青藏高原典型地区沉积物地球化学特征与矿物组成的粒度效应

地表松散沉积物中不同粒级的颗粒蕴含着不同的信息,这种差异与其物质来源、搬运和沉积过程中的分选作用以及沉积后的风化作用等有关。因此,可根据沉积物中不同粒级颗粒地球化学特征与矿物组成的差异,进行沉积物物源追踪或沉积环境重建。选择青藏高原在气候和地貌方面具有典型意义的柴达木盆地、错那湖、雅鲁藏布江流域作为研究区,分别采集了这几个地区的沙丘沙、黄土、湖积物、冲积物、洪积物、残坡积物等地表松散沉积物样品,用干筛法将沉积物样品分为两个部分,粗颗粒部分粒径范围为≥75~500 μm,细颗粒部分粒径<75 μm。对上述粗、细颗粒分别进行稀土与微量元素、Sr-Nd同位素、轻矿物组成的实验室分析测试,并对沉积物中粗、细颗粒的测试结果采用古典多维尺度方法进行相似性分析。结果表明：青藏高原松散沉积物中粗、细颗粒在轻矿物组成、微量和稀土元素含量、稀土特征、元素参数等方面存在差异;细颗粒部分蕴含了更多的环境信息,富含容易受化学风化影响的黏土矿物以及硬度较小、容易被磨蚀的方解石等矿物。在物源示踪中不同气候区的沉积物细颗粒不宜进行直接比较,应根据样品的粒度分布情况优先选择合适的粗颗粒组分进行物源示踪。     

泥石流堆积物中细颗粒含量与渗透系数关系试验研究

泥石流拦砂坝通常建造在沟床堆积物上。泥石流堆积物的渗透性是影响坝底扬压力的关键因素。目前关于土体渗透性的研究主要集中于无黏性粗粒土,对泥石流堆积物这种宽级配土体渗透性的研究比较缺乏。选择北川县泥石流沟床堆积物作为试验材料,通过渗透试验,确定了影响宽级配土渗透性的细颗粒上限粒径;在此基础上,通过试验研究了细颗粒含量与渗透系数的关系。结果表明,泥石流堆积物中粗颗粒仅起骨架作用,细颗粒才是决定其渗透性能的关键;显著影响宽级配土渗透性的细颗粒上限粒径为0.1 mm;细颗粒（<0.1 mm）含量与渗透系数呈负指数关系,并且当细颗粒含量超过20%以后,泥石流堆积土的渗透性趋于稳定。     

泥石流容重的时空变化特征及影响因素研究

为了探索泥石流容重在不同时空条件下的动态演化特征及其影响机制,基于蒋家沟1995年以来的泥石流观测数据和汶川震区2008年以来的调查资料,研究了典型泥石流灾害的水土耦合过程和容重动态变化的互馈作用,对比分析了常用的容重计算方法在汶川震区泥石流计算中的差异性,并从计算公式和灾害特征两方面探索误差产生的原因。结果表明:容重随泥石流孕灾条件的时空演化而动态变化;在时间尺度上,物源活动性与容重呈正相关,物源赋存状态从极度活跃演化至高度活跃时,容重将下降10.0%～27.8%;泥石流峰值流量与容重成幂函数关系,容重随着流量增大而增大,但具有明显的上限值;在空间尺度上,容重与沟床纵比降变化趋势一致,随着侵蚀作用而增大,淤积作用而减小;常用的6种泥石流容重计算方法在龙门山区的应用结果偏差幅度为10%～30%,仅使用某种计算方法确定容重参数将导致一定误差。文章最后利用物质组成计算容重的方法,基于冲淤总量和颗粒参数建立了不同沟道段泥石流容重经验计算公式,并在雍家沟泥石流进行应用,结果显示该方法针对具有完整序列观测资料的泥石流沟,具有较好的适用性。     

泥石流堆积物的粒度分布及其分形结构

泥石流堆积物主要由砾石、砂砾、粉粒和粘粒组成,组成泥石流堆积物的颗粒级配变幅很大,从直径大于数十米的巨砾到肉眼难以看见的几微米的胶体微粒均有分布,大小颗粒粒径之比可达106—107。泥石流堆积物颗粒具有明显的自相似性和无标度区间。本文以小江流域多处泥石流堆积物为研究对象,采用图解法全面分析了泥石流堆积物的粒度组成特征,根据分形理论计算了泥石流堆积物颗粒的分维值,对泥石流堆积物的分形特征进行探讨,并与泥石流堆积物粒度特征相联系,发现分维很好的反映了泥石流堆积物颗粒组成及其粒度分布特征。将泥石流堆积物颗粒分维与泥石流的粘性、形成年代等性质相联系,以找出它们彼此之间的关系。     

