基于EEMD分解的气压改正方法研究

利用超导重力仪观测数据精确测定低于1 mHz的地球自由振荡简正模式的分裂频率,是在不与任何弹性系数发生联系的情况下改善一维密度模型的有效方法.但在该频段台站局部气压变化对重力观测数据的影响成为主要干扰来源,且具有频率依赖特性,因此精细地开展气压改正成为利用超导重力数据检测低频自由振荡信号的必要手段.本文基于EEMD方法,提出了一种具有频率依赖特性的气压改正方法.该方法将重力观测和气压变化分解成处于不同频段的本征模态函数,并在相应频段上分别进行重力-气压变化的回归分析,计算得到具有频率依赖特性的气压导纳值,精细地消除气压变化对重力观测的影响,并以此对微弱低频地球自由振荡信号开展高分辨率分析.基于本文提出的气压改正方法,利用大地震后的超导重力数据检测了频率小于1.5 mHz的低频地球自由振荡及其频谱分裂现象.研究结果表明：利用该方法进行气压改正后检测得到的各简正模具有更高的信噪比,估计的本征频率误差水平明显降低,获得的基频球型振荡₀S₂和₀S₃以及一阶球型振荡₁S₂的分裂谱峰的估计精度更高,同时还检测到了部分环型振荡在重力观测中的耦合现象.对低频地球振荡的高分辨率检测结果验证了基于EEMD分解提出的气压改正方法的有效性,同时再次证明了超导重力仪观测数据在低频地球自由振荡检测中的优势.

     

Wavelet filter analysis of splitting and coupling of seismic normal modes below 1.5 mHz with superconducting gravimeter records after the December 26, 2004 Sumatra earthquake

New generation superconducting gravimeters (SGs), which have been demonstrated to be better than the best seismometers STS-1 at frequencies below 1 mHz, can be accepted as the quietest vertical seismometers for observation of long-period earth free oscillations. Wavelet filtering with narrow band-pass frequency response as shown in this paper is very helpful in removing at- mospheric pressure effects from on gravity records in long-period seismic mode frequency bands. The processing of high quality SG records after the great Sumatra earthquake (Dec. 26, 2004) with wavelet filtering leads to clear observations of all coupled toroidal modes below 1.5 mHz except these for 0T5, 0T7 and 1T1; moreover 1T2 and 1T3 are, for the first time, unambiguously revealed in the vertical components of the free oscillations. The three well-resolved splitting singlets of overtones 2S1 are observed from a single SG record for the first time.     

贝叶斯算法在拟合自由核章动参数中的应用

用高精度重力技术检测地球自由核章动(FCN)参数(包括周期和Q值等)的难点是资料观测信噪比低,传统的方法是使用最小二乘拟合,但是获得的FCN共振参数精度不理想.本文利用武汉国际潮汐基准站高精度超导重力仪和全球超导重力仪观测的时变重力资料,根据贝叶斯算法拟合地球自由核章动(FCN)参数.我们将贝叶斯拟合方法与传统最小二乘法实施了对比分析,研究了不同台站资料差异.讨论了潮波选择和不同海潮模型等因素对FCN参数的影响.结果表明用贝叶斯算法获得的FCN品质因子与空间大地测量VLBI结果吻合的更好,这说明贝叶斯算法可靠性高,为研究地球深内部构造参数(核幔边界粘滞系数等)提供了有效依据.     

利用VLBI和超导重力资料研究自由核章动周期时变特征

本文根据自由核章动在章动观测和时变重力观测中引起的与其频率相近的受迫章动项或固体潮潮波的共振特性,选取6个不同机构解算的VLBI天极偏差序列和全球超导重力仪网络提供的7个台站高精度时变重力观测资料,根据加权最小二乘方法拟合地球自由核章动参数,研究其本征周期的时间变化特征.VLBI资料获得的本征周期变化幅度在1天之内,存在十年尺度的时间变化特征,迭积多台站同时段重力资料获得的自由核章动本征周期时变特征与VLBI获得的结果相比变化幅度较大,但趋势大致符合.在此基础上,通过自由核章动的理论模型探讨了影响其本征周期的几个主要因素,结果表明FCN周期变化与电磁耦合存在相关性,核幔边界磁感应强度径向分量变化导致的电磁耦合的变化可能是造成FCN周期时变性的原因.     

超导重力技术在探讨核幔边界黏性特征中的初步应用

旋转椭球型地球的固体地幔与液态地核间相互作用而产生的逆向本征模通常称之为地球自由核章动,自由核章动的品质因子（Q值）能有效反映核幔边界层能量耗散特征,与核幔边界的黏滞度密切相关.本文首次利用全球地球动力学计划网络23个台站27组高密度采样的高精度超导重力仪器观测数据,采用迭积技术,确定了自由核章动参数Q值,进而计算了核幔边界的黏滞系数.数值结果说明获得的核幔边界动力学黏滞系数达到103 Pa·s量级,与加拿大科学家Smylie等利用VLBI观测资料获得的最新结果一致,这说明重力技术是有效应用于研究地球深内部结构的重要手段之一.     

