岛弧构造的垂直形变场与水平位移场及其构造运动和地震活动特征

本文根据水平构造应力作用，推导了弧形构造的理论垂直形变场、水平位移场和应力场，进而对全球性的岛弧构造带在构造运动、地震活动和震源机制等方面的特征给出了新的解释；提出岛弧等弧形构造主要是在弧形构造位移场、应力场作用下逐渐形成的，而大洋板块的俯冲作用是次要的。     

Volcanoes as possible indicators of tectonic stress orientation — Aleutians and Alaska

A new method for obtaining from volcanic surface features the orientations of the principal tectonic stresses is applied to Aleutian and Alaskan volcanoes. The underlying concept for this method is that flank eruptions for polygenetic volcanoes can be regarded as the result of a large-scale natural magmafracturing experiment. The method essentially relies on the recognition of the preferred orientation of radial and parallel dike swarms, primarily using the distribution of monogenetic craters including flank volcanoes. Since dikes tend to propagate in a direction normal to the minimum principal stress (T-axis), the method primarily yields the direction of the maximum horizontal compression (MHC) of regional origin. The direction of the MHC may correspond to either the maximum (P-axis) or intermediate (B-axis) principal stress.The direction of MHC obtained at 20 volcanoes in the Aleutian arc coincides well with the direction of convergence between the Pacific and North American plates. This result provides evidence that in the island arc the inferred direction of MHC is parallel to the maximum principal tectonic stress. In the back-arc region, general E-W trends of MHC are obtained from seven volcanic fields on islands on the Bering Sea shelf and the mainland coast of Alaska. These volcanic fields consist mostly of clusters of monogenetic volcanoes of alkali basalt. In the back-arc region, the trends of MHC may correspond to an E-W intermediate, a vertical maximum, and a N-S minimum principal stress.Implications for the tectonics of island arcs and back-arc regions are: (1) volcanic belts of some island arcs, including the Aleutian arc, are under compressional deviatoric stress in the direction of plate convergence. It is improbable that such arcs would split along the volcanic axis to form actively spreading marginal basins. (2) This compressional stress at the arc, probably generated by underthrusting, appears to be transmitted across the entire arc structure, but is apparently replaced within several hundred kilometers by a stress system characterized by horizontal extension (tensional deviatoric stress) in the back-arc region. (3) The volcanoes associated with these two stress systems differ in type (polygenetic vs. monogenetic) and in the chemistry of their magmas (andesitic vs. basaltic). These differences and the regional differences in orientation of the principal tectonic stresses suggest that the back-arc stress system has its own source at considerable depth beneath the crust.Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Contribution No. 2503.     

Numerical simulation of Dabie orogenic belt's tectonic evolution

IntroductionDabieorogenicbeltisthecollisionorogenbetweentheSino-KoreancratonandYangtzecraton.Sincethediscoveriesofcoesiteatthelater1980s,Dabieorogenicbelthasbecomethemostfamousultra-highpressure(UHP)metamorphicbeltinafewyears.Coesite-bearingeclogitef...     

Numerical simulation of Dabie orogenic belt’s tectonic evolution

The influence of hot mantle intrusive body on tectonic stress field and displacement field of Dabie orogenic belt have been analyzed by means of finite element method. Numerical simulations show that the intrusion of hot mantle material leads to an extensional stress state in the upper crust of central Dabie mountains, while compressive stress state appears on both sides of orogenic belt under the action of horizontal compression from Yangtze craton. This is in accordance with the actual faulting tectonics in this area. Possible evolution trend in transition area is discussed, too. Contribution No. 99FE2020, Institute of Geophysics, China Seismological Bureau.     

台湾地区强震发生的构造环境与地震活动性分析

台湾中部造山带前缘呈现为一弧形逆冲构造体系 ,每个弧形带分别由多个不同尺度但各自独立的次级弧形构造组成 ,而每一个弧形构造都有其各自独立的几何学、运动学和动力学特征 ,是典型的褶皱 -逆冲带 ,但同时各个次级弧形构造间却又有自相似特性。在对台湾中部地区弧形逆冲构造体系的空间位置与地震活动间的关系分析基础上 ,归纳出中部弧型逆冲地震带的地震活动特征 ,以台湾东西地震区的构造划分和北部、中部与南部不同的弧陆构造现象 ,描述了台湾地区的近代地震活动 (190 0年以来的 10 0年间 )与现代地震地质构造的关系     

