根据走滑大地震前后应力轴偏转和应力降求取偏应力量值的研究

运用走滑地震造成的地震前后应力方向偏转和地震应力降Δτ推导得到地震震源处偏应力量值τ的解析表达式为τ=［Δτcos2(φ′[KG-*2]P-E)］/sin2(φ′[KG-*2]P-φP)(其中,φ\-P和φ′[KG-*2]P分别为地震前后的统计P轴走向,E为地震断层走向.).当震前P轴与震后P轴与断层走向夹角为45°时,该公式失效.对偏应力值与应力降比值随应力场主压应力轴与断层走向夹角及应力场主压应力轴偏转的变化进行分析表明,相同应力降造成的应力轴偏转越大,地下偏应力越小; 断层走向越接近主压应力轴方向,地震应力降场对偏应力场的贡献越小.将该方法运用于Landers地震震源区,求得了该地震Homestead Valley段的偏应力量值为10MPa.     

2010年玉树M_S 7.1地震发震断层面参数的确定

本研究将利用余震分布和区域应力场确定大震断层面参数的方法应用于2010年玉树MS7.1级地震发震断层面参数的确定,获得了本次地震断层面参数为:走向294.6°,倾角78.0°,滑动角7.5°,属于左旋走滑型地震和甘孜—玉树断裂带的性质相一致.主震前后应力场反演结果表明该区域的应力场为:中间主应力轴近直立,最大和最小主应力轴近水平,且发现玉树地震前后震源区应力场存在偏转现象,最大主压应力轴由震前的NEE向逆时针旋转至震后的NNE向,震后最大主压应力轴与断层走向近垂直,表明主震对震源区应力释放较为充分.     

1976年唐山地震震源动力过程的数值模拟

用新LDDA(Lagrangian DiscontinuousDeformation Analysis)方法模拟了唐山地震断层的破裂、错动和应力释放的整个动力过程．模拟结果表明,唐山地震的震源滑动过程在发震断层上各处不一样．近场位移受断层的曲率影响,断层凹侧的位移大于断层凸侧的位移．滑动过冲现象在震中处最大,并向断层两端衰减．我们发现,唐山地震断层的破裂速度和应力降与断层上的初始剪应力大小有关．唐山发震断层的最大动态、准静态位错量和剪应力降均发生在中间部位,分别是7.1 m、6.2 m和8.1 MPa、5.4 MPa,发震断层的平均准静态位错量和剪应力降分别为4.5 m和3.3 MPa,断层破裂的传播速度从震中向东南和西北方向分别为3.08 km/s和1.18 km/s．      

2002年迪纳利断层地震前后的应力

根据2002年迪纳利断层地震前后的主应力方向及应力变化,采用一种新方法得到了沿该地震破裂的断层在空间上平均的绝对偏应力张量。应力是在沿迪纳利断层在3个区域估计的,其中一个区域还包括苏西特纳冰川断层,一个区域沿托茨昌达断层。估计的地震前分解到地震破裂断层上的空间平均剪切应力约为1MPa到约4MPa。得到的所有这些区域地震后沿断层的剪切应力几乎为零(0±1MPa)。这些结果表明:沿走向数十千米的平均偏应力水平较低,地震时的应力下降较为完全。     

基于可靠度理论的水库诱发地震分析

分析了水库诱发地震的影响因素,详细阐述了库水在诱发地震中起到的作用;将诱发水库地震的因素——断层面的产状、摩擦系数、凝聚力、应力状态、孔隙水压力视为随机变量,基于断层面的库仑应力,建立断层发震的功能函数,并应用可靠度理论,分析各主要因素对发震概率的影响。经一特定实例分析表明:1)随着断层面孔隙水压力的增加,断层发震概率大幅度增加;在孔隙水压力均值相等的条件下,随着发震部位孔隙水变异性的增加,发震概率明显增加;2)走向与水平向大主应力方向一致的断层和倾角60°的陡倾角断层更容易诱发地震;3)水平向小主应力对诱发地震的影响较大主应力大得多,水平向小主应力越大,断层越稳定,诱发地震的概率越小;4)随着断层面的摩擦系数和凝聚力的增加,断层的发震概率逐渐减小,但断层面摩擦系数对诱发地震的影响较断层面的凝聚力大得多。     