Evaluation of the seismic moment of the April 20, 2013 Lushan earthquake

The April 20, 2013 Lushan earthquake which occurred in Sichuan, China had only moderate thrust. However, the computed seismic moments （M0） for the Lushan earthquake calculated by several institutions differ significantly from 0.4 × 1019 to 1.69 ×019 Nm, up to four times difference. We evaluate ten computed Mos by using normal mode observations from superconducting gravimeters in Mainland China. We compute synthetic normal modes on the basis of moment tensor solutions and fit them to the observed normal modes. Comparison of our results indicates that Mo is the main cause for some large differences between observations and synthetics. We sug- gest that a moment magnitude of Mw6.6, corresponding to a Mo of 0.97-1.08 × 1019 Nm, characterizes the size and strength of the seismic source of the Lushan earthquake.     

Wavelet approach to the determination of gravity tide parameters

A new approach is proposed for the determination of gravity tide parameters.Three pairs of compactly supported wavelet filters are introduced in the approach.They can efficiently extract the objective tides from the gravity observation series.The new approach guarantees a direct and precise analysis on the tidal gravity records of any sampling length.The new approach is applied to the harmonic analysis on Wuhan superconducting gravimeter records.The results clearly show the resonant effects of the Earth Nearly Diurnal Free Wobble (NDFW).     

利用超导重力数据探测Slichter模三重分裂信号

本文基于2004苏门答腊地震后全球地球动力学计划观测网中9台超导重力仪13200 h的连续重力观测数据,联合利用整体经验模态分解(EEMD)、最优序列估计(OSE)、积谱密度分析(PSA)和自回归估计(AR)方法,探测地球固态内核平动振荡模态(Slichter模)的三重分裂信号.利用EEMD提取常规预处理后的重力残差中包含目标频段的本征模态函数(IMFs)作为最终的重力残差之后,将每个台站的重力残差平均分成无重叠的3个子数据块,再应用OSE和PSA方法获取Slichter模三重分裂谱线的积谱密度,并采用AR方法估计各积谱中弱共振信号的中心频率及其误差.结果表明,结合OSE和PSA方法探测到三个清晰的谱峰,周期分别为5.8307±7.1×10-4 h、5.2161±8.1×10-4 h和4.7536±5.2×10-4 h,分别对应Slichter模三重分裂谱线m=-1、m=0和m=+1,且三个谱峰的周期与Crossley(1992)、Rochester和Peng(1993)、Peng(1997)和Rogister(2003)基于PREM地球模型给出的Slichter模理论周期非常接近,也与Ding和Shen(2013)建议的"可能的观测结果"较为接近.参考现有的理论和观测结果,本文认为这三个信号可能是Slichter模三重分裂谱线.     

Time stability of spring and superconducting gravimeters through the analysis of very long gravity records

Long gravity records are of great interest when performing tidal analyses. Indeed, long series enable to separate contributions of near-frequency waves and also to detect low frequency signals (e.g. long period tides and polar motion). In addition to the length of the series, the quality of the data and the temporal stability of the noise are also very important. We study in detail some of the longest gravity records available in Europe: 3 data sets recorded with spring gravimeters in Black Forest Observatory (Germany, 1980–2012), Walferdange (Luxemburg, 1980–1995) and Potsdam (Germany, 1974–1998) and several superconducting gravimeters (SGs) data sets, with at least 9 years of continuous records, at different European GGP (Global Geodynamics Project) sites (Bad Homburg, Brussels, Medicina, Membach, Moxa, Vienna, Wettzell and Strasbourg). The stability of each instrument is investigated using the temporal variations of tidal parameters (amplitude factor and phase difference) for the main tidal waves (O1, K1, M2 and S2) as well as the M2/O1 factor ratio, the later being insensitive to the instrumental calibration. The long term stability of the tidal observations is also dependent on the stability of the scale factor of the relative gravimeters. Therefore we also check the time stability of the scale factor for the superconducting gravimeter C026 installed at the J9 Gravimetric Observatory of Strasbourg (France), using numerous calibration experiments carried out by co-located absolute gravimeter (AG) measurements during the last 15 years. The reproducibility of the scale factor and the achievable precision are investigated by comparing the results of different calibration campaigns. Finally we present a spectrum of the 25 years of SG records at J9 Observatory, with special attention to small amplitude tides in the semi-diurnal and diurnal bands, as well as to the low frequency part.     