云南及邻区地壳应力场研究

地壳应力场对探讨区域构造动力过程和形变机制有重要意义.为了获得云南及邻区精确的构造应力场以及确定先前研究中存在差异地区的构造应力场,本研究首先在搜集研究区已有震源机制解的基础上,使用gCAP方法反演了近年来发生的地震震源机制解,共获得研究区震源机制解1302个; 其次,在应力场反演时,提出了定量设置反演网格大小的方法,并删除阻尼和无阻尼反演应力场结果性质存在差异的网格.最终,基于大量震源机制解资料获得研究区精确的应力场：（1）云南及邻区震源机制解类型以走滑型为主,遍布整个研究区,逆走滑和逆冲型地震集中分布在云南与四川盆地交界地区,正断型和正走滑型地震较少,主要分布在滇西和滇西北地区; 研究区震源机制解的多样性,在一定程度上反映了研究区构造活动和应力场的空间差异性.（2）云南及邻区整体应力场表现为：主压应力轴方位迹线呈以西北角为中心的扇形分布,主张应力轴方位迹线呈以西北角为中心的弧形分布,总体上反映青藏高原物质向东南的运移作用对研究区应力场具有控制作用.（3）研究区应力场类型以走滑型为主,局部地区出现逆冲和拉张型应力场,所得结果与前人应力场研究结果总体上一致.（4）腾冲火山区地壳应力场为走滑型,与腾冲地区断裂以走滑型为主相一致,一定程度上揭示出现今火山活动对浅部地壳应力场的影响较小.

     

华北地区近期地壳水平运动与应力应变场特征

利用华北GPS监测网 1 992年、1 995年、1 996年的观测资料 ,应用最小二乘配置给出了华北地区相对水平位移场、应变场的分布图像 .经初步研究表明 :华北地区 1 992—1 995年间的水平位移和应变场表现为整体性不均匀的压性运动 ,1 995— 1 996年测区东部仍以水平压性运动为主 ,但测区西部则主要表现为张性运动 .水平运动 （方向、大小 ）发生显著变化和应变高值区的地带主要位于块体边界带和主要断裂带附近 .燕山断块南边界的北东向断裂存在着较显著的左旋运动 .区内最大剪应变、面膨胀的高值区在天津、北京、唐山一带 .结合非连续变形数值分析方法 （DDA）初步分析认为 ,1 992— 1 995年GPS观测结果显示的华北地区存在东、西部构造应力作用的明显差别 ,华北东部以东西向压应力作用为主 ,而西部的南北向构造应力作用又明显大于东部 .     

滇东南弧形构造带现今活动性质的地震学研究

利用hypo2000和hypoDD程序对滇东南弧形构造带1990—2011年间的小震进行了重新定位和精定位;精定位后水平误差≤1.4km,垂直误差≤1.9km。在此基础上,根据P珔波和S珔波最大振幅比法,得到区内2007—2012年间148个小震的震源机制解。研究表明,正-走滑滑动性质的节面数几乎为逆-走滑的2倍,显示该区现今构造活动以正-走滑性质为主。根据精定位后的小震震源深度剖面特征,曲江断裂、石屏-建水断裂倾向SW,红河断裂倾向NE,与该地区地壳速度结构剖面所反映的断裂几何学特征一致。在大陆动力学背景上,苏门答腊-缅甸海沟的回拉效应影响边界可能已经沿NEE方向深入到曲江断裂和石屏-建水断裂,而川滇块体SSE向的推挤作用在滇东南弧形构造带可能已居于次要地位,与SSE-NNW向的挤压作用相比,SWW-NEE向的拉张效应在滇东南现今构造活动中起着更重要的作用。这样的构造动力学背景与小震震源参数的总体特征所反映的构造力学环境也是一致的,滇东南弧形构造带可能是一个正在形成的张-剪性构造区。     

华北地区近期地壳水平运动与应力应变场特征

利用华北GPS监测网 1 992年、1 995年、1 996年的观测资料 ,应用最小二乘配置给出了华北地区相对水平位移场、应变场的分布图像 .经初步研究表明 :华北地区 1 992-1 995年间的水平位移和应变场表现为整体性不均匀的压性运动 ,1 995- 1 996年测区东部仍以水平压性运动为主 ,但测区西部则主要表现为张性运动 .水平运动 （方向、大小 ）发生显著变化和应变高值区的地带主要位于块体边界带和主要断裂带附近 .燕山断块南边界的北东向断裂存在着较显著的左旋运动 .区内最大剪应变、面膨胀的高值区在天津、北京、唐山一带 .结合非连续变形数值分析方法 （DDA）初步分析认为 ,1 992- 1 995年GPS观测结果显示的华北地区存在东、西部构造应力作用的明显差别 ,华北东部以东西向压应力作用为主 ,而西部的南北向构造应力作用又明显大于东部 .     