采矿废渣颗粒粒径对矿渣型泥石流起动的控制作用——以小秦岭金矿区为例

泥石流物源的颗粒级配大小对于泥石流的起动具有重要的控制作用,亦是泥石流防治工程设计的重要参数。采矿废石渣构成的矿渣型泥石流,物源特性不同于一般的泥石流。通过对小秦岭金矿区采矿废石渣、尾矿沙、残坡积土的颗粒级配、孔隙度、透水性能的研究,与其他地区泥石流物源级配进行了差异对比,探讨了采矿废渣颗粒级配对泥石流起动的制约影响。研究表明,采矿废石渣松散无联结,粒径变化于0.075~470mm之间,其中大于2mm的砾级含量占总渣量的93.33%,平均粒径为61.2mm,以卵石级为主,粘粒物质几乎没有。粒径小于5mm的废石渣的渗透系数是选矿尾矿渣的103.5陪、残坡积土的2倍、蒋家沟泥石流物源的4.9倍,实际上采矿废石渣堆的渗透系数比试验测试的数据更大。废石渣的松散无联接、高孔隙率及极高渗透性的特点,决定了常遇降水难以导致废石渣堆起动。结合研究区历史上发生的泥石流,构建了堵溃型矿渣型泥石流起动模式,据此提出了清理占据行洪通道的废渣、疏浚行洪通道、修建拦渣挡墙的泥石流防治理念,避免拦沟修筑重力坝。     

贺兰山苏峪口泥石流物源启动模型试验分析

文中通过模型试验,对试验现象中泥石流启动模式和堆积特征进行观测,研究了贺兰山苏峪口泥石流的形成受沟床坡度、土体含水率、粗颗粒含量三个因素影响的状况,初步探讨了贺兰山东麓泥石流在三个因素影响下的变化情况,试验结果表明：三个因素对泥石流影响由大到小分别是粗颗粒含量,沟床坡度、土体含水率;且粗颗粒含量越低、沟床坡度越大、含水率越高越容易发育泥石流。细颗粒含量较高时,泥石流的类型为沟道侵蚀型,粗颗粒含量较高时,泥石流类型为堵溃型。     

不同岩性区泥石流堆积物颗粒组成特征——以新疆塔什库尔干河中上游为例

泥石流是南疆重要地质灾害之一。基于高分卫星影像对新疆塔什库尔干河中上游泥石流沟进行遥感解译分析,结合现场调查验证,取样分析不同岩性区泥石流堆积物颗粒组成特征。结果表明:(1)研究区泥石流堆积扇明显,呈多期性,半坚硬-软岩区泥石流比坚硬岩区堆积扇面积、扩散角大,堆积体粒径、堆积坡度较小;(2)随着泥石流堆积物岩性强度变弱,粗粒含量相对减少,泥石流堆积体整体级配较差,泥石流重度大;(3)坚硬岩石区(花岗岩、闪长岩),泥石流堆积物砂粒、粉粒、粘粒含量较低,堆积体不均匀系数大,泥石流冲击力大;半坚硬岩-软岩区(砂岩、泥岩、砾岩、片麻岩),泥石流堆积物砂粒、粉粒、粘粒含量较高。     

冰碛土体起动泥石流的特征研究

与广泛分布于干旱河谷的宽级配砾石土体特征不同,冰碛土广泛分布在青藏高原地区,属粗大颗粒多、粘粒含量少、摩擦阻力大、粘滞阻力小的宽级配砾石土体。在冰川融雪与降雨的共同作用下冰碛土体可失稳并起动泥石流,形成灾害。针对冰碛土体起动泥石流机理研究薄弱的现状,本文选取波密县帕隆藏布流域的支流嘎弄沟一冰碛土堆积坡面,通过模拟降水与冰雪融水起动冰川泥石流实验,比较不同颗粒组成、不同实验条件下的土体起动泥石流特征,分析其起动成因及力学特性,探讨冰碛土体起动泥石流的机理。研究发现冰碛土体失稳起动泥石流是粘滞阻力降低、孔隙水压力升高、拖曳力与渗流侵蚀共同作用的结果,起动过程受粘土颗粒含量和径流类型的影响。当粘粒含量较高时(>3%),土体通过铲蚀与面蚀形成泥石流;粘粒含量中低时(不高于3%),大部分坡面土体主要经掏蚀与坍塌起动泥石流;粘粒含量过低时(<0.32%),土体难以起动泥石流。在降水作用下土体孔隙水压力迅速增加,易造成土体破坏,起动泥石流;而在冰雪融水的作用下,土体孔隙水压力波动幅度不大时,土体同样可能发生失稳破坏起动泥石流。     