唐山地震序列应力触发的粘弹性力学模型研究

根据前人对唐山地震破裂分布、地壳波速和粘性结构的研究,考虑局部应力场、孔隙流体压力和断层附近软介质的影响,计算了唐山地震产生的,投影到后续大余震断层面和滑动方向上的库仑破裂应力变化。结果表明,随后发生的滦县地震和宁河地震均发生在唐山地震产生的库仑破裂应力变化为正的区域。为研究唐山地震、滦县地震和宁河地震对后续小震的触发作用,根据前人对该地区构造应力场和地震破裂分布的研究,假定构造应力量值为10 MPa,求得了震源附近各处可能的小震震源机制。将上述3次地震产生的应力变化投影到可能的小震破裂面和滑动方向上,发现唐山地震、滦县地震和宁河地震产生的正库仑破裂应力变化的ldquo;蝴蝶rdquo;形分布与后续小震发生的空间分布具有较好的一致性,95%的余震发生在库仑破裂应力变化增加的区域,说明唐山地震序列中前面的大震对后续小震的发生起到了调制作用。该研究结果对大震后余震的危险性快速评估具有一定意义。如果大地震发生后能够快速确定详细的破裂分布和震源区域详细断层及滑动特性资料,本文方法可用来预测未来大余震的发震位置。      

兰州盆地最大潜在地震变形数值模拟

在分析兰州盆地及周边地震构造环境、深部地球物理特征及盆地结构构造特征的基础上,建立了马衔山北缘断层西段发震的三维地震构造模型.采用三维有限元方法计算了该断层段未来发生MS7.0地震在兰州盆地的变形影响.计算结果表明:地震产生的变形及地震应力在兰州盆地区内已有很大程度的衰减,在量值上从盆地西侧到盆地东侧总位移值从1.25 m降至0.3 m;盆地内部最大地震应力则基本保持在0.02 MPa左右,只在盆地边缘及高阶地前缘局部点达到0.2 MPa.地震应变在东、西盆地有明显的分异,但量值总体保持在10-5,只在局部异常点达到10-4,不会在盆地区内形成地表裂缝等破坏,对建筑结构的永久变形影响也较小.但应注意盆地边缘地貌单元分界处与断层附近的局部异常影响及其可能触发的次生灾害.     

2008年5月12日四川汶川8．0级地震前后震源区应力水平估计

根据地震力学和数字地震学理论,利用视应力和应力降,估算了2008年5月12日四川汶川MS8.0级地震前后震源区的应力水平,结果表明,震前震源区应力值约为1.5~2.0MPa,地震破裂过程中,由于断层发生错动过头,使地震发生后震源区应力低于动摩擦力,降至-1.2~-0.1MPa。     

用大量余震震源机制估计2000年鸟取县西部地震区域的应力场

根据大量震源机制估计了2000年鸟取县西部地震（Mw=6．6）前后的区域应力场。为约束主震前的应力场，我们比较了主震产生的静态应力变化与主震后应力场的空间分布。在余震区的北部和中部，推测主震前的偏应力量值太大，不会受到静态应力变化的影响。主震前的最大主应力轴的方向与构造应力场一致。而在余震区南部，主震滑动较大的地区及其周围，发现由于静态应力变化较大，主震后应力场的空间分布很不均匀。在断层南端附近，静态应力变化的空间分布与余震的P轴方位角一致，推测主震前的偏应力量值小到足以受到静态应力变化（5MPa）影响的地步。断层南端原有余震断层面的强度可能特别弱。发现主震前的应力场在小于主震断层长度的尺度上是不均匀的。     

