水平井和大斜度井中阵列侧向测井响应数值模拟

针对水平井和大斜度井中阵列侧向电极系的工作原理,利用多电场叠加方式进行电场合成,采用三维有限元方法模拟仿真各个分电场的场分布,进而利用电场线性叠加原理得到阵列侧向测井响应。在基于计算机仿真的基础上,得到阵列侧向五条测井曲线的径向探测深度,阵列侧向径向探测深度要小于深侧向探测深度。考察了三维地层模型下井斜和侵入深度变化对阵列侧向测井响应的影响,分析了水平井和大斜度井中阵列侧向测井响应特征。模拟结果表明,在井斜小于15°时,阵列侧向测井响应受井斜影响小,可以不进行井斜校正;井斜超过60°的大斜度井以及水平井中,阵列侧向测井响应视地层厚度逐渐增大,测井响应值与直井条件下响应值差别较大,必须进行井斜校正。     

基于多方法融合的低产低效气井优选

随着致密气田的深入开发,低产低效井逐年增加,已经成为制约气田开发的关键问题之一。以苏里格气田某区块30口气井为研究对象,引入产量贡献率作为动态分类指标,运用气井产量贡献率累计分布曲线的类分割点将气井划分为4类。以纵向合采砂体数、有效砂体厚度、孔隙度、渗透率和含气饱和度等参数作为静态评价指标,采用熵权-理想点法,对气井进行静态分类。基于动态和静态分类结果,引入自相关距离判断异常值点,进行低产低效气井优选。研究表明,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ类气井的储层质量依次变差,累计产量依次减小;4口气井为低产低效井,优选结果符合生产实际。该研究成果可为气田进一步挖潜的选井、选层提供一种新的技术途径。     

渤海油田油气井侧钻设计方法优化分析

渤海油田低效井侧钻是稳产增产的重要手段之一。优化侧钻方案实现降本增效是精细化侧钻的研究重点。本文系统介绍了侧钻井设计方法,基于对低效井与侧钻井位进行合理匹配,优选侧钻井段,确定深部侧钻和浅部侧钻方案,针对浅部侧钻方案提出了隔水导管重入方案、隔水导管鞋下裸眼侧钻方案、表层套管段开窗侧钻方案、表层套管鞋下裸眼侧钻方案的适用条件与难点,针对深部侧钻方案提出了生产套管开窗侧钻方案、生产套管鞋下裸眼侧钻方案的优选流程。并以渤海某油田2口低效井A井与B井为例,进行了槽口优选、侧钻井段优选、侧钻点优选,最终通过互换2口井的侧钻井位,节约进尺1428 m。现场实施结果表明本次2口低效井侧钻方案合理,能够实现降本增效的目的。本文提出的低效井侧钻优选方法对渤海油田低效井侧钻设计具有一定的指导意义。     

物质平衡法在煤层气藏生产动态预测中的应用

针对煤层气井的生产特点,综合考虑煤层甲烷吸附/解吸特性、煤岩基质膨胀/收缩特性和储层有效应力的影响,通过引入等效半径模型,结合真实气体拟压力函数,建立了基于物质平衡法的压裂直井与水平井生产动态预测数学模型。实例计算结果表明:基于物质平衡法的压裂直井与水平井生产动态预测方法,能够利用少量现有数据完成生产动态预测,并对相对渗透率的变化趋势进行分析,可减少计算所需参数,降低计算量。通过对比煤层气压裂直井和水平井生产动态预测结果发现,在相同地质条件下,水平井的单井产能高于压裂直井(前者约为后者的2.3倍),且水平井的开采周期比压裂直井短。因此,在针对具体储层条件选择井型时,应在经济评价的基础上,综合分析两种井型的适用性,优选完井参数。     

小范围群井与单井抽水试验推求水文地质参数的比较分析

小范围岩溶区水文地质参数的推求是一项困难的工作.过去常常定性选取抽水孔与观测孔,利用单井抽水试验资料进行推求,这样往往造成推求误差过大.该文通过建立多层次多目标系统模糊决策模型,分别定量的优选了干扰井群抽水试验的最佳观测孔和单井抽水试验的最佳抽水试验单井;并运用了井群概化的方法,采用干扰井群抽水试验资料推求小范围水文地质参数,并且与单井抽水 试验资料推求的参数进行了比较分析,经分析应用方法取得了较好的效果.     

