ISC概况和ISC观测报告的编辑与出版

简介国际地震中心(ISC)的发展历史、主要任务、人员组成和出版物。对ISC出版的地震观测报告《Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre》,详细阐述其数据汇总和分析流程。     

Application of an improved algorithm to high precision relocation of ISC test events

New location features for possible implementation by the International Seismological Centre in its standard location procedures are tested using a set of 156 well-located and geographically well-distributed earthquakes and explosions. The tests are performed using the Engdahl et al. ([Engdahl, E.R., Van der Hilst, R.D., Buland, R.P., 1998. Global teleseismic earthquake relocation with improved travel times and procedures for depth determination. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 88, 3295-3314]; EHB) location algorithm with the 1-D reference Earth model ak135 [Kennett, B.L.N., Engdahl, E.R., Buland, R., 1995. Constraints on seismic velocities in the Earth from travel times, Geophys. J. Int. 122, 108-124]. Weighting by phase variance as a function of distance improves location accuracy by 7%. Use of later phase arrival times does not result in a significant improvement in location or depth for events with observing stations well distributed in azimuth. However, with application of an improved phase identification technique, depth phases provide significantly better estimates of focal depth.     

2005年新疆克孜尔震群的重新定位

用双差地震定位法对2005年9月23日克孜尔震群进行重新定位。 从平面上, 重新定位地震集中分布在一个长约14.5 km, 宽约 9.0 km的长方形内, 其长轴为N30°W向, 与克孜尔断裂近乎垂直。 从震源深度来看, 重新定位地震的震源深度全部分布在21 km以内, 集中分布在10~19 km, 平均深度为13.6 km; 震群中绝大部分小震发生在沉积层内, 而震级较大地震基本发生在结晶地壳的上地壳内。 其剖面图显示, 这次震群是从结晶地壳开始沿着N30°W方向向上破裂至沉积层。 根据震区附近断裂性质和该区历史小震震中分布分析认为, 克孜尔水库库区附近可能存在两条共轭断裂, 右翼断裂可能是这次震群的发震构造。     

Results of locating the IASPEI GT(0-5) reference events using the standard ISC procedures

The International Seismological Centre (ISC) is charged with production of the definitive global bulletin of seismic events, based on the most comprehensive set of parametric data collected from all over the world. Almost every event in the bulletin retains the original hypocentral solutions reported to the ISC by contributing agencies. In addition, where possible, the ISC computes its own solution, which is intended to be the most accurate where the data from several networks are used. It is because of the requirement for consistency of the bulletin over the years that the procedures used at the centre to compute hypocentres have remained rather conservative despite considerable advances made in the field of earthquake location.The ISC has developed and put into operation a new data management system. As a result, it is now possible to review and subsequently introduce more up-to-date methods of locating seismic events into the operations. The ISC Governing Council called for a workshop dedicated to location procedures, which was held during the 2005 IASPEI General Assembly in Santiago, Chile.To compare the accuracy of different location algorithms, a list of 156 reference events (IWREF) was selected prior to the workshop. The list includes geographically well distributed earthquakes and explosions with positions known with an accuracy of up to 5 km. It covers the period of 1954-2001 and includes all station readings and hypocentral solutions of different agencies available for these events in the ISC bulletin. Although the original ISC solutions are included, these may be different from the solution obtainable now due to changes in the ISC procedures over the years. This paper presents the results of relocation of these events using standard ISC location procedures as of 2005. These new ISC locations and analysis of their shifts with respect to reference locations present a benchmark for further improvement.     

Discrepancies in earthquake location between ISC and other agencies

The different operating requirements of the International Seismological Centre (ISC) from those of the National Earthquake Information Service of the US Geological Survey(NEIS), and of the prototype International Data Center to monitor the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (pIDC), result in some discrepancies between earthquake locations computed by the three agencies. For larger events recorded by many stations the differences are small, but for some smaller events differences in location of up to 20^° may occur. The largest discrepancies are found for small events in areas where later analysis by ISC has the benefit of additional readings from regional seismograph networks and where ISC has made a different interpretation of the station readingsavailable to pIDC and NEIS. We identify regions where such discrepancies occur most frequently, and give some examples for which the augmented data set of ISC has resulted in significant improvement for specific earthquakes. NEIS and, particularly, pIDC produce their results more speedily than ISC, and these form a valuable starting point for the later, more complete ISC analysis, which is commonly considered the most definitive compilation of global earthquake information.     

地震预警连续定位方法研究

本文首先总结了地震预警系统中采用的一些实时定位方法,随后结合我国地震监测台网实际运行情况,提出了一套从单个台站触发开始逐渐过渡到利用前四台触发信息的完整地震预警连续定位方法.利用福建省地震监测台网记录的68个M3.0级以上地震观测记录,对本文方法的验证结果表明,对于网内地震,采用本文方法的单台定位结果误差均小于为50 km,双台定位结果误差均小于35 km,三台定位结果误差约为15 km,四台定位结果误差约为6 km;网外地震的三台、四台定位结果误差均小于30 km.推导了采用本文三、四台预警定位方法的误差公式.利用福建地区现有及"十一五"完成后的地震观测台网分别计算得到了定位误差分布图.根据误差分析结果即可对定位结果的可靠性预先做出判断,有利于提高地震预警系统运行的可靠性.     

