坡缕石精细鉴定的粉末X射线衍射法

对安徽官山两个含镁量不同的坡缕石进行了粉末X射线衍射(XRD)分析,结果表明其中富镁者为正交晶系、贫镁者为单斜晶系矿物,细化了判别坡缕石晶系的X射线粉末衍射标志。在排除石英和蒙脱石或伊利石的影响后,若图谱中出现d值为0.446 nm和0.428 nm的衍射线,则可认为在该凹凸棒粘土中含有正交晶系坡缕石。晶胞参数计算结果亦表明富镁坡缕石为一正交晶系坡缕石,贫镁坡缕石为一单斜晶系坡缕石。     

广东绿玉的物质组成和谱学特征

本文主要通过化学分析、扫描电镜、Ｘ射线衍射，红外光谱和光吸收谱等测试手段对广东绿玉的物质组成，物化特征，呈色机理进行一些探讨，温试结果表明，广东绿玉的矿物成分主要是绢云母，其次为绿泥石，在不同颜色和质量的绿玉中，除了化学成分不同外，两种矿物的含量，矿物的结晶程度和了矣集状态也都不同，所呈现出的各种各样颜色主要与二阶铁离子、三价铁离子和钛离子的浓度及赋存状态有关。     

准噶尔盆地南缘坡缕石矿物学特征及古气候指示意义

为深入研究准噶尔盆地南缘新生界古气候演化过程,采用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)等手段对准噶尔盆地南缘(准南)新生界地层泥岩、砂岩中粘土矿物成分、坡缕石矿物学特征进行了系统分析。分析结果表明,新生界泥岩中粘土矿物组成主要有蒙脱石、伊利石、坡缕石和绿泥石等;坡缕石是指示干旱-半干旱气候条件的特征矿物,呈纤维状、束状等形态,其形态及与周围矿物的接触关系说明坡缕石为典型自生成因,坡缕石、伊利石、绿泥石构成的粘土矿物组合所反映的干旱气候与地层颜色变化相吻合。     

新疆色带电气石的生长过程及颜色起因研究

本文以新疆阿尔泰山地区花岗伟晶岩中的色带电气石为重点,应用X射线透射形貌技术,揭示了光学显微镜无法查明的结构缺陷,结合晶体表面微形貌观察及包裹体研究,阐明了色带电气石晶体的形成过程和生长机理。同时运用吸收光谱、穆斯鲍尔谱、红外吸收、核磁共振等谱学方法,对照光谱及化学分析、电子探针分析结果,对阿尔泰不同颜色的电气石晶体,特别是玫瑰色的颜色起因作了较全面的讨论。     

辽宁析木玉的宝玉石学特征研究

利用偏光显微镜、X射线粉晶衍射、电子探针、红外光谱、拉曼光谱和化学全分析,对辽宁海城析木玉进行了系统测试分析。研究结果表明,析木玉呈毛毡状结构,矿物成分单一,主要组成矿物为透闪石,基本不含有其他副矿物。析木玉绿色与其含铁离子有关,并随着Fe含量的增加,颜色逐渐加深。     

秘鲁粉色蛋白石的物相组成及颜色成因

采用X射线粉晶衍射、红外光谱仪、电子探针、激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱仪以及紫外可见光分光光度计对不同深浅的秘鲁产粉色蛋白石样品进行了物相组成及颜色成因的测试和分析。结果显示,粉色蛋白石的主要矿物组成为Opal-CT、坡缕石、石英和水,且水的类型较为丰富,包含了结晶水、结构水和沸石水。结合X射线粉晶衍射、红外光谱及电子探针分析认为粉色蛋白石的颜色与坡缕石有关,且通过XRD定量分析坡缕石的含量,认为其与颜色呈正相关。综合紫外-可见光光谱、电子探针和激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱结果分析,粉色蛋白石的颜色与坡缕石结构中的有机物醌和β类胡萝卜素及Mn²⁺有关,且Mn²⁺含量越多,颜色越深,同时提出了Fe³⁺对颜色的影响,发现Fe³⁺只出现在了深色样品中。     

