

POTENTIAL VORTICITY STRUCTURE OF SUMMER CYCLONES OVER THE CHANGJIANG-HUAIHE VALLEY*

Based on the theory of Ertel potential vorticity,the isentropic potential vorticity maps and vertical profiles of potential vorticity for two summer cyclones over the Changjiang-Huaihe Valley are analysed.After discussing a possible mechanism for the genesis and development of such systems and their differences from typical extratropical cyclones,a conceptual model for their activities is proposed:A weak disturbance in the midlevel of troposphere originated from around the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau may cause heavy precipitation under favourable conditions and latent heat release in the mid-troposphere leads to downward extension of cyclonic circulation and a wave on the quasi-stationary front.This weak cyclone can develop substantially and become a typical extratropical cyclone only when air from the lower stratosphere flows downslope along isentropic surfaces into the region of interest.     

INFLUENCE OF THE VERTICAL SHEAR OF ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS ON TYPHOON MOTION

Typhoon is regarded as a convergent,modified Rankine vortex.Based on the vorticity equations written attwo levels,higher and lower in the troposphere,typhoon motions are discussed in this study.The analyticalexpressions of vortex motion direction and speed have been derived for simple homogeneous basic flows at twolevels.The expressions indicate that in the easterties,vertical wind shear enhances the steering of east flow,causing the vortex moving westward faster,otherwise,in the westerlies,it reduces the steering of the west flow,causing the vortex moving eastward slower.These results explain theoretically that“cyclones in the easterliesmove to the right of,and faster than the basic flow;conversely,cyclones in the westerlies move to the left of,andslower than the basic flow.”     

How the “best” CMIP5 models project relations of Asian–Pacific Oscillation to circulation backgrounds favorable for tropical cyclone genesis over the western North Pacific

Based on the simulations of 32 models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), the present study assesses their capacity to simulate the relationship of the summer Asian–Pacific Oscillation (APO) with the vertical zonal wind shear, low-level atmospheric vorticity, mid-level humidity, atmospheric divergence in the lower and upper troposphere, and western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) that are closely associated with the genesis of tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific. The results indicate that five models can simultaneously reproduce the observed pattern with the positive APO phase accompanied by weak vertical zonal wind shear, strengthened vorticity in the lower troposphere, increased mid-level humidity, intensified low-level convergence and high-level divergence, and a northward-located WPSH over the western North Pacific. These five models are further used to project their potential relationship under the RCP8.5 scenario during 2050–2099. Compared to 1950–1999, the relationship between the APO and the vertical zonal wind shear is projected to weaken by both the multi-model ensemble and the individual models. Its linkage to the low-level vorticity, mid-level humidity, atmospheric divergence in the lower and upper troposphere, and the northward–southward movement of the WPSH would also reduce slightly but still be significant. However, the individual models show relatively large differences in projecting the linkage between the APO and the mid-level humidity and low-level divergence.     

SURFACE OBSERVATIONS IN THE TROPICAL CYCLONE ENVIRONMENT OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

In this paper,the observational data from Marine and Meteorological Observation Platform(MMOP)at Bohe,Maoming and buoys located in Shanwei and Maoming are used to study the characteristics of air-sea temperature and specific humidity difference and the relationship between wind and wave with the tropical cyclones over the South China Sea(SCS).The heat and momentum fluxes from eddy covariance measurement(EC)are compared with these fluxes calculated by the COARE 3.0 algorithm for Typhoon Koppu.The results show that at the developing and weakening stages of Koppu,both these differences between the sea surface and the near-surface atmosphere from the MMOP are negative,and data from the buoys also indicate that the differences are negative between the sea surface and near-surface atmosphere on the right rear portion of tropical cyclones(TCs)Molave and Chanthu.However,the differences are positive on the left front portion of Molave and Chanthu.These positive differences suggest that the heat flux is transferred from the ocean to the atmosphere,thus intensifying and maintaining the two TCs.The negative differences indicate that the ocean removes heat fluxes from the atmosphere,thus weakening the TCs.The wind-wave curves of TCs Molave and Chanthu show that significant wave height increases linearly with 2-min wind speed at 10-m height when the wind speed is less than 25 m/s,but when the wind speed is greater than 25 m/s,the significant wave height increases slightly with the wind speed.By comparing the observed sensible heat,latent heat,and friction velocity from EC with these variables from COARE 3.0 algorithm,a great bias between the observed and calculated sensible heat and latent heat fluxes is revealed,and the observed friction velocity is found to be almost the same as the calculated friction velocity.     

IMPACT OF AIR-SEA INTERACTION ON THE GENESIS OF TROPICAL INCIPIENT VORTEX OVER SOUTH CHINA SEA: A CASE STUDY

Based on 6-hourly sensible heat flux and latent heat flux from the NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) and circulation data from the Japanese 25-year Reanalysis (JRA-25), the initial developing process of tropical cyclone Mindulle (1005) in 2010 has been diagnosed to reveal the impact of air-sea interaction over the South China Sea (SCS) on the genesis of its incipient vortex. The results show that the incipient vortex first occurred east of the Luzon Island on 0000 UTC 20 August, suggesting that the topographic forcing of the Luzon Island for easterly winds over the western Pacific might be one of the factors responsible for the formation of the incipient vortex. During the formation stage of the incipient vortex, strong southeasterlies over the SCS caused warm water of the middle and eastern SCS to flow toward the Luzon Island due to Ekman transport resulting from wind stress, leading to an increase of the sea surface temperature and sensible heat flux into the atmosphere. Although the anomalous sensible heating favored surface pressure to reduce, it was not conducive to the increase of local vorticity associated with the vortex above the heating area because, according to the atmospheric thermal adaptation theory, the anticyclonic vorticity would be created in the lower troposphere due to the decreased vertical gradient of the sensible heating. However, the ascending motions occurred over the eastern area of the anomalous sensible heating due to the augmentation of the vorticity advection with increasing height, causing water vapor to condense in the middle and upper troposphere. In turn, cyclonic vorticity was generated in the lower troposphere due to the increased vertical gradient of the condensation latent heating, resulting in the formation and further growth of the incipient vortex. Therefore, the vorticity creation due to the condensation heating played a dominant role during the subsequent enhancing stage of the incipient vortex.