1992年四川力马地震序列期间激发的孕震结构

对小震序列的深入研究或许可以作为对大震序列震后趋势研究的替代，本文将地震模拟量已转化为数字记录的马力小震序列来尝试这种替代。。     

面向地震应急的遥感影像快速定位研究

为实现地震应急期间非常规手段获取的遥感影像的快速定位, 提出了建立序列影像航线方程实现影像快速定位的思路和方法, 开发了影像快速自动定位程序。 以玉树地震应急期间获取的多景无地理参考信息的高分辨率航空遥感影像为实验对象, 在人工交互方式对初始影像进行粗定位的基础上, 利用本方法实现了系列影像的快速定位。 通过随机抽样点验证定位精度, 二次函数相对于一次函数拟合精度较好, 表明在损失一定精度的同时可大大提高影像快速定位的效率, 满足地震应急的需求。     

援印尼地震监测台网及其自动定位系统效能评估

本文首先对援印尼地震监测台网及数据处理系统的构建作了简要的介绍。 在此基础上对该台网系统的监测能力作了评估, 并选取试运行以来记录到的印尼地区32次大地震事件, 将系统自动产出的定位结果和USGS公布的结果进行了比对分析。 结果表明, 援建台网地震自动定位系统运行稳定, 对大地震的自动定位结果基本可信。 实现了2分钟以内对印尼境内及周边一些区域的强震自动产出首次定位结果并发出强震警报, 3～4分钟左右完成较精确的自动定位, 对于印尼地区6级以上地震, 自动定位系统可在5分钟内给出较精确的地震三要素。 援建系统不仅提高了印尼及周边区域的地震监测能力、 地震定位精度以及地震速报能力, 也为其海啸预警提供了有效保障。     

Voronoi图和双曲线联合方法在地震快速定位中的应用

基于Voronoi图和地震震中近似满足双曲线分布,提出了一种联合应用V图和双曲线的地震预警快速定位方法.并对青海地震台网记录的地震进行了重新定位处理.研究结果发现,该地震定位方法能满足地震速报的精度要求,在时效性上也可满足地震预警的需要.该方法在地震预警方面有应用前景.     

基于机器学习算法的银川台阵资料自动化震相分析和定位

近年来快速发展的机器学习算法显著提高了震相拾取的精度和效率。采用卷积神经网络和递归神经网络的震相识别方法对银川台阵2019年6～7月的连续波形数据进行事件检测和P、 S震相拾取,并通过快速震相关联和事件定位得到了银川地区较全的地震目录。结果表明,当震相数小于10时,虽然可以检测出较多事件,但分布呈弥散状,与区域地震活动特征不符。进一步对震相数≥10的事件进行了人工复核。总体而言,随着震相数量的增加,事件的误检率逐步降低。震相数16是该地区自动检测和定位结果准确性的拐点。当震相数≥20时,全部召回了地震目录中的13个地震事件,二者平均定位差异4.27 km。经过人工复核,检测到的真实地震事件为区域内地震目录中事件数量的9倍。本文使用的基于机器学习和快速震相关联和定位方法的流程可在确保准确率的基础上降低人工检测的难度,提高地震检测的效率。     

An empirical function to estimate the depths of linear hot sources: Laboratory modeling and field measurements of lava tubes

Estimating depths of buried lava tubes is important for determining the thermal budgets and effusion rates of basaltic volcanic systems. This research used a laboratory experiment scaled to a lava tube system to measure the 3D temperature field surrounding a hot viscous fluid flowing through a buried glass tube while varying conditions such as flow rate and temperature. The depth of the glass tube was changed for different experimental runs. Numerical techniques were applied to model the laboratory experiment. The surface thermal distributions from 166 thermal traverses, constrained to a depth to width ratio of 0.6 to 1.6, were analyzed to empirically derive a depth estimation function using regression techniques. This “Linear Anomaly Surface Transect (LAST)” depth function is a scaleable depth estimation technique which can be solved with thermal imaging data alone. The minimum temperature, maximum temperature and width of a Lorentzian distribution fit to a surface thermal transect, are the only inputs required for the LAST function to estimate the depths of the hot source. The input parameters were then applied to non-laboratory situations including the Kuhio lava tube system in Hawai’i. The LAST function produced depth estimates of ∼ 0.3 m for the Kuhio lava tube in Hawai’i, which did not agree with observations on the ground. This is the result of the complex composition and geometry of an actual lava tube where heat transfer is controlled by more than a simple fluid filling a tube, but also by convection of gasses and fluids in a partially filled passage. Though not effective for lava tubes at this time, the model provides promising results for simple cases applied to engineering and underground coal fires.     

