1∶35万《库姆塔格沙漠地貌图》的编制

沙漠地貌图是认识和研究沙漠的基础图件,编制《库姆塔格沙漠地貌图》是国家科技基础性工作专项“库姆塔格沙漠综合科学考察”内容之一。本文全面总结了《库姆塔格沙漠地貌图》编制的思路和技术。考虑到库姆塔格沙漠地貌类型、分布规律及其形成和演变的需要,以及印刷纸张规格的限定,《库姆塔格沙漠地貌图》比例尺确定为1∶35万。选用的地理基础底图为20世纪70年代的1∶25万地形图,并以1∶10万地形图上作等高线和其他重要地理内容的补充。专题内容以2000—2007年的TM卫星数据为主,部分细节内容以Google Earth影像资料作补充。地貌图专题内容包含地貌类型、高度以及活动性等3层信息。地貌类型包括风成地貌、流水地貌、干燥剥蚀地貌、冰川冰缘地貌以及其他地貌等5大类,其中风成地貌是《库姆塔格沙漠地貌图》重点展示的内容。风沙地貌共分为13种类型,以符号表示,沙丘高度通过分层设色表示,用箭头符号表示沙丘移动方向。为了真实反映沙丘类型及其排列规律,本图对主要沙丘（高度一般大于10 m）都是准确定位描绘,而由于制图比例尺的限制,对一些次要沙丘（高度一般小于10 m）未作定位描绘,仅作示意。由于库姆塔格沙漠发育于阿尔金山北麓的倾斜洪积平原上,所以,洪积扇和干河道也是本图重点反映的内容。《库姆塔格沙漠地貌图》尽量应用现代计算机制图和数字化技术,对可以数字化的信息全部数字化。本图为研究库姆塔格沙漠提供了丰富信息。     

《中华人民共和国地貌图集》的研究与编制

《中华人民共和国地貌图集(1∶100万)》是全面反映我国地貌宏观规律、揭示区域地貌空间分异的国家级基本比例尺基础性图集。本文回顾了我国地貌制图的发展历程,阐述了全国百万数字地貌遥感综合解译和地貌图集编制的过程,从图集内容结构、数值地貌分类体系、数据基础、地貌遥感解析技术、数字地貌数据库共享系统、地貌图图例系统、图集编制及印刷技术、图集蝴蝶装帧技术等方面详细分析了地貌图集的研究内容和编制特色。地貌图集研究成果已在全国土地调查、区域规划、环境保护和灾害监测等多个方面得到广泛应用。     

基于遥感与SRTM的青藏高原冰缘地貌信息提取方法——以1 ∶ 100万标准分幅拉萨幅(H46)为例

根据模型和分布函数,本文首先依据多年平均气温、地温和SRTM等数据对研究区域冰缘地貌的分布范围进行分别提取,并利用遥感数据和人工解译方式对其进行了修正。在此基础上,采用一定指标,利用SRTM数据对冰缘地貌次级类型(如起伏度、海拔高度和坡度等)进行了提取,从而完成研究区域冰缘地貌信息的提取。研究结果表明:①研究区域冰缘地貌总面积约5.15×10⁴km²,主要分布在研究区域的西北部和西南部,另外在东北部也有少量分布;通过提取,研究区域中最重要的冰缘地貌类型是冰缘作用的中起伏缓极高山,面积约0.82×10⁴km²,分布范围较广。②冰缘地貌的分布与海拔高度、气温和地温等有密切的关系,基于此提取的结果可为冰缘地貌的解译提供一定的参考;由于青藏高原气象站点较少,数据精度较低,自动提取精度受到很大限制,因此进行人工解译修正是非常重要和必不可少的。     

Satellite-derived vegetation index and cover type maps for estimating carbon dioxide flux for arctic tundra regions