四川宁南县白鹤滩6·28泥石流特征分析

2012年6月28日四川省凉山州宁南县白鹤滩镇矮子沟发生特大泥石流灾害,泥石流冲毁白鹤滩镇的一家酒楼,造成40人死亡失踪。经过现场调查,沟道内丰富的物源物质以及6月27日晚的局地强降雨是本次泥石流灾害发生的主要原因,同时确定了本次泥石流具有物源区与流通区相叠加的特征。通过现场取样分析计算获得本次泥石流的容重为1.71g/cm3,属稀性泥石流;利用泥石流弯道超高计算公式反算获得本次泥石流的流速约为7.4m/s,并由此计算出泥石流的整体冲击力。由于目前沟内还存在有大量潜在物源,因此建议采用一定的拦挡工程,同时加强汛期排查值守,完善预警预报制度,以防止类似悲剧再次发生。     

泥石流流域岩性的坚固系数与暴发频率的关系

坚硬岩性地区的泥石流暴发频率较低在定性上基本可以概括岩性与泥石流暴发频率的关系,但目前还没有定量地描述岩性与泥石流暴发频率的关系。以四川省17个泥石流流域作为研究对象,通过现场调查研究泥石流形成区和堆积区粗化层颗粒的岩性、硬度以及泥石流的暴发频率,得出：①泥石流堆积区岩性组成特征基本可以代表形成区的岩性组成特征;②用地...     

Properties of debris flow deposits and source materials compared: implications for debris flow characterization

In the Alps, debris flow deposits generally contain <5% clay‐size particles, and the role of the surface‐charged <2 μm particles is often neglected, although these particles may have a significant impact on the rheological properties of the interstitial fluid. The objective of this study was to compare debris flow deposits and parent materials from two neighbouring catchments of the Swiss Alps, with special emphasis on the colloidal constituents. The catchments are small in area (4 km²), 2·5 km long, similar in morphology, but different in geology. The average slopes are 35–40%. The catchments were monitored for debris flow events and mapped for surface aspect and erosion activity. Debris flow deposits and parent materials were sampled, the clay and silt fractions extracted and the bulk density, <2 mm fraction bulk density, particle size distribution, chemical composition, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and mineralogy analysed. The results show that the deposits are similar to the parent screes in terms of chemical composition, but differ in terms of: (i) particle size distribution; and (ii) mineralogy, reactivity and density of the <2 mm fraction. In this fraction, compared with the parent materials the deposits show dense materials enriched in coarse monocrystalline particles, of which the smallest and more reactive particles were leached. The results suggest that deposit samples should not be considered as representative of source or flow materials, particularly with respect to their physical properties.     

粘性泥石流的平均运动速度研究

粘性泥石流是泥石流类型中最常见也是危害最大的类型,泥石流的运动速度是泥石流的动力学参数中最重要的参数,因此准确而简洁地计算粘性泥石流的运动速度就显得非常重要。不同的泥石流地区的泥石流阻力有很大的不同:有的地区阻力较大,属于高阻力地区,泥石流运动速度较低;有的地区阻力较小,属于低阻力地区,泥石流运动速度较高。目前的粘性泥石流平均速度公式还不能兼顾计算所有地区的不同阻力类型的泥石流速度。泥石流的不均匀系数在不同的泥石流地区有很大的不同：不均匀系数小的地区阻力大,而不均匀系数大的地区阻力小,因此可以用不均匀系数划分泥石流沟的阻力特征,从而得到能兼顾所有不同地区的泥石流阻力规律。由一系列野外观测资料得到的由泥石流不均匀系数、泥石流运动底部纵比降和水力半径计算的粘性泥石流运动平均速度经验公式,能适应各种类型的泥石流沟,与其它系列的观测资料对比有很好的一致性,与粘性泥流的观测资料对比也很接近。由流体流动的福劳德数可以确定流动的缓急程度。一般的粘性泥石流都是急流,少数是缓流,极少数是运动速度非常缓慢的容重过大的粘性泥石流。粘性泥石流运动平均速度经验公式用于一般急流的粘性泥石流的速度计算结果很好,但不适用于容重过大的缓慢流动,对于缓流粘性泥石流速度计算偏大。在对泥石流的评估和治理中,平均速度公式可以用于泥石流堆积扇上游渠道中的粘性泥石流速度计算,对泥石流堆积扇上的粘性泥石流速度计算偏大,不适用于缓慢流动粘性泥石流,但在对泥石流的危害评估和治理中可以忽略缓慢流动的发生。     