四川二滩水库库区蓄水前地震序列揭示的水库诱震结构

四川二滩水库地震遥测台网自运行以来,记录了库区发生的力马,田湾－金河和马鹿塘三次地震序列,主震震级分别为３．２,４．０和２．６级,利用工业爆破和天然地震资料,计算了该区域的Ｐ波和Ｓ波地壳分层速度模型,以此模型为基础,采用参考时间平均值法和数值性能极好的单纯形空间迭代寻优定位方法,修定为了这三个序列的震源位置,得到精度一般小于０．３ｋｍ,最大不超过０．５ｋｍ的精确解,最后,利用定位结果,求解了田湾序     

结合汶川8.0级地震实践探讨地震应急基础数据库更新途径

通过汶川8.0级地震实践的检验,"十五"期间建立的地震应急基础数据库急需更新和完善.围绕地震应急基础数据库建设时期遇到的各种问题以及地震应急实际需求,对地震应急基础数据库更新的途径和方法进行初步探讨,以满足地震应急工作需要.     

天山地区ML≥3.6(K≥9.9)级地震目录定位精度及质量统计检验

采用统计检验方法 ,将天山地区 ML≥ 3.6 (K≥ 9.9)级地震目录与 ISC、NEIC、中国历史地震资料汇编、新疆地震目录进行对比检验 ,结果表明 :天山地震目录与 I、N、Z、X地震目录的发震时刻及经纬度值无明显差异 ;天山地震目录给出的发震时刻、震源位置精度比其它任何一个地震目录都高 ;参检的各地震目录给出的震源深度离散度大 ,稳定性差 ;天山地震目录具有较高的可信度和可靠性     

国家地震速报备份系统的部署与运行

国家地震速报备份系统是由中国地震局出资,在广东省地震台网中心建设的一套全自动地震速报系统.本文介绍了国家地震速报备份系统的职责、系统架构、主要功能模块、系统工作原理、部署情况与台网规模,分析了系统2009-2010年运行两年来的工作情况,并对系统自动产出的地震定位结果进行初步的统计与比较,对系统运行的总体效果给予了初步...     

基于国普数据的芦山县地震应急基础数据更新及其应用研究

通过研究地理国情普查数据和四川省芦山县地震应急基础数据库的数据类型、数据结构及二者间的关系,完成了地理国情普查数据向芦山县地震应急基础数据的转换与更新;并以芦山地震为例,利用城镇地震应急快速评估系统验证了更新后数据的可靠性。     

An algorithm for the optimum distribution of a regional seismic network — II. An analysis of the accuracy of location of local earthquakes depending on the number of seismic stations

Summary Seven optimal networks consisting of 4 to 10 stations are compared for a given region, where velocity-depth profiles and the distribution of seismic intensity are known. Assuming that the standard error of arrival time is _t =0.05 s and the standard errors of the parameters of velocity-depth profiles are equal to 5% of their values, the average standard errors of the origin time and focus coordinates are estimated. The application of optimum methods to the planning of seismic networks in the Lublin Coal Basin is presented, and maps of standard errors of origin time , depth and epicenter ( _xy ) for the case of an optimum network of 6 seismic stations are given.     

地震预警信息快速发布系统研究

为了以最小的延时和最便捷的方式向公众提供最准确的地震预警信息,本文基于互联网技术,面向移动端及桌面端用户,提出了地震预警信息发布系统总体架构设计方案,对比分析了各类数据交换方式,推荐使用MQTT+JSON的数据格式作为服务端与客户端的交互方式,并利用LBS及GIS等关键技术实现了一体化地震预警信息发布系统。通过综合测试,验证了系统在实时性、可靠性等方面的优势。     

A scheme to set preferred magnitudes in the ISC Bulletin

One of the main purposes of the International Seismological Centre (ISC) is to collect, integrate and reprocess seismic bulletins provided by agencies around the world in order to produce the ISC Bulletin. This is regarded as the most comprehensive bulletin of the Earth’s seismicity, and its production is based on a unique cooperation in the seismological community that allows the ISC to complement the work of seismological agencies operating at global and/or local-regional scale. In addition, by using the seismic wave measurements provided by reporting agencies, the ISC computes, where possible, its own event locations and magnitudes such as short-period body wave m _b and surface wave M _S . Therefore, the ISC Bulletin contains the results of the reporting agencies as well as the ISC own solutions. Among the most used seismic event parameters listed in seismological bulletins, the event magnitude is of particular importance for characterizing a seismic event. The selection of a magnitude value (or multiple ones) for various research purposes or practical applications is not always a straightforward task for users of the ISC Bulletin and related products since a multitude of magnitude types is currently computed by seismological agencies (sometimes using different standards for the same magnitude type). Here, we describe a scheme that we intend to implement in routine ISC operations to mark the preferred magnitudes in order to help ISC users in the selection of events with magnitudes of their interest.