2008年汶川大地震对周围断层的影响

2008年5月12日的汶川地震明显地改变了区域地震的应力场．理解这种应力场的改变对周围断层构造加载进程和区域地震危险性的改变非常重要．本文以汶川地震的破裂为驱动源,计算了该地震造成周围断层上的静态库仑破裂应力变化．结果表明,汶川大地震的发生使得龙门山断裂北部和最南端、鲜水河断裂最南端、东昆仑断裂、陇县——宝鸡断裂、鄂拉山断裂、白玉断裂、日月山断裂南端、马边——盐津断裂南部、班公错——嘉黎断裂西部、则木河断裂的库仑破裂应力增加,量值达0.00001——0.06MPa．库仑破裂应力增加尤为显著的断裂量值分别为:龙门山断裂的地震断层南端最大增加0.01MPa、北端0.03MPa,秦岭南缘断裂的西南部最大增加0.03MPa,东昆仑断裂的东南部为0.007MPa,地震破裂断层西南部的鲜水河断裂为0.005MPa,西秦岭北缘断裂的天水——宝鸡段为0.004MPa,陇县——宝鸡断裂为0.0003MPa．该地震还使得龙日坝断裂、怒江断裂、西秦岭北缘断裂西部、秦岭北缘断裂、庄浪河断裂、日月山断裂北部、海原断裂、岷江断裂、玉树——玛曲断裂、金沙江断裂的库仑破裂应力减少;减少尤为显著的断裂为龙门山断裂的断层破裂段、岷江断裂和鲜水河断裂的炉霍段,其库仑破裂应力减少分别达0.04——0.7MPa,0.001——0.1MPa和0.008——0.01MPa．本次地震在小金河、安宁河和大凉山断裂面上产生的库仑应力变化很小,对断层地震活动没有显著影响．      

汶川8.0级地震环境剪应力特征研究

基于甘肃强震固定台和流动观测记录的汶川8.0级地震主震及余震加速度资料,选用三分向记录均完整的87次地震(震级范围为3.0~8.0级),根据用位错理论二维断裂模式推导的震源峰值加速度与环境剪应力关系式计算汶川地震序列的环境剪应力值,探讨其环境剪应力场特征。结果表明,环境剪应力和矩震级有较好的相关性,3~5级地震对应的应力值多在3~6 MPa,5~6级多在6~9 MPa,6~7级多在9MPa以上,且环境剪应力对震源深度也有较强的依赖性。     

2018年7月10日河南固始ML 4.0地震震源参数与发震构造分析

2018年7月10日河南固始发生M_L 4.0地震,为区域4级地震平静长达18年背景下的一次显著事件。为分析此次地震震源破裂性质和发震构造特征,采用Snoke方法计算震源机制解,结果显示,震源错动类型以正断为主兼具走滑,其中节面Ⅰ：走向127.0°,倾角75.0°,滑动角-78.0°;节面Ⅱ：走向268.0°,倾角19.0°,滑动角-128.0°,且节面Ⅰ性质与淮滨断裂破裂特征和切错方式符合;采用震源谱拟合计算得到此次地震应力降为2.756 MPa,固始及邻区M_L 2.5-4.0地震应力降普遍小于3 MPa,且与震级存在一定正相关关系。     

Research on characteristics of magnitude structure of earthquake sequences

ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｎｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆｍａｇｎｉｔｕｄｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｏｆｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｓＰＥＩ－ＱＩＮＧＳＵＮ（孙佩卿）ＱＩＮ－ＺＵＬＩ（李钦祖）ＹＩＮＧ－ＨＵＡＤＡＩ（戴英华）ＪＵＮＺＨＡＯ（赵军）Ｓｅ...     

