Consolidation behavior of soft deposits considering the variation of prefabricated vertical drain discharge capacity

This paper is primarily focused on why and how to consider the varied discharge capacity during simulations of consolidation via prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) for soft soil deposits. First, the existing studies regarding discharge capacity are summarized and discussed. These studies conclude that the discharge capacity of PVDs at sites vary with the confining pressure and consolidation time. Next, a series of analytical solutions that consider the variation of discharge capacity with ground depth, consolidation time or both simultaneously are presented and compared. Applications of these solutions and of the newly introduced parameters are described. Then, a well-documented case history on ground treatment with PVDs is analyzed, in which the parameters related to the time-dependent discharge capacity were obtained from laboratory tests. A comparison between a classical solution and the newly presented method indicates that consideration of the varied discharge capacity in the consolidation theory can better predict the consolidation process of PVD-improved ground.     

Analysis of A Braced Excavation In Soft Soils Considering The Consolidation Effect

The studies of excavations in soft clayey soils are normally based on undrained total stress analyses. A better approach consists of taking into account the effects of consolidation during the excavation-bracing process and after the completion of the construction by means of coupled finite element analyses in effective stresses. In this paper, the geotechnical behaviour of a braced excavation in the soft soils of San Francisco (USA) is analysed, both during and after the construction period. Numerical analyses are performed with a finite element program, which incorporates the Biot consolidation theory (coupled formulation of the water flow and equilibrium equations) and soil constitutive relations simulated by the p-q-θ critical state model. Numerical results are compared with field results.     

Response of multilayer geosynthetic-reinforced bed resting on soft soil with stone columns

In the present study, a mechanical model has been developed to study the behavior of multilayer geosynthetic-reinforced granular fill over stone column-reinforced soft soil. The granular fill and geosynthetic reinforcement layers have been idealized by Pasternak shear layer and rough elastic membranes, respectively. The Kelvin–Voight model has been used to represent the time-dependent behavior of saturated soft soil. The stone columns are idealized by stiffer springs and assumed to be linearly elastic. The nonlinear behavior of the soft soil and granular fill is considered. The effect of consolidation of soft soil due to inclusion of the stone columns on settlement response has also been included in the model. Plane strain conditions are considered for the loading and reinforced foundation soil system. An iterative finite difference scheme is applied for obtaining the solution and results are presented in nondimensional form. It has been observed that if the soft soil is improved with stone columns, the multilayer reinforcement system is less effective as compared to single layer reinforcement to reduce the total settlement as there is considerable reduction in the total settlement due to stone column itself. Multilayer reinforcement system is effective for reducing the total settlement when stone columns are not used. However, multilayer reinforcement system is effective to transfer the stress from soil to stone column. The differential settlement is also slightly reduced due to application of multiple geosynthetic layers as compared to the single layer reinforcement system.     

Consolidation of double‐layered ground with vertical drains

Vertical drains are usually installed in subsoil consisting of several layers. Due to the complex nature of the problem, over the past decades, the consolidation properties of multi‐layered ground with vertical drains have been analysed mainly by numerical methods. An analytical solution for consolidation of double‐layered ground with vertical drains under quasi‐equal strain condition is presented in this paper. The main steps for the computation procedure are listed. The convergence of the series solution is discussed. The comparisons between the results obtained by the present analytical method and the existing numerical solutions are described by figures. The orthogonal relation for the system of double‐layered ground with vertical drains is proven. Finally, some consolidation properties of double‐layered ground with vertical drains are analysed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stabilities of heavy metals in soils treated with red mud

This paper discussed the stabilities of heavy metals in soils treated with red mud. Soil has been polluted by heavy metals more and more seriously during recent several decades, and they are harmful to mankind and animals. The current tendency is to develop in-situ technique by using industrial processing waste as additives to stabilized heavy metals to minimize the disturbance of contaminated soils. Soil samples were collected from the Niujiaotang mining area, Guizhou Province, southwestern China. They were farmed soils polluted weakly by fly ash （QBT） and polluted badly by waste water （BXT） from smelter, respectively. One of the red mud samples （BRM） was collected from Bayer process and the other （CRM） from confederate process in the Alumina Plant of Guizhou. Free metal ion concentrations were analyzed with Donnan Membrane Technique and predicted with ECOSAT. The concentrations of free heavy metal ions in QBT increased after appending CRM, but decreased when adding BRM. The more the red mud was added, the higher the concentration would be, and the free concentrations of nickel and cadmium ions would vary more greatly than those of copper and zinc ions. When appending red muds into BXT, the free concentrations of copper and zinc ions varied little. While those of free nickel and cadmium decreased obviously at the ratio of 2.00%. The variation of the concentration was still biggish after appending BRM at the ratio of 0.50%, but smaller than that of 2.00%. The concentrations of free cadmium ions increased after adding CRM at the ratio of 0.50%. All experimental processes were modeled through ECOSAT. The predicted and measured results were consistent, except for zinc. Contributions of soil sorbents to the heavy metal adsorptions were also modeled through ECOSAT. The sorbents in soil included soil organic matter, iron hydroxides, clay and the Donnan gel of soil organic matter. Compared to the soils without red muds, no matter what kind of red mud and how much was added in soil, the contributions changed slightly.     