元谋断裂带（晚）新生代构造应力场浅析

活动断裂带是形迹组合、构造地貌特征及力学性质相呼应的构造体系.以元谋断裂带(晚)新生代地层内发育的构造透镜体、剪节理、张性裂隙等形迹组合及其发育序列为研究对象,通过吴氏网下半球赤平投影、节理玫瑰花图及张性裂隙性质分析等研究方法,推测元谋断裂带自(晚)新生代以来主要受早期的北北东-南南西向和晚期(元谋运动之后,约80万年)的北北西-北西西向水平主压应力场作用,改变了构造活动性质并确立了现在的构造形迹、地貌.     

Characteristics of the seismic source stress field in the joint region of Xianshuihe, Longmenshan and An(ninghe faults

IntroductionSichuan region is one of the extruded and connected parts between the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau and Yangtze block. And the joint region of Xianshuihe, Longmenshan and An(ninghe faults reflects the structure characteristics formed by the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau(s extruding to Yangtze block and the Sichuan basin evolutionary process as fore-land basin. The researches on seismic activity in Sichuan region were mainly around Xianshuihe, Longmenshan and An(ninghe faults separ…     

山西地区应力场变化与地震的关系

收集了1970～2006年37年的小震初动符号建立了震源机制解数据库,研究了山西断陷带小震综合机制解时空演化特征.结果表明:山西断陷带小震综合机制解以走滑正断层为主,断陷带两端以拉张作用为主,中部地区以剪切作用为主,忻定盆地、太原盆地的区域应力场与华北区域应力场差异较大.利用沿山西断裂带布设的GPS监测网1996～2007年12期复测资料,分析了山西断裂带水平运动与地震活动的关系.结果表明:山西断裂带现主要受NWW-SEE向压应力场、NNE-SSW向张应力场的控制.1998～1999年有一次较为明显的应力扰动,空间上表现为北强南弱,接着发生了1999年11月1日大同—阳高5.6级地震.     

Basic characteristics of recent tectonic stress field in southwest China

Direction and structure characteristics of 58 tectonic stress tensors have been determined in 41 surveyed areas (points) in the southwestern district of China through a calculation method for inversion of tectonic stress tensors from sliding direction of faults, and, in combination with seismic mechanism solution andin-situ stress measurements, the following characteristics of the recent tectonic stress fields in the southwestern district of China have been defined: (1) the stress fields in this district have remained stable since the end of early to mid-Pleistocene; (2) the effect of such tectonic stresses is mainly horizontal; (3) the orientation of the maximum principal stress axis shows a trend of regular rotation from north to south, i. e. from NEE-SWW in northern Songpan and Longmen Shan areas to sub-EW in the central part of western Sichuan, and further to NNW-SWW or sub-SN in Yunnan; (4) the regional tectonic stress fields are of distinct division character; (5) there is well concordance between the main direction and type of stress structures in the stress tate both in deep and shallow parts of the crust. In addition, studies of staged tectonic stress tensors preliminarily show that in early Quaternary the southwestern district was mainly affected by lateral compression of Indian plate, under which the regional tectonic stress fields mainly display NE-sub-EW compression. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 407–417, 1993.     

Central Europe: Active or residual tectonic stresses

The regional stress field in the Western Alps and their northern foreland has been investigated byin situ stress determinations. More than 600 strain relief measurements were made with resistance strain gages in boreholes carried out in mines, tunnels and quarries. The stresses calculated and data obtained from other papers were used to get a detailed idea of the stress conditions in Central Europe.The measurements confirm a continuous flux of compressive stress from the Alps to the northern foreland east of the Rhinegraben. The largest stresses are observed in the Central Alps, the lowest in the Rhinegraben rift system. The horizontal stresses exceed at nearly all places the vertical ones. Evidently the excess of horizontal stress is generated by active plate tectonics in the Alps. A tectonic model to explain the observed stress pattern is presented.     

Characteristics of teh seismic source stress field in teh joint region of Xianshuihe ,Long Monitoring the horizontal movement along the Shanxi faults

Twenty-two earthquakes (M _L=2.2–3.7) in the joint region of Xianshuihe, Longmenshan and An’ninghe faults are studied in this paper. The source mechanism solutions of these events are obtained using P-wave first motion method, and the characteristics of the source stress field and rupture in the joint region are summarized preliminarily with some results of other researchers. Being strongly extruded by the approximately horizontal regional stress with the direction from north-west to south-east and the effect of the complex tectonics in the region, the source stress field has complex and variable characteristics. The earthquakes mainly show normal or strike-slip faults in Yajiang, North-triangle and west of Chengdu-block areas, indicating that the vertical forces have been playing an important role in the source stress fields, while the earthquakes mainly show reverse or strike-slip faults in Baoxing-Tianquan area, with the horizontal components of the principal pressure stress axes identical to the south-west direction to which the shallow mass is moving. We think that the manifold combinations of earthquake faults are the micro-mechanism based upon which the large regional shallow crust mass has been moving continually.     