土屋铜矿上方覆盖层元素分布规律研究

通过对土屋铜矿上方覆盖层不同层位样品进行分析发现，成矿元素Cu在覆盖层底部靠近基岩的原地风化残积层和地表弱胶结层中富集，而在地衰弱胶结层中又倾向于向两“极”富集，即在最粗粒级和最细粒级含量较高．考虑到采样效率和成本等综合因素，在区域调查中，以采集弱胶结层（5～40cm）、细粒级样品（-160目）为最佳采样介质．     

The ability of debris, heavily freighted with coarse clastic materials, to flow on gentle slopes

Observations of many debris-flow deposits on gently-sloping alluvial fans have disclosed that debris commonly is heavily loaded with coarse clastic material and contains large isolated blocks. The paper describes how debris charged with coarse granular material can transport large blocks, yet flow on gentle slopes. Experimental results of mixing sand-sized particles with a slurry of clay plus water indicate that 45–55 vol. % of a single size, and up to 64% of two selected sizes, can be added before interlocking occurs. Theoretical analysis of multi-size classes suggest that 89 to more than 95 vol. % debris can be clastic materials without significant particle interlocking. The clay fraction, even if minor, plays a critical role in determining strength properties of debris. The mixture of clay plus water provides a cohesive slurry that supports fine-grained particles within the debris, as well as reduces the effective normal stresses between the particles. The increased unit weight of the clay plus water plus fine-grained particles allows the support of coarser grained particles. The pyramiding upon the clay-water slurry continues until the entire debris mass is supported in a virtually frictionless position because of the reduced effective normal stress and the lack of particle interlocking. Thus, the ability of debris flows to support large blocks can be understood in terms of the high unit weight of the displaced debris plus the strength of the fluid phase; that is, the blocks float in the debris as a result of a small density difference between the blocks and the debris, plus the cohesive strength of the clay-water slurry. Also, the ability of coarse clastic debris to flow on gentle slopes probably is a result of poor sorting of debris-flow materials which contain minor amounts of clay. The poor sorting allows the debris to have a high density yet have essentially no interlocking of clasts. The high density of the debris reduces effective normal stresses between clasts, thereby reducing apparent friction of the mixture.     

Impacts of small woody debris on slurrying,persistence, and propagation in a low-gradient channel of the Dongyuege debris flow in Nu River,Southwest China

Debris flows occurring in well-vegetated alpine areas usually contain a range of sizes of woody debris. Large woody debris (LWD), which has a retaining effect on further transportation of debris downstream, is mainly distributed in upstream reaches, and the amount of small woody debris (SWD) deriving from LWD increases dramatically midstream and downstream. The Dongyuege (DYG) bouldery debris flow with a sandy-matrix took place in a wildwood area, causing 96 deaths and its clay-sized fraction does not contain typical clay minerals. However, its total travel distance and runout distance in a low-gradient reach (between 2° and 5°) upstream of the depositional fan apex reached 11 km and 3.3 km, respectively. The abundant SWD in the DYG debris flow might have played a crucial role in slurrying, persistence, and the long runout over the low gradient. To understand why this debris flow extended so far, slurrying experiments, pore water escape experiments, and excess pore pressure experiments were performed. Crude debris (CD) collected from the DYG debris flow deposit was used throughout the experiments, the tested materials of which are separated into CD-containing SWD with a maximum grain size (MGS?=?2 mm), purified debris (PD) without SWD with a MGS of 2 mm, and SWD <?2 mm in diameter. In the five slurrying experiments with PD-SWD-water mixtures, as the SWD content was elevated from 0.0 to 2.0 wt%, the current velocity of escaping pore water decreased uniformly from 17.2 to 0.9 mm/s. When the SWD content was 1.0 wt% or greater, the mixtures can be considered as one-phase flows of viscous fluids. The six pairs of pore water escape experiments based on the slurries remolded with CD and PD, respectively showed that the time needed for pore water to escape from the CD slurries was much greater than those from their PD counterparts. Also, measured was the dissipation rate of the relative excess pore pressure of CD and PD slurries of various densities and volumes, which showed that most of the rates of the PD-slurries were always greater than CD-slurries. Overall, the results show that SWD has a strong influence on the slurrying of the DYG debris without typical clay minerals found in other debris flows, and SWD helps to sustain the high excess pore pressure in the interior of the debris flow mass which resulted in the extended travel distance over such a low gradient. SWD favors the formation and stability of one-phase water-debris mixtures because of its large specific surface area and low density, which makes it able to absorb fine particles and able to be suspended in slurry flows over long timescales. In well-vegetated mountainous areas, SWD should be taken into account in the assessment of debris-flow hazards.     