Discrete element modeling for the study of the effect of soft inclusions on the behavior of soil mix material

The influence of soil inclusions on the mechanical behavior of deep soil mix material was studied by discrete element simulations in combination with some laboratory tests. The innovative aspect of the simulations was that individual fracturing in the heterogeneous material was modeled. It was observed that the reduction of strength and stiffness did not correspond to the weighted average of the UCS and Young’s modulus, taking into account the volumes of the strong and weak material. The actual reduction was considerably larger, e.g., on average the strength was reduced by 13% and 50% for 1% and 10% of inclusions, respectively. Moreover, other parameters, such as the shape, number, and relative position of inclusions, also have an important influence on the strength and stiffness. First, sharp-ended inclusions have a more negative impact on the strength and stiffness than rounded inclusions. Second, one large inclusion reduces strength and stiffness more than three smaller inclusions with the same shape and accounting for the same total volume percentage. Finally, diagonally-located and more-concentrated inclusions have a more negative impact on the mechanical behavior than vertically-aligned and widely-spread inclusions. The results of the numerical simulations showed good agreement with the results of laboratory tests with regard to the effect on strength and stiffness as well as the observed fracture patterns.     

5参数高速公路软基处理方案ANN决策模型

首先，介绍了中国高速公路软基处理技术决策问题的研究现状，然后，介绍了决策模型参数的确定。最后，以折学森整理的高速公路的资料为原始数据，以MATLAB-NNT为工具，建立了5参数高速公路软基处理方案的ANN决策模型。对所建立的ANN模型进行训练、回判和预测，得到了满意的结果，证明模型是有效的。     

Numerical prediction of the creep behaviour of an unstabilised and a chemically stabilised soft soil

This paper examines the ability of volumetric and deviatoric creep laws associated with constitutive models to simulate the creep behaviour of a soft soil in its natural state or chemically stabilised state. Initially, the models/laws are validated by oedometer and triaxial creep tests, for the stabilised and unstabilised soils. Finally, the long-term behaviour of an embankment built on a soft soil reinforced with deep mixing columns is predicted based on the properties for a curing time of 28 days. The results show that the creep phenomenon should be considered in a long-term analysis of deep mixing columns.     

硫酸盐侵蚀环境下水泥土的力学行为研究

针对含硫酸盐介质的环境水服役条件,通过室内模拟试验手段,研究了不同配合比参数和不同条件下水泥土的无侧限强度、弹性模量以及应力-应变的变化规律,分析了硫酸盐侵蚀环境下水泥土力学性能的劣化机理。结果表明,配合比参数以及环境条件对水泥土的无侧限抗压强度、弹性模量、应力-应变曲线有显著的影响;硫酸盐溶液中的水、硫酸根离子与水泥土之间的复杂物理、化学作用,影响水泥土内部微细观结构,从而对水泥土的力学性能存在显著劣化作用;且这种侵蚀作用在90d龄期内最为显著。     

水泥土搅拌桩软土地基土体动力特性的共振柱试验研究

开展对水泥土搅拌桩软土地基土体试样的GDS（Global Distribution System）共振柱试验,研究不同剪应变、围压、水泥土置换率对土体动力特性的影响。结果表明,水泥土搅拌桩软土地基土体的动剪切模量G和阻尼比D随剪应变? 变化趋势与软黏土一致,在小应变范围内围压和置换率对土体的动剪切模量G和阻尼比D的影响显著,随着剪应变? 增大,围压和置换率的影响减弱;水泥土搅拌桩软土地基土体的最大动剪切模量Gmax与围压表现出良好的线性关系,围压越大,提高水泥土的置换率对土体最大动剪切模量Gmax增强效果越明显。研究结果可为地区水泥土搅拌桩软土地基土体动力参数的取值提供一定的参考。     