一种三八面体缘泥石／皂石1：1规则间层矿物（绿间皂石）的初步研究

在湖北恩施利川地区的三叠系中统巴东组钙质砂质粘土岩及砂质泥质岩中，产出一 种褐灰色粘土矿物。通过X射线粉末衍射、红外、热分析、化学分析及电镜观察等测试研究，各 项实验数据证明该粘土矿物是三八面体绿泥石与三八面体皂石1:1规则间层矿物(绿间皂石)。自 然风干样和各种化学处理样的OOl衍射数据，都具育良好的整数倍关系。风干样001衍射的标准偏 差δ=0.1007，波动系数υc= 0.347。d060=1.531A, b0=9.19A，cosinβ=29.05A。并计算出了 该矿物的化学结构式。     

一种三八面体绿泥石/皂石1:1规则间层矿物(绿间皂石)的初步研究

在湖北恩施利川地区的三叠系中统巴东组钙质砂质粘土岩及砂质泥质岩中,产出一种褐灰色粘土矿物。通过X射线粉末衍射、红外、热分析、化学分析及电镜观察等测试研究,各项实验数据证明该粘土矿物是三八面体绿泥石与三八面体皂石1:1规则间层矿物(绿间皂石)。自然风干样和各种化学处理样的00l衍射数据,都具有良好的整数倍关系。风干样00l衍射的标准偏差δ=0.1007,波动系数vc=0.347。d_(060)=1.531,b_0=9.19,c_0sinβ=29.05。并计算出了该矿物的化学结构式。     

不同热处理温度下钙角闪石的穆斯堡尔谱特征及其晶体化学分析

角闪石矿物结构复杂,矿物成份也多种多样。不同种属,不同系列角闪石的阳离子分布和占位差别较大。阳离子的类质同象替代比较广泛,其中尤以MgFe的替代最为发育。角闪石矿物的种属类型、结构特征、成份差别和不同成因条件等信息,既可由化学分析法、X射线衍射法来研究,也可以借助各种谱学手段来研究。穆斯堡尔谱学方法能对角     

贵州大方坡缕石矿矿物岩石学特征

利用矿物成分特征、化学成分特征、矿石类型、热学性质特征及坡缕石矿成因等分析方法,对贵州大方县坡缕石进行研究,将坡缕石分为3种类型:Ⅰ型为薄至中厚板片状纤维坡缕石,Ⅱ型为薄-中厚层浸染状坡缕石,Ⅲ型为角砾状粘土状坡缕石。前两种类型坡缕石的SiO2,Al2O3质量分数(平均为54.74%,12.15%)低于苏皖地区龙王山-嘉山等地凹凸棒石;据纤维状坡缕石、浸染状坡缕石的晶体化学特征等分析认为属热液成因类型。纤维状坡缕石热学特征表明主要含吸附水、配位结晶水和沸石水,红外光谱中各频率段吸收峰形态及特征,证明了其所含水类型及结晶程度,并表现出热液型坡缕石谱线特征。     

凹凸石粘土与玄武岩的成因关系

在矿物组成研究的基础上，对比研究了凹凸棒石，蒙脱石，凹凸棒石粘土，蒙脱石粘土，玄武岩，风化玄武岩的化学组成。根据化学成分对比，分析了玄武岩与凹凸棒石粘土的成因关系，解释了玄武岩对凹凸棒石粘土的时空控制，结合地质观测，提出形成苏皖地区凹凸棒石粘土的物质成分基本上来源于玄岩的化学风化，但物质成分发生了较大的分异，凹凸棒石粘土不能直接同玄武岩经地表雨水的风化淋滤形成，而是玄武岩风化形成的蒙脱石经搬运沉积，再与镁质溶液反应形成，或凹凸棒石直接从富镁碱性溶液中结晶形成，凹凸棒石粘土形成的物理化学条件为偏碱性的还原条件。     

Distribution of Palygorskite in the Lingtai Profile of Chinese Loess Plateau: Its Paleoclimatic Implications