The spatial variability and co-variability of two different types of remote sensing derivatives that portray vegetation and geomorphic patterns are analyzed in the context of estimating regional-scale CO₂ flux from land surfaces in the arctic tundra. For a study area encompassing the Kuparuk River watershed of the North Slope of Alaska, we compare satellite-derived maps of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) generated at two different spatial resolutions to a map of vegetation types derived by image classification of data from the Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS). Mean values of NDVI for each cover type stratum are unique (with the exception of moist acidic tundra and shrubland types). Based on analysis of semi-variograms generated for SPOT-NDVI data, most of the vegetation cover and landform features of this arctic tundra landscape have spatial dimensions of less than 1 km. Thaw lakes on the coastal plain and glacial depositional landforms, such as moraines in the foothills, seem to be the largest features, with vegetation units having dimensions no larger than 700 m. Frequency distributions of NDVI and vegetation types extracted for sampling transects flown by an aircraft sensing CO₂ flux, relative to distributions for the entire Kuparuk River watershed, suggest a slight sampling bias towards greater cover of mesic wet sedge tundra and thaw lakes and associated lower NDVI values. The regional pattern of NDVI for the North Slope of Alaska corresponds primarily to differences between the two major physiographic provinces of this region.     

全新世海侵痕迹遥感信息特征提取方法研究*

本文应用TM、MSS、NOAA等多平台、多波段、多时相遥感信息,并结合地貌、水文地质、岩相、历史考古等地学信息进行综合分析,研究华北平原全新世海侵痕迹信息的特征提取方法。研究中特别注重利用与海侵有着直接成因关系的地下咸水体及水化学特征变化所传递的信息。这些信息涉及到水、热、盐、土、植被等环境因子。通过多种图象处理方法,突出古海岸线两侧环境因子的综合差异,识别和勾绘古岸线。     

Geomorphology in the system of Earth sciences

We examine the question of determining the place of geomorphology in the system of Earth sciences. The study revealed that, in spite of the differences in understanding the subject matter of science, there are at least seven integrating and generally accepted techniques of geomorphological investigations themselves: orographic analysis, cartometry, remote analysis of hidden landforms, morphometry, geomorphological mapping, modeling of geomorphological systems and conceptual development of the methodology. Emphasis is placed on the important role of geomorphological mapping in understanding all processes on land cover and the history of its development, assessing the natural resources and natural hazards, and in forecasting the evolution of the landscape. The technique of representing results from geomorphological investigations as a geomorphological map requires developing a classification of topographic features and landforms, and publications of A. N. Lastochkin and his followers are specifically focused on this issue. The integrating role of N. A. Florensov’s ideas of concepts concerning the continental orogenesis and geomorphological formations is pointed out. The autonomy of geomorphology in the system of Earth sciences is demonstrated but it is emphasized that it is not possible to further develop geomorphological knowledge outside the province of related Earth sciences, primarily geology and physical geography. A substantiation is given to the exclusiveness of the object of study (topography of land cover) and the subject (main topographic properties: morphology, genesis, age, and morphogenesis processes) which can be analyzed solely by geomorphological research techniques and development models.     

重庆城市地貌图的设计和编制

本文从设计意图、设计内容和编制方法等方面,总结了重庆城市地貌制图中取得的一些主要经验,探讨了城市地貌图的特点。     

An automated approach to the classification of the slope units using digital data

Digital elevation and remote sensing data sets contain different, yet complementary, information related to geomorphological features. Digital elevation models (DEMs) represent the topography, or land form, whereas remote sensing data record the reflectance/emittance, or spectral, characteristics of surfaces. Computer analysis of integrated digital data sets can be exploited for geomorphological classification using automated methods developed in the remote sensing community. In the present study, geomorphological classification in a moderate- to high-relief area dominated by slope processes in southwest Yukon Territory, Canada, is performed with a combined set of geomorphometric and spectral variables in a linear discriminant analysis. An automated method was developed to find the boundaries of geomorphological objects and to extract the objects as groups of aggregated pixels. The geomorphological objects selected are slope units, with the boundaries being breaks of slope on two-dimensional downslope profiles. Each slope unit is described by variables summarizing the shape, topographic, and spectral characteristics of the aggregated group of pixels. Overall discrimination accuracy of 90% is achieved for the aggregated slope units in ten classes.     