武汉超导重力仪观测最新结果和海潮模型研究

利用武汉台站GWR_C032超导重力仪观测资料,在对原始数据进行有效预处理的基础上作调和分析,获得反映地球内部介质特征的重力潮汐参数.基于卫星测高技术和有限元方法同时考虑验潮站数据作约束条件获得的多个全球海潮模型,利用负荷理论和数值褶积积分技术计算了重力负荷,对周日和半日频段内的重力潮汐参数实施负荷改正,提出了“负荷改正有效性”概念,研究了全球海潮模型适应性.数值结果说明,海潮改正的有效性高达91%（O1,NAO99）和92%（M2,ORI96）.基于11个海潮模型对主波（O1,K1,M2和S2）的负荷改正说明平均有效性为（86%,70%,73%和84%）,振幅因子与理论模型间的差异分别从（212%,155%,116%和080%）降到（031%,039%,034%和008%）,同时还说明利用NAO99和ORI96全球海潮模型能获得比其他模型更佳的负荷改正效果.文章还利用国际地球动力学计划网络其他7个台站的超导重力仪观测研究了全球海潮模型的适定性问题,结果说明不同模型中不同潮波具有明显的区域特点,早期构制的SCW80全球海潮模型仍可作为大地测量研究中的重要参考模型.     

模板匹配滤波技术在地震数据处理中的应用

模板匹配滤波技术(Matched Filter Technique,MFT)是一种近几年发展迅速的可用于检测遗漏信号的算法,在图像识别、行星探测等众多领域均有广泛应用。在地震学中,该技术通过扫描连续波形找出模板事件附近发生的、与模板事件相关性较好的遗漏地震事件,可用于完善地震目录,实现对地震活动性以及区域应力状态的更好刻画。本文综述了模板匹配滤波技术在地震数据处理中的应用,首先概述基本原理,其次介绍该方法用于探测各类地震事件的实例,包括前震和余震、远程动态触发地震、诱发地震和非火山震颤等,最后展望了用于提高算法效率及探测精度的一些改进方法。     

太阳黑子相对数最强周期的小波分析

利用小波变换,分析了1749年以来每个太阳活动周太阳黑子相对数的最强周期以及第1～22太阳活动周的最强周期. 分析结果表明,在第5和第6个太阳活动周,太阳黑子相对数最强的周期分别为64.67年和69.31年;在第13～15太阳活动周,太阳黑子相对数的最强周期分别为98.02年,105.06年和105.06年. 在第1～22太阳活动周中,太阳黑子相对数最强的周期是128个月,约10.67年,其他太阳活动周的最强周期介于9.29～11.43年之间. 本文最后给出了128个月周期的幅度随时间的变化.     

Wavelet analysis of the Earth center of mass time series determined by satellite techniques

The Earth center of mass (geocenter) time series with the sampling interval of one week are determined from Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR), Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS) observations. The 3D geocenter time series were projected onto XY, YZ and ZX planes of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF), thus, three complex-valued time series can be analyzed for each observation technique. The signal to noise ratio in these geocenter time series is very small and detectable oscillations are rather broadband, however, the annual oscillation can be noticed in each one of them. The wavelet transform technique with the Morlet wavelet function was applied to compute the mean and spectra-temporal polarization functions from the prograde (positive periods) and retrograde (negative periods) spectra of the examined complex-valued time series. The sign of the polarization function determines turning direction in the elliptical motion. If this function is positive or negative for oscillation with a chosen period, then this oscillation is prograde or retrograde, respectively. To estimate the significance level of polarization functions, corresponding to time series data length, the Monte Carlo experiment was performed using complex-valued white noise data. In order to detect similarity between elliptic oscillations in two different time series the spectra-temporal wavelet semblance function was computed. This function reveals that in the XY equatorial plane there is phase agreement between retrograde annual oscillation for SLR and GNSS techniques, and between prograde annual oscillation for DORIS and two other techniques. To construct a model of geocenter motion from GNSS and SLR center of mass time series the wavelet based semblance filtering method was applied. Common oscillations in the analyzed time series are dominated by the annual oscillation with amplitude less than 5 mm.     