线状和面状群井抽水导致场外地面沉降呈s-lnr线性关系

在单井抽水造成地面沉降符合s-lnr线性关系的基础上,应用积分的方法,对线状和面状群井抽水产生的地面沉降进行推导,得出群井抽水导致地面沉降的积分公式。对于场外远处,即距抽水中心距离远大于抽水区域长度或宽度的情况,对沉降积分公式进行简化,仍可得到场外地面沉降呈s-lnr线性关系的结果。选取第三方文献中的理论解、数值解和工程实例对以上研究成果进行拟合验证,相关系数分别为99.91%、98.67%、96.60%、99.63%、99.43%,所以线状和面状群井抽水导致场外地面沉降呈s-lnr线性关系的理论分析结果得到极好验证。     

胜坨油田老区加密井钻井技术及其应用

胜坨油田属于胜利采油厂老油区,油田开发进入中后期,由于经过长时间的注水开采,地层压力紊乱,且部署井网密集。为保持产量稳定,在原有老井场进行加密钻井。加密井存在着防碰绕障、井眼轨迹控制和钻井井控等技术难点,因此,根据实际钻井情况制定有针对性的技术方案和应急预案,防碰段采用“牙轮钻头 单弯螺杆”,注水井提前关井停注泄压。以胜坨油田三区1个井组(5口井)和1口单井为例,从钻井工程设计、井眼轨迹控制、底部钻具组合优化和井控技术等方面进行了分析,进而提出了解决施工难点的对策。实践证明所采取措施科学可行,为油田老区相同类井钻井提供了技术经验。     

Ambient well-bore mixing, aquifer cross-contamination, pumping stress, and water quality from long-screened wells: What is sampled and what is not?

Water quality tests were performed on two long-screened alluvial aquifer wells (15–30 m of screen) that had been completed in a heterogeneous aquifer that exhibits extreme temporal water quality variability. When stressed, the total dissolved solids (TDS) in one well decreased from 10,600 to 3,500 mg/L and in another well the TDS increased from 136 to 2,255 mg/L. Nested short-screened monitoring wells were constructed in chemically distinct horizons affecting each well. Water level measurements and solute and isotopic samples were obtained from the production wells and the monitoring wells during a water quality test. Results of a time drawdown tests demonstrate transmissivity differences between horizons. Ambient water quality in the production wells and aquifer cross-contamination are controlled by well-bore mixing due to head differences of as little as 0.01 m between chemically distinct horizons which are linked by the production well screen. During non-stress periods, the ambient well-bore chemistry is controlled by the horizon with the greatest hydraulic head, whereas during stressed conditions, horizon transmissivity controls the well-bore chemistry. In one well, aquifer cross-contamination, driven by an ambient head differential of 1.2 m, persisted until about 1,600 well-bore volumes were purged.     

Entropy-Based Approach to Remove Redundant Monitoring Wells from Regional-Scale Groundwater Network

An entropy-based approach is applied to identify redundant wells in the network. In the process of this research, groundwater-monitoring network is considered as a communication system with a capability to transfer information, and monitoring wells are taken as information receivers. The concepts of entropy and mutual information are then applied to measure the information content of individual monitoring well and information relationship between monitoring well pairs. The efficiency of information transfer among monitoring wells is the basis to judge the redundancy in the network. And the capacity of the monitoring wells to provide information on groundwater is the point of evaluation to identify redundant monitoring wells. This approach is demonstrated using the data from a regional-scale groundwater network in Hebei plain, China. The result shows that the entropy-based method is recommendable in optimizing groundwater networks, especially for those within media of higher heterogeneities and anisotropies.     

A scalable multistage linear solver for reservoir models with multisegment wells

Wellbore flow and interactions between wells and the reservoir can be complex. Accurate modeling of these behaviors is especially important for multilateral and other advanced wells. This paper describes a new scalable linear solver for flow simulation of detailed reservoir models with advanced wells and well groups. A general purpose research simulator serves as the computational platform, in which a multisegment well (MsWell) model is used to describe wellbore flow. In the MsWell model, the wellbore is discretized into a number of segments. Hence, the MsWell model adds a large number of equations and unknowns, which are fully coupled to the reservoir model. Operating constraints on groups of wells add one more level of complexity to the system. The new linear solver is a generalized two-stage constrained pressure residual preconditioner. A global pressure system is obtained algebraically in the first stage. The system represents the pressure coupling between the reservoir and wells accurately. The well groups are disaggregated into individual multisegment wells, which then are further reduced to a standard well-like form. The two-stage scheme serves as the inner loop of a generalized minimum residual solver. Algebraic multigrid is used to compute the first-stage pressure solution; a special block-based incomplete lower–upper preconditioner is used for the second stage. We demonstrate the superior performance of this new solver compared with state-of-the-art methods using a variety of highly detailed reservoir models with complex wells and well groups.     