Palygorskite is a typical indicator mineral of the arid and strong evaporation environment. Distribution of palygorskite in loess-red clay sequences may act as an important indicator for reconstruction of the paleoenvironment and paleoclimate. In this paper, field emission scanning electron microscope and high-resolution transmission electron microscope observations on the red clay-loess-paleosol of the Renjiapo profile at Lingtai, Gansu Province indicate that palygorskite occurs widely in red clay sequences formed before 3.6 Ma, but no occurrence has been found in eolian sediments since 3.2 Ma. Micromorphological features and microstructure of palygorskite show that it is an autogenic mineral formed during pedogenesis, and transformed from iilite-montmorilionite under the pore water action. In the Lingtai profile, the disappearance horizon of palygorskite is consistent with those of increasing magnetic susceptibility, dust flux and depositional rate. The distribution of palygorskite in the profile indicates that the interval of around 3.6 Ma was an important transformation period of the East Asian paleomonsoon, when changes took place in the East Asia paleoclimate pattern, i.e. a high-frequency strong fluctuation alternative evolution of the environment. Therefore, palygorskite is a key indicator mineral of the East Asian paleomonsoon evolution of that time.     

Adsorption capacity and mineralogical and physico-chemical characteristics of Shuwaymiyah palygorskite (Oman)

In this paper, Shuwaymiyah palygorskite in the Sultanate of Oman has been characterized mineralogically by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron microscopy, chemically by oxide compositions, structural formulae, and cation exchange capacity (CEC), and physically by specific surface area and adsorption isotherms. Batch adsorption studies were performed to evaluate the adsorption performance of methylene blue (MB) basic dye on the local clay mineral. The quantitative XRD analysis indicates that the purity of some selected samples of palygorskite clay is very high (about 70% of the clay minerals are palygorskite and 30% kaolinite). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images clearly support this conclusion. The adsorption equilibrium revealed that Shuwaymiyah palygorskite clay can uptake up to 51 mg of MB per 1 g mass of clay. MB adsorption is best fitted by Langmuir isotherm, and a pseudo-second-order kinetic model can be efficiently used to predict the kinetic of adsorption of MB by the palygorskite. The results obtained from these laboratory-scale adsorption tests indicate the promising adsorption capability of the Omani palygorskite.     

Distribution of Palygorskite in the Lingtai Profile of Chinese Loess Plateau： Its Paleoclimatic Implications

Palygorskite is a typical indicator mineral of the arid and strong evaporation environment. Distribution of palygorskite in loess-red clay sequences may act as an important indicator for reconstruction of the paleoenvironment and paleoclimate.In this paper,field emission scanning electron microscope and high-resolution transmission electron microscope observations on the red clay-loess-paleosol of the Renjiapo profile at Lingtai,Gansu Province indicate that palygorskite occurs widely in red clay sequences formed before 3.6 Ma,but no occurrence has been found in eolian sediments since 3.2 Ma.Micromorphological features and microstructure of palygorskite show that it is an autogenic mineral formed during pedogenesis,and transformed from illite-montmorillonite under the pore water action.In the Lingtai profile,the disappearance horizon of palygorskite is consistent with those of increasing magnetic susceptibility,dust flux and depositional rate.The distribution of palygorskite in the profile indicates that the interval of around 3.6 Ma was an important transformation period of the East Asian paleomonsoon,when changes took place in the East Asia paleoclimate pattern,i.e.a high-frequency strong fluctuation alternative evolution of the environment. Therefore,palygorskite is a key indicator mineral of the East Asian paleomonsoon evolution of that time.     