吉兰泰盐湖沙漠化及其治理的遥感监测研究

利用陆地卫星TM标准假彩色合成影像图 ,研究了吉兰泰盐湖地区沙漠的分布、形成和运移规律 ;探讨了进行吉兰泰盐湖治沙、防沙的重点地段。遥感监测了吉兰泰盐场 1988— 1997年 9年间对吉兰泰盐湖治理沙漠的效果     

信息重分类在土地覆盖动态监测中的应用——以澜沧江梯级电站库区为例

根据士地覆盖动态监测的需求,设计了重分类方法,对遥感土地覆盖分类图及坡度分类图进行了分类码的设计和GIS数据建库的讨论,通过信息叠加可以得到所需要的信息,进而可以分析不同土地类型及在不同坡度类型下地类之间的相互转化规律.方法应用于澜沧江梯级电站库区,对1988年、1996年和2000年的土地覆盖资料进行了分析,并通过野外实地调查资料进行验证,得出该区土地覆盖时空变化规律,进而可以为该区人类活动和环境之间相互关系与产沙机理提供分析依据,表明信息重分类方法在土地覆盖动态变化监测及其他相关领域具有十分重要的应用价值.     

广东省1:50万TM假彩色卫星影像图的研制

介绍采用两种不同投影系统的卫星资料制作１：５０万ＴＭ卫星影像图的基本工艺及关键技术,（１０对ＴＭ卫星底片进行密度测定和反差分析,（２）卫星像片平面位置误差赋和控制;（３）卫星像片彩色合成色调协调一致控制,在此基础上分析论述了ＴＭ卫星影像图的特点及其在地理学上的应用。     

1980～2007年喜马拉雅东段洛扎地区冰川变化遥感监测

利用1980年地形图和多年遥感资料,采用目视解译方法手工提取了喜马拉雅东段洛扎地区4个时期的冰川信息,对冰川时空分布特征和变化与不确定性进行了分析,并结合近28年(1980～2007年)的气温、降水量资料对研究区的冰川变化原因进行了研究.结果表明:(1)1980～2007年,洛扎地区冰川面积从491.64 km<'2>...     

Integration of multi-source remote sensing data for land cover change detection

The objective of this study is to develop a methodology to integrate multi-source remote sensing data into a homogeneous time series of land cover maps in order to carry out change detection. We developed a method to increase the comparability between land cover maps coming from panchromatic aerial photographs and SPOT XS (multi-spectral) data by equalizing their levels of thematic content and spatial details. The methodology was based on the hypotheses that: (1) map generalization can improve the integration of data for change detection purpose, and (2) the spatial structure of a land cover map, as measured by a set of landscape metrics, is an indicator of the level of generalization of that map. Firstly, the methodology for data integration was developed by using land cover maps generated from near-synchronous data. Results revealed that, by controlling successively the parameters that influence the level of map generalization, the percentage of agreement between the near-synchronous land cover maps can be increased from 42% to 93%. The computation of five landscape metrics for a set of generalized land cover maps and for the target map allowed us to optimize the level of generalization by measuring the similarity in landscape pattern of the maps. The optimum level of generalization of the land cover map obtained from the aerial photographs for comparison with a land cover map derived from SPOT XS data was found at a resolution of 41m for two generalization levels of the thematic content. The spatial structure of a land cover map, as measured by a set of landscape metrics, is thus a good indicator of the level of generalization of this map. Secondly, the method was applied by integrating a land cover map obtained from aerial photographs of 1954 with a land cover map obtained from a SPOT XS image of 1992.     

青海可可西里主要湖泊湖底地貌研究

应用阈值法对青海可可西里地区主要湖泊的遥感影像进行水体信息提取,根据水体与其它地物在ETM+的5波段具有很好的区分效果,经反复尝试在该波段找到了适合各个湖泊的分离阈值。通过目视解读,并与相关地形图对比检验,湖泊水体可较为准确提取出。利用ENVI软件得到包含湖底信息的合成图像,选择其中信息丰富的假彩色合成图像进行解译,根据其色调并结合近岸地形信息初步判断出了湖底的地形地势,并在永红湖底发现了一个特殊的环状构造。     

黄河源地区荒漠遥感动态监测

利用遥感和GIS的空间分析技术,以黄河源地区多期遥感数据为主要信息源,将荒漠分为沙地、戈壁、盐碱地和高寒荒漠四种类型,通过目视解译的方法提取黄河龙羊峡以上区域内的四期土地覆盖的荒漠数据,在此基础上进行了荒漠动态变化分析。研究结果表明:荒漠集中分布于研究区中西部,以高寒荒漠和沙地为主,其次是戈壁和盐碱地。近30 a来研究区内整体上荒漠先增加后减少,其中沙地的变化最为明显,尤其是1989年度以来的10 a扩张速度明显加快。     