Tectonic stress field in East Eurasia

The overall pattern of the recent tectonic stress field in the eastern part of the Eurasian plate is inferred from the geological features of large transcurrent and reverse faults, graben structures and from focal mechanism solutions of shallow earthquakes. NE-SW striking trajectory lines, of maximum horizontal tectonic stress axis (σ Hmax), are estimated at the north of Tibet and mainland China, but its strike turns to easterly near the eastern margin of the Eurasian plate. This suggests that the main origin of the σ Hmax in East Eurasia is due to a compressive stress regime along, the Himalayan belt, Tibet and the Japan Trench (and also the Sakhalin and Nankai Trough). This tectonic stress field seems to provide some influence on the extensional tectonics in the Shansi region, Baikal, and also in the Okinawa Trough where the N-S opening has been confirmed. The systematic view of the tectonic stress field in East Eurasia, makes it possible to appreciate the fundamental background of a number of complicated intra-plate tectonics.     

四川较场弧形构造与1933年叠溪地震发震构造的再讨论

较场弧形构造是四川众多弧形构造带之一。本文对该弧形构造的特征及其西冀发育的松平沟断裂的新活动性作了进一步论证，确认松平沟断裂属全新世活动断裂。该弧形构造西翼弧顶部位1933年曾发生过叠溪7．5级地城,丧人对该次地震的发震构造众说纷纭。作者通过近年来在现场的多次考察，并对该次地震的等烈度线形态，地表震害展布特征，建筑物沿松平沟断裂的左旋位错，震后持表发育的西北向地震地裂缝等现象的进一步研究认为，1933年叠溪7．5级地震的发展震构造仍为较场弧形构造西翼的松平沟断裂。     

渤海地震活动特征

渤海是我国东部陆缘海湾地震活动性最高的地区。研究渤海的地震活动特征,对探讨我国沿海地震的成因、沿海现代地质构造活动性质以及海洋石油开发都有一定意义。本文研究了渤海的历史地震资料,除中国大地震目录已发表的地震外,本文新增补了2次6—61/2级地震和3次5级左右地震。讨论了1969年渤海大地震的震源深度,大地震目录给出的深度为35公里(位于地壳以下)。根据其他作者的最新测定的结果和作者等人重新测定的微震震源深度,认为1969年渤海大地震的震源深度为25公里较合适,渤海地震都位于地壳以内。渤海地震活动的时间分布与华北地震区完全一致,渤海地震是华北地震区的一部分。渤海内部的现代构造运动是以水平构造应力场作用下的走滑运动为主要特征。渤海地震活动与北北东向的郯庐断裂的右旋走滑活动以及与其共轭的北西西断裂的左旋走滑活动有关。     

Consistent Distribution of Stress before Strong Earthquake from Focal Mechanisms

At some stage of a strong earthquake preparation,the focal mechanisms of small earthquakes have roughly the same direction with the tectonic stress field.According to this feature,we define the angle between P,B and T axis of focal mechanisms and the three stress axes of tectonic stress field as the consistency parameter a in studying the dynamic changes of stress fields in earthquake preparation areas.We mainly analyze the changes of the consistency parameter a of the MW8.3 Kuril island arc earthquake and the MW8.4 Peru earthquake.Our study shows that before the strong earthquakes,the earthquake area saw a low consistency,and the focal mechanisms of a series of small earthquakes had small differences in the directions with the tectonic stress field,which means the foreshocks were under the control of the stress field.On the other hand,a higher consistency means the focal mechanisms of their aftershocks are scattered and have big differences in the directions with the tectonic field,which indicate that the control of background stress field starts weakening.     

鄂尔多斯地块西缘定边-景泰地壳和上地幔电性结构分析

给出了定边－景泰大地电磁剖面探测结果并对其进行了分析．鄂尔多斯块体内部电性结构简单,电性界面成层性好,而在其西缘弧形断裂带,电性结构复杂,电导率横向变化较大．在弧形断裂带上地幔低阻层埋藏深度加大,这与北面的银川断陷盆地上地幔结构上隆形成反照,经分析认为银川断陷盆地属于拉张性质,而弧形断裂带属于挤压性质,由于均衡调整作用,造成了两者上地幔结构的反差．深部电性结构在大罗山－惠安堡之间有一局部上隆,经分析认为此处可能为深大断裂,南北构造带仅在此通过．