水泥加固不同地区软土的试验研究

对不同地区软土经水泥加固后的强度形成特征进行了研究。进行直接剪切试验及无侧限抗压试验测定了水泥加固土的力学指标,发现不同地区的软土经水泥加固后力学性质存在很大差异,从试样的粒度成分、有机质含量及加固后试样的微观结构特征等方面对此进行解释。结果表明,试样的粒度成分及有机质含量会对加固效果产生很大影响,黏粒含量越大,有机质含量越高,对水泥加固土强度的形成越不利。为在用水泥进行不同性质的软土加固处理时采取合理的附加措施提供了理论依据。     

深厚软土地区基坑墙底抗隆起稳定性Prandlt计算式的讨论

深厚软土地区采用Prandlt公式计算基坑抗隆起稳定性常常不满足规范要求,给基坑支护设计带来较大困惑。本文在分析基坑开挖与Prandlt公式计算地基极限承载力的力学边界条件差异的基础上,指出采用Prandlt计算式、临界宽度法和计入基坑内侧土体抗剪强度等改进计算方法的不足,提出同时考虑基坑支护体内外两侧土体抗剪作用的改进计算公式。通过对4个计算公式各参数的敏感度分析,发现内摩擦角是影响基坑墙底抗隆起稳定性的首要因素,基坑挖深和支护体插入深度是主要影响因素,土体黏聚力是次要影响因素,土体重度的影响可以忽略。软土内摩擦角较小,在基坑挖深一定的条件下,只有通过加大支护体插入深度才能保证基坑墙底抗隆起稳定性,因此,考虑基坑支护体内外两侧土体抗剪强度的有利作用可合理优化基坑支护设计。本文通过工程实例研究,验证了计入基坑支护体内外两侧土体抗剪强度作用的合理性;同时,根据浙江软土地区多项工程墙底抗隆起稳定安全系数计算结果的统计分析,指出目前规范取值标准偏高,在软土地区不尽合理,建议在积累工程经验的基础上,适当降低规范计算方法的标准限值。     

变荷载下不排水桩复合地基桩间土和下卧层土固结分析

基于悬浮不排水桩复合地基超静孔隙水压力解答,建立了变荷载条件下复合地基桩间土和下卧层土平均固结度的解析解。通过与有限元解答的对比,证明了解析解的正确性和有效性。利用解析解对桩间土和下卧层土的固结性状进行了分析。研究发现,桩间土的固结速率远大于下卧层土,并随置换率和桩土模量比的增加而增大。在工程设计采用的置换率范围内,桩的贯入比较小时,下卧层土的固结速率受置换率和桩土模量比的影响很小;桩的贯入比较大时,下卧层土的固结速率随置换率和桩土模量比的增加而增大。桩间土和下卧层土的固结存在临界置换率和临界桩土模量比,超过临界值后,桩间土和下卧层土的固结速率不随桩土模量比和置换率的增加而增大。桩间土和下卧层土的固结速率随加荷速率的增加而增大。     

Simulation of mineral grades with hard and soft conditioning data: application to a porphyry copper deposit

This work deals with the geostatistical simulation of mineral grades whose distribution exhibits spatial trends within the ore deposit. It is suggested that these trends can be reproduced by using a stationary random field model and by conditioning the realizations to data that incorporate the available information on the local grade distribution. These can be hard data (e.g., assays on samples) or soft data (e.g., rock-type information) that account for expert geological knowledge and supply the lack of hard data in scarcely sampled areas. Two algorithms are proposed, depending on the kind of soft data under consideration: interval constraints or local moment constraints. An application to a porphyry copper deposit is presented, in which it is shown that the incorporation of soft conditioning data associated with the prevailing rock type improves the modeling of the uncertainty in the actual copper grades.     

排水板和砂井联合堆载预压加固海相软土地基的工作性状的现场试验

针对场地内夹杂岸堤、塘埂和人行道路网的深厚海相软土地基处理,提出塑料排水板和袋装砂井联合堆载预压加固方法,并通过现场试验研究该类地基在路堤填筑及堆载预压过程中的地表及深层沉降特性、超孔隙水压力消散机制和地基水平位移规律等工作性状。结果表明,采用该方法处理深厚海相软土地基具有良好的加固效果,地基沉降大部分在填筑期和预压期间发生,有效降低了场地的工后沉降和施工工期,可为沿海深厚复杂海相软土地基加固处理提供参考;塑料排水板和袋装砂井联合堆载预压处理地基的沉降-时间曲线呈多级式发展,袋装砂井处理部位的沉降量小于塑料排水板处;软基上部土体的排水效果明显优于中、下部土体,排水板处理区域的超孔隙水压力大于砂井处理区域;软基顶部土体向堆载区域移动,地表3 m以下的软土层被挤向堆载处理区域外。     