Wavelet analysis for relating soil amplification and liquefaction effects with seismic performance of precast structures

Precast concrete structures are preferred for facilities with large open areas due to easiness in construction. Such structures are typically composed of individual columns and long‐span beams, and are quite flexible and of limited redundancy. In this paper, nonlinear dynamic analyses of a typical such structure are conducted using as excitation 54 ground motions recorded on top of a variety of soils (hard, soft, and liquefied soil sites). The results show that liquefaction‐affected level‐ground motions systematically impose a greater threat to precast‐concrete structures in terms of seismic demand, even when low values of elastic spectral acceleration prevail, as opposed to soft‐soil records and even more to hard‐soil ones. Thus, elastic spectral acceleration appears to be an insufficient engineering demand parameter for design. Soil effects, the “signature” of which is born on ground motions, are first uncovered using wavelet analysis to detect the evolution of the energy and frequency content of the ground motion in the time domain. From this, the changes in effective (“dominant”) excitation period are noted, persuasively attributed to the nature of the soil, and finally correlated with the observed structural behavior. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

GRAPES全球非静力大气模式的正规模分析

为分析数值模式动力学框架中不同波动的特性及对数值天气预报模式计算稳定性的影响,文章对GRAPES（Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System）全球非静力大气模式进行了正规模分析.首先,建立了静止大气状态下模式的线性化系统,并在适当的边界条件下将线性化系统分解成具有垂直与水平结构方程的本征值、本征函数耦合问题.然后在等温大气条件下,利用耦合问题的数值结果分析得出：GRAPES非静力模式除了有几乎和对应的静力模式一致的向东、向西传播的重力惯性波及向西传播的Rossby波外,还有一个向东、向西传播的声惯性波;特别是,只有当纵横比较大时,非静力模式对重力惯性波才会有显著影响.     

Wavelet analysis of the annual discharge records of the world’s largest rivers

The determination of the temporal variability of water resources is of high importance with respect to long-term water policy. This contribution provides a wavelet-based global analysis of 55 large river discharge fluctuations located on the five continents.     

应用小波变换提取张北地震的震磁效应

以1998年1月10日的张北地震为例,应用小波变换及傅里叶分析,分析震中附近的6个地磁台站在地震前后共6个月的地磁场三分量分钟值采样数据.发现各个地磁台站记录的地磁场Z分量在张北地震前三个月内出现不同程度的异常现象,这种现象的出现频率随着离发震时间越近而越来越高,出现的地点由南向北迁移.地磁场H和D分量没有此类异常出现.用这6个地磁台出现异常时同一频率所对应的振幅值绘出等值曲线,得到的图形是稳定的四象限分布,震中基本上位于0～3nT的等值线上.结果表明小波分析是提取地震磁效应的有效工具,同时也证实了地震磁效应的客观存在.     

小波分析法在海拉尔地震台前兆数据处理中的应用研究

应用小波变换法可对不同频率成分进行分解的特性,选取d b4小波基函数,尺度为1～8阶,对海拉尔地震台前兆资料进行分析研究.结果表明,应用小波变换方法可较容易地识别和剔除气压、场地环境干扰等影响海拉尔地震台伸缩仪观测资料精度的诸多因素,气压和场地环境干扰在小波细节分解d3～d6部分异常显著;小波变换法对同震效应的识别、提...     

基于压缩感知和宽带俞式低通整形滤波器的地震低频信息特征分析与补偿

碳酸盐岩储集层已成为世界石油新发现储量的重要组成部分,识别该类储层对地震数据的信噪比、分辨率以及成像精度提出了更高的要求.本文从地震低频信号缺失的问题出发,首先研究了低频信号缺失对子波、合成地震记录和波阻抗反演的影响,其次分析了深层碳酸盐岩裂缝储层中弱信号低频缺失的特征.针对低频信号缺失问题,本文利用压缩感知理论,并结合反射系数的稀疏特性,提出了自适应计算L₁范数权重因子的方法,同时构建了改进的宽带俞式低通整形滤波器,在不影响地震高频信号的同时对地震弱信号进行低频补偿.结果表明,缺失低频信号,会使子波旁瓣变大,合成记录出现假同相轴,厚层波阻抗反演畸变,深层碳酸盐岩裂缝储层弱信号难以识别;而本文方法有效地补偿了深层碳酸盐岩裂缝储层弱信号10Hz以下的频率成分,使得波组反射特征更加清晰,深层弱信号成像质量得到改善,为进一步有效识别深层碳酸盐岩裂缝储层建立了基础.

     

地表热红外辐射的小波分析及其在现今构造活动研究中的意义

地表热红外辐射的影响因素较多,不仅受到构造活动的影响,还受到大气、太阳以及植被等多种因素的干扰.如何排除这些因素的干扰,是热红外遥感用于研究断层活动或者地震活动的难点之一.从频率域看,地表热红外辐射主要存在3种频段：(1)高频, 周期小于1年的天气变化;(2)中频,以1年周期为主的太阳、植被与季节变化; (3)低频,大于1年周期的大气变化的长周期成份,地壳缓慢的运动引起的热辐射变化亦属于长周期变化.本文运用小波理论将地表热红外辐射分解为上述3个频率成份,并结合气象资料和地震活动进行综合分析.结果表明,低频成份的热异常更接近于断层活动所引起的热信息,能为断层或地震活动提供一定的指示信息.低频成份的高温异常区(条带)跟构造特征、地震活动密切相关.