Comment on ‘Concerning “The economic evaluation of implementing a GIS‘”

Abstract

A fragmentation index has been implemented as a region based GIS operator to describe the spatial distribution of thematic classes in one data layer within map regions defined in another data layer. It has been applied to integrated analysis of digital maps and classified remote sensing data, for estimation of landscape complexity within watersheds and for detection of logged forest stands. The properties of the fragmentation index, when applied in this manner, are discussed. The fragmentation index is suggested as a valuable means of describing image characteristics of spectrally heterogeneous map regions.     

铁路枢纽城市空间扩展特征及机制研究——以怀化市为例

以我国铁路枢纽城市怀化为例,利用城市规划土地利用现状图、1﹕10000地形图、遥感影像图、社会经济统计数据以及其他相关资料,借助ArcGIS9.2软件平台和统计分析软件(SPSS11.5),采用地统计分析、空间形态分析、等扇分析及分形理论方法等研究方法,从城市扩展强度、扩展形态和扩展分异3个方面分析其扩展特征,最后在分析影响怀化城市空间扩展驱动力的基础上总结了其扩张机制。     

基于TM图像的塔盆周边地区主要地物亮度值分析

居民点、水体、植被、早地是组成干旱区的主要地物，在遥感图像上反射差异比较大，易于判读；研究这些地物在遥感影像上的亮度值变化规律，对于干旱区遥感监测分析，信息提取过程具有重要意义。利用5景南疆地区5市1县陆地卫星TM影像图，选择出能代表该地区水体、植被、居民地和早地等主要地物的720个样点，分析干旱区4种主要地物在TM影像不同波段上的变化规律以及产生辐射绝对亮度值（R）变化的地物光学性质和状态；揭示干旱区主要地物在TM影像中的亮度值变化的光学特征。研究表明，这种光学特征对水体来说遵循TM1〉TM2〉TM3〉TM4〉TM5〉TM7的规律，对植被来说，遵循TM4〉TM5〉TM1〉TM2〉TM7〉TM3的规律，对居民地来说，遵循TM5〉TM3〉TM1〉TM4〉TM2〉TM7的规律，对早地来说，遵循TM5〉TM3〉TM7〉TM1〉TM4〉TM2的变化规律。     

地理信息系统和遥感技术支持下的山地环境梯度分析方法研究*

文章提出了一种地理信息系统和遥感技术支持下的环境梯度分析方法。应用该方法可将研究区域的TM遥感影像经遥感图像处理和分类得到该地区的植被类型分布图,充分应用地理信息系统强大的空间信息管理和分析功能,将各环境因子分布图分别与植被类型分布图进行叠加分析得到各种植被类型与各环境因子关系的向量表达式,进而建立符合环境梯度分布的植被空间分布模型。在此基础上,综合各环境因子分布图与植被类型分布图进行叠加分析和植被群落空间分布制图。该方法曾应用于贺兰山环境梯度分析并得到较满意的结果。     

基于ETM+影像的草地退化评价模型研究——以西藏自治区那曲县为例

在实地调查和样方测定基础上,选用建群种植株高度、草地植被盖度和草地生物量作为草地退化地面评价体系中的单一评价指标,并通过加权综合三个单一评价指标,构建草地退化地面综合评价指标;在分析退化草地光谱特征的基础上,从ETM+影像的波段数据中派生出草地退化的遥感评价指标。通过相关分析的方法,选出最能反映草地退化趋势、最适于用于线性拟合的地面评价指标（地面综合评价指标）和遥感评价指标（TM4/TM5）,采用线性回归技术构建草地退化遥感评价模型,并通过计算确定系数（R2）、均方根差（RMSE）和相对误差对模型精度做出评价。确定主要草地类型的不同退化等级标准,完成草地退化图的编制。通过分析草地退化地面评价指标与遥感评价指标之间的关系,探讨了西藏北部草地退化的遥感评价模型,为科学、快速评价草地退化提供一种新思路。