NaCl侵蚀环境下水泥固化铬污染土的强度及淋滤特性

日益严重的环境污染问题导致土壤中的重金属离子越来越多,这不仅使得土的工程性质受到影响,而且有害重金属离子的渗出也会威胁人类的健康。目前常采用水泥固化技术（S/S法）来处理重金属污染土。但当地下水中富含侵蚀性盐离子时,固化后的重金属污染土会受到影响,进而改变其强度及重金属离子的滤出特性。通过系统的室内试验,对水泥固化铬污染土在NaCl溶液浸泡后的强度特性及重金属离子的滤出特性进行了研究。试验结果表明,水泥固化铬污染土的无侧限抗压强度随NaCl溶液浓度的增加而减小,而随浸泡时间的增加呈先减小后增大的趋势,浸泡7 d时最小。毒性特征沥滤试验（TCLP）结果显示,浸出液中Cr3+浓度随NaCl浓度增加而增大,随浸泡时间增加而减小;而浸出液的pH值随NaCl浓度增加而减小,随着浸泡时间的增加呈先减小后增大的趋势,浸泡7 d时最小;浸出液的pH值在4.0～5.5范围内时,Cr3+滤出量随pH值增大而减小。     

Study of the 1-D consolidation behavior of two-layered soft soils: Parametric studies using a rheological model with viscoplastic body

The governing equations for the coupled processes of consolidation and creep of two-layered soft soils are established. The Nishihara rheological model is adopted to simulate the elasto-viscoplastic characteristics of soft soils, disregarding the effects of the soil self-gravity. A semi-analytical theory combined with numerical and analytical methods is introduced to solve the governing equations of the one-dimensional rheological model. The computational procedure and the approximate solutions for two-layered soft soils subjected to surface loading are obtained for two drainage conditions. The solutions and the computational procedure are used to study the effects of the two layers and constitutive parameters on rheological consolidation behavior of soft soils. It can be concluded that two layers affect the rate of excess pore water pressure dissipation and settlement development. The parametric studies show that when the parameters of the upper layer remain constant, increases in the permeability and elastic modulus in the lower layer accelerate the dissipation of the excess pore water pressure, and meanwhile increases in the viscosity coefficient and viscoplastic limit slows down the dissipation of the excess water pressure.     

Analysis of flow behavior in a landfill with cover soil of low hydraulic conductivity

 This paper presents the results of field tests of hydrologic parameters in a landfill and the results of numerical simulation to find the efficiency of the pumping method to reduce leachate levels in the landfill. The field hydraulic conductivity and storativity of waste and buried cover soils in the landfill are measured by pumping and slug tests. The hydrologic condition inside the landfill is first calibrated using the drawdown-time curve obtained from the pumping test, and the flow behavior of leachate during pumping in the landfill, when various layers of waste and buried cover soil exist, is analyzed through three-dimensional numerical simulation of flow. The results of the field investigation show that the buried cover soil of low hydraulic conductivity forms an impermeable layer preventing the downward flow of leachate and upward flow of landfill gas. The hydraulic conductivities of the pumping test and slug tests were quite close on the same order of magnitude. It was also possible to match the drawdown-time data of the field tests with those of the model using input data close to the hydrologic property obtained from the field tests. The numerical flow analysis showed that pumping was possible up to 120 tons/day for a single well without a drain, while the pumping rate could be increased to 300 tons/day for the same well with the drain. From the vertical section of the flow vector with a horizontal drain, the barrier role of buried cover soil is identified, which was proposed by examining the water contents of the disposed cover soil and waste in the field. Received: 15 May 1998 · Accepted: 4 January 1999     

沿海下卧软弱夹层碎石回填地基15000kN·m高能级强夯试验

针对某沿海下卧软弱夹层的碎石回填土地基,在国内首次开展了15000kN·m高能级强夯的现场试验。通过单点夯试验各夯点与夯坑周围地面沉降观测及强夯前后地基动力触探测试结果的对比分析,揭示了下卧软弱夹层的碎石回填地基上15000kN·m高能级强夯的作用机制,得出该条件下强夯的有效加固深度为11.5m,主夯点间距宜为12.5m,夯击数宜为18～22击的有关结论。其结果可为类似工程参考。