应变能积累在地震安全性评价中的应用探讨

理论及实验研究显示,震源区的位置和最大震级不仅可能与构造和历史有关,更重要的是与应力状态包括其方向、大小、增加速率、集中位置等以及岩体自身性质,包括其强度、杨氏模量、应变大小及增长速率、裂缝(断层)大小和数量等有关,同时与作用方式有关.综合考虑各种因素,探讨了利用应变能积累确定强震位置和震级的方法:首先对利用形变空间特征变化判断强震震源区位置的方法进行了讨论;接着着重提出估算应变能的初步方法:一是由地表裂缝最大错距和裂缝(断层)长度比估算地震释放能量;二是由新构造运动分区块体体积、年平均应变速率及杨氏模量估算块体应变能积累;进而依据能量估算地震震级;最后以实例论述了应变能积累过程及特点对地震安全性评价的重要作用.     

An Overview of the Study on Stress Magnitude

Crustal stress field holds an important position in geodynamics research, such as in plate motion simulations, uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau and earthquake preparation and occurrence. However, most of the crustal stress studies emphasize particularly on the determination of stress direction, with little study being done on stress magnitude at present. After reviewing ideas on a stress magnitude study from geological, geophysical and various other aspects, a method to estimate the stress magnitude in the source region according to the deflection of stress direction before and after large earthquakes and the stress drop tensor of earthquake rupture has been developed. The proposed method can also be supplemented by the average apparent stress before and after large earthquakes. The stress direction deflection before and after large earthquakes can be inverted by massive focal mechanisms of foreshocks and aftershocks and the stress drop field generated by the seismic source can be calculated by the detailed distribution of the earthquakes rupture. The mathematical relationship can then be constructed between the stress drop field, where its magnitude and direction are known and the stress tensor before and after large earthquakes, where its direction is known but magnitude is unknown, thereby obtaining the stress magnitude. The average apparent stress before and after large earthquakes can be obtained by using the catalog of broadband radiated energy and seismic moment tensor of foreshocks and aftershocks and the different responses to stress drops. This relationship leads to another estimation of stress magnitude before a large earthquake. The stress magnitude and its error are constrained by combining the two methods, which provide new constraints for the geodynamics study.     

Stress changes on major faults caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript>w</Subscript>7.9 Wenchuan earthquake,May 12, 2008

On May 12, 2008, a magnitude 7.9 earthquake ruptured the Longmenshan fault system in Sichuan Province, China, collapsing buildings and killing tens of thousands people. As predicted, aftershocks may last for at least one year, and moreover, large aftershocks are likely to occur. Therefore, it is critical to outline the areas with potential aftershocks before reconstruction and re-settling people as to avoid future disasters. It is demonstrated that the redistribution of stress induced by an earthquake should trigger successive seismic activity. Based on static stress triggering theory, we calculated the coseismic stress changes on major faults induced by the Wenchuan earthquake, with elastic dislocation theory and the multilayered crustal model. We also discuss the stress distribution and its significance for future seismic activity under the impact of the Wenchuan earthquake. It is shown that coulomb failure stress (CFS) increases obviously on the Daofu-Kangding segment of the Xianshuihe Fault, the Maqu and Nanping segment of the Eastern Kunlun Fault, the Qingchuan Fault, southern segment of the Minjiang Fault, Pengxian-Guanxian Fault, Jiangyou-Guangyuan Fault, and Jiangyou-Guanxian Fault. The increased stress raises the probability of earthquake occurrence on these faults. Since these areas are highly populated, earthquake monitoring and early disaster alarm system are needed. CFS increases with a magnitude of 0.03–0.06 MPa on the Qingchuan Fault, which is close to the northern end of the rapture of Wenchuan earthquake. The occurrence of some strong aftershocks, including three events with magnitude higher than 5.0, indicates that the seismic activities have been triggered by the main shock. Aftershocks seem to migrate northwards. Since the CFS change on the Lueyang-Mianxian Fault located on the NEE of the Qingchuan Fault is rather small (±0.01 MPa), the migration of aftershocks might be terminated in the area near Hanzhong City. The CFS change on the western Qinling Fault is around 10 Pa, and the impact of static triggering can be neglected. The increment of CFS on the Pengxian-Guanxian Fault and Beichuan-Yingxiu Fault southwest to the main rupture is 0.005–0.015 MPa, which would facilitate earthquake triggering in these areas. Very few aftershocks in these areas indicate that the accumulated stress has not been released sufficiently. High seismic risk is predicated in these areas due to co-seismic CFS loading. The Wenchuan earthquake released the accumulated CFS on the Fubianhe Fault, the Huya Fault, the Ha’nan-Qingshanwan Fault, and the Diebu-Bailongjiang Fault. The decrement of CFS changes on the Longquanshan Fault east to Chengdu City is about 0.002 MPa. The seismic activity will be depressed by decrement of CFS on these faults. Supported by Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX-SW-153), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40574011 and 40474028)     