安徽嘉山坡缕石结构特征的成因意义

本文对取自安徽嘉山坡缕石矿床不同层位的坡缕石粘土所做的红外光谱和Ｘ射线衍射分析表明：不同层位粘土的结构类型不同,坡缕石含量高的层位其结晶程度低;坡缕石含量低的层位其结晶程度高,为斜方晶系。文中对坡缕石的形成机理和造成结晶程度差异的原因进行了分析。     

Clays of the Navbakhor Deposit,Uzbekistan

A new deposit of high-quality bentonites and carbonate–palygorskite clays was discovered in the Paleogene section of the southwestern foothill of Southern Nuratau Range. The bentonites have a substantially montmorillonitic composition. Minor and admixture components are represented by illite, palygorskite, quartz, iron hydroxides, and other minerals. In terms of physicochemical properties, the bentonites are subdivided into the alkaline and alkaline-earth varieties. The carbonate–palygorskite clays possess a calcite–montmorillonite–palygorskite composition. The bentonites and carbonate–palygorskite clays formed in the alkaline medium of a marine basin. The major rock-forming montmorillonite formed as a result of the transformation of structurally similar clay minerals, while calcite and palygorskite are authigenic minerals. The bentonites and carbonate–palygorskite clays have been ascertained as a material suitable for the preparation of drilling muds, as adsorbents for the bleaching of cotton oil and purification of alcoholic products, as ointment bases and the principal component for medicinal preparations, and for other purposes.     

碱性溶液中坡缕石水解作用动力学实验研究

对安徽官山地区沉积型、热液型坡缕石进行碱性溶液中水解作用的动力学实验研究.结果表明:沉积型坡缕石较热液型更耐碱,且两种坡缕石均存在明显的差异溶解现象,即四面体硅的溶解速率要略大于八面体铝阳离子的溶解速率.碱溶液中沉积型、热液型坡缕石水解动力学均适宜采用圆柱体扩散控制模型模拟,其浸出率x对反应时间t的关系可表示为(1-x)+xlnx=kt.在实验条件下沉积型坡缕石水解过程中,Al3+和Si4+反应表观活化能分别为18.16 kJ/mol和18.53 kJ/mol.热液型坡缕石水解过程中,Al3+和Si4+反应表观活化能分别为31.2 kJ/mol和32.95 kJ/mol.     

Palygorskite from cave sediments: case study from Wadi Haqil,United Arab Emirates

The x-ray powder diffraction identification of clay minerals both in bulk samples and in separated clay fraction confirmed the presence of palygorskite in samples of cave sediments from Wadi Haqil (the western slopes of Musandam Mountains; Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate, UAE). Samples contain quartz, gypsum, smectite, kaolinite, calcite, and palygorskite, some of them chlorite, illite, feldspars, and goethite. Calcite dominates in most samples; smectite prevails in clay fraction. After heating, the 001 reflection of chlorite shifts to higher diffraction angles and its intensity decreases; these features indicate that the chlorite represent a Fe-dominant species. Unit-cell dimensions of major phases as refined by the Rietveld method are in agreement with literature data. Chemical composition of palygorskite was derived from unit-cell dimensions as follows: MgO content is 11–14 wt% and Al₂O₃ 10–13 wt%. Clay mineralogy is only hard to ascertain from the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images even after being combined with the energy-dispersive spectrometer data. The SEM was also used to characterize gypsum grains; they often display flow deformation features. Studied cave sediments represent palygorskite-bearing weathering products and desert soils re-deposited from the cave surroundings by slope processes and wind and/or surface runoff. The mixture with other clay minerals, quartz, feldspars, etc. supports this interpretation. Fine-grained quartz fraction is probably wind-blown. Gypsum and calcite are the precipitates (crusts and/or cements), although gypsum can also be re-deposited from omnipresent gypsum-cemented surface sediments.     

关于《凹凸棒粘土中坡缕石的内标法X衍射定量分析研究》一文的修正

熊飞（2005）探讨了用内标曲线定量分析凹凸棒粘土中坡缕石含量的方法。但是原文中获得内标曲线的方法还有改进的余地。为确立内标曲线的数据点,原来的积分强度（峰面积）是按照半峰宽乘以峰高获得。这种方法求得的峰面积误差相对较大,导致了原文所提出的内标曲线在用于计算粘土纯度时有时会出现较大的误差,尤其是高纯样品往往出现坡缕石含量大于100％的情况。采用积分方法计算衍射峰的面积,对熊飞（2005）提出的曲线做出了必要的修正。本文所涉及的峰面积都是扣除背景后进行讨论。改进后的方法效果较好