基于弯道超高计算泥石流流速的探讨

泥石流流速是难以实测和准确推算的重要参数。在分析既有各类弯道超高计算公式的基础上,探讨适用于各类泥石流的弯道超高计算模式,进而改进基于弯道超高的粘性泥石流、稀性泥石流和泥流的流速计算公式,用实例加以验证。     

A debris-flow deposit with multiple plug-flow channels and associated side accretion deposits

A grain-dominant debris-flow deposit of juvenile, basaltic volcaniclastic detritus from a late Eocene-early Oligocene, marine surtseyan volcanic pile in north Otago, New Zealand, contains multiple, semi-circular to U-shaped channel-like structures, or relics thereof, associated with wedges of asymptotic layers of fine and coarse debris. The U-shaped structures are interpreted as channel-like plug flow zones and the associated wedges are interpreted as abandoned parts of the marginal laminar shear flow zone (fine layers) and adjacent plug zone (coarse layers). These appear to have been abandoned by frictional freezing as the plug flow ‘channels’ migrated laterally in an apparently step-like fashion. The debris flow and its deposit appear to have been tabular in geometry, and the development of multiple transport pathways in debris flows is considered in terms of the geometrical ratio of the width of the flow to the dynamic thickness.     

Composition and source of the clay-sized fraction of Saalian till in The Netherlands

The clay mineral composition of a number of Saalian till samples from The Netherlands shows a large variation in smectite and illite abundances. The samples were selected according to their source area, as inferred from coarse erratic components. Specimens containing primarily rock fragments indicative of East and East-Central Baltic areas are associated with no or low smectite percentages in their clay fractions. Those with mainly flint and rock fragments indicative of the West Baltic areas have high smectite contents in the clay. In general the smectite-rich material is found in the lower portions of the Saalian till bed, whereas the smectite-poor occurs in the upper portions. The linkage between very fine and coarse till components in the upper smectite-free parts of the till suggests that this entire till has been subjected to englacial transport over distances of at least 1000 km.     

Grain size variations in ignimbrites and implications for the transport of pyroclastic flows

Ignimbrite flow units commonly show reverse grading of large pumice clasts and normal grading of large lithic clasts. Ignimbrites show coarse-tail grading, in which particles beneath a critical diameter, ranging from 64 to 2 mm, are ungraded. Above this size the larger the clast diameter the more pronounced the segregation. The grading is consistent with the theoretical settling rates of particles in a dispersion with a high particle concentration. Ignimbrite flow units show a reversely graded, fine grained basal layer which is attributed to the action of boundary forces during flow. Ignimbrites are commonly associated with cross-stratified pyroclastic surge deposits and fine ash fall deposits formed in the same eruption. The fine ash fall deposit is depleted in crystals and is thought to be the deposit of the fine turbulent cloud observed making up the upper parts of nuées ardentes. Pyroclastic flows are postulated to be dense, poorly expanded partly fluidized debris flows. Only its fine grained components can be fluidized by gas. Pyroclastic flows are believed to behave as a dispersion of larger clasts in a medium of fluidized fines, which acts as a lubricant similar to water in mud-flows. Poor sorting in ignimbrites is attributed to high particle concentrations not turbulence. Many pyroclastic flows may be laminar in their movement with apparent viscosities, deduced from the lateral grading of large lithic clasts, in the range 10¹?10³ poise.