利用加速度或速度记录快速测定矩震级的一种新方法

根据峰值加速度、速度、位移对构造环境剪应力场和地震矩的依赖关系,导出了直接计算矩震级的公式．用北京怀来小台网（速度记录）、唐山强震观测台网（加速度记录）和北京地区台网（速度记录）的地震记录资料,检验了这些公式的可用性．结果表明,利用加速度或速度记录测定的矩震级与常规方法（根据位移谱高度）测定的矩震级十分接近．证明了这些公式的正确性,从而拓宽了用于测定震级的资料类型,即不仅限于位移记录,速度和加速度记录都可用于测定震级．     

In situ stress measurements in a borehole close to the Nojima Fault

Abstract In situ stress was measured close to the fault associated with the 1995 Kobe Earthquake (Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake; January 1995; M 7.2) using the hydraulic fracturing method. The measurements were made approximately 2 years after the earthquake. The measured points were approximately 40 m from the fault plane at depths of about 1500 m. The maximum and the minimum horizontal compressive stresses were 45 MPa and 31 MPa, respectively. The maximum compressive stress and the maximum shear stress are very small in comparison with those of other seismically active areas. The azimuth of the maximum horizontal compressive stress was estimated from the observed azimuths of well bore breakouts at depths between 1400 m and 1600 m and was found to be N135° (clockwise). The maximum stress axis is perpendicular to the fault strike, N45°. These features are interpreted in terms of a small frictional coefficient of the fault. The shear stress on the fault was released and dropped almost to zero during the earthquake and it has not yet recovered. Zero shear stress on the fault plane resulted from the perpendicular orientation of one of the principal stress to the fault plane.     

云南武定M6.5地震动态库仑破裂应力变化的数值模拟及其与余震活动的关系

在离散波数法（DWN）基础上,计算了武定M6.5地震断层破裂在周围介质中产生的位移时程（位移理论地震图）和动态位移场;进行弹性动力学转换后,求得应变时程和动态应变场;最后得到了武定M6.5地震所产生的动态库仑破裂应力变化量和动态库仑破裂应力变化场,进而研究其与后续余震的关系. 结果表明,动态应力最大峰值和静态应力的正区均呈非对称性分布,两者的分布特征与余震的分布特征基本一致. 在动态应力峰值为正的确定区应力值超过了0.1 MPa触发阈值, 在静态应力值为正的确定区应力值超过了0.01 MPa触发阈值. 这说明动态应力和静态应力均有助于余震的发生.      

2014年8月3日云南鲁甸M6．5地震的地震波能量

根据美国地震学研究联合会（IRIS）的地震能量查询网站公布的地震波辐射能量和能量震级数据,2014年8月3日鲁甸M6．5地震的宽频带（0．5～70 s）能量震级为6．4,2013年4月20日芦山M7．0地震为6．7,相差0．3级,而高频（0．5～2 s）能量震级分别为6．7和6．9,相差0．2级,即芦山地震释放的高频地震波能量为鲁甸地震的2倍。本文根据这些数据对鲁甸地震的特征进行了分析,认为从地震监测的角度,在地震发生后,尽快给出地震波释放能量估计,对于及时确定大地震应急响应级别和采取相应减灾措施是有实际意义的。