新集一矿地面抽采瓦斯钻井成井技术

地面钻井抽采工作面上覆采动区的煤层瓦斯,能很好地解决低透气性煤层的瓦斯抽采难题,但因钻井的成井率低,严重限制了该技术的推广应用。通过对钻井布置、钻井结构、钻井采气及井底层位、钻井施工技术与管理等影响成井的关键因素的研究,并将地面抽采瓦斯钻井成井技术在新集一矿进行实际应用,发现施工的12个地面抽采瓦斯钻井百分之百成井,为地面钻井法抽采瓦斯的成功应用提供了参考。     

各向异性低渗透油藏菱形反九点井网压裂裂缝优化

在低渗透油藏开发中普遍采用菱形反九点井网,但采油井等缝长压裂将导致非均匀驱替,当油藏物性各向异性时,非均匀驱替现象更加明显。以往针对菱形反九点井网的研究主要基于等缝长压裂,未考虑利用不等缝长设计改善开发效果。根据某各向异性低渗透油藏基本参数建立数值模型,进行不等缝长设计,分析油藏渗透性各向异性及油水井压裂情况对菱形反九点井网水驱效果的影响。随着储层Kx∶Ky的增加,角井裂缝优化穿透比减小,而边井裂缝优化穿透比增大。在相等Kx∶Ky条件下,注水井是否压裂对角井裂缝优化穿透比影响较小,对边井裂缝优化穿透比影响较大。数值模拟结果表明,在各向异性低渗透油藏中进行不等缝长优化设计,能有效改善菱形反九点井网的开发效果,优化结果对于各向异性低渗透油藏的水力压裂设计以及井网布置具有一定的指导意义。     

Inactive supply wells as conduits for flow and contaminant migration: conditions of occurrence and suggestions for management

Water supply wells can act as conduits for vertical flow and contaminant migration between water-bearing strata under common hydrogeologic and well construction conditions. While recognized by some for decades, there is little published data on the magnitude of flows and extent of resulting water quality impacts. Consequently, the issue may not be acknowledged widely enough and the need for better management persists. This is especially true for unconsolidated alluvial groundwater basins that are hydrologically stressed by agricultural activities. Theoretical and practical considerations indicate that significant water volumes can migrate vertically through wells. The flow is often downward, with shallow groundwater, usually poorer in quality, migrating through conduit wells to degrade deeper water quality. Field data from locations in California, USA, are presented in combination with modeling results to illustrate both the prevalence of conditions conducive to intraborehole flow and the resulting impacts to water quality. Suggestions for management of planned wells include better enforcement of current regulations and more detailed consideration of hydrogeologic conditions during design and installation. A potentially greater management challenge is presented by the large number of existing wells. Monitoring for evidence of conduit flow and solute transport in areas of high well density is recommended to identify wells that pose greater risks to water quality. Conduit wells that are discovered may be addressed through approaches that include structural modification and changes in operations.     

岩溶热储井间连通性的示踪研究

岩溶热储储层的不均匀性强,采灌井之间的连通性不易确定。示踪技术可以将运移参数量化,有效刻画储层流体的特征,研究回灌井和开采井之间的水力联系,包括导水通道,流体流速等信息,对长期回灌可能引起的开采井的冷却进行预测,是岩溶热储井间连通性研究十分有效的技术。本文以华北牛驼镇地热田雄县地区为例,针对蓟县系雾迷山组岩溶热储,采用荧光素钠示踪剂,进行了1口井注入,10口井观测的群井示踪试验。采用裂隙介质溶质运移模型,对示踪试验数据进行了解释,得到优势通道的长度、渗透流速、纵向弥散度、回收率等储层性质,获得了试验区内采灌井之间的连通特征。对调整采灌井布局提出了建议。     

超深层裂缝性致密砂岩储层砂体、裂缝发育特征及对产能的影响:以塔里木盆地库车坳陷KS2气田为例

库车坳陷KS2气田目的 层构造裂缝普遍发育,而位于不同构造位置的裂缝发育特征有所差异,其与储层砂体的发育特征共同控制了该区单井产能的高低.综合利用岩心、薄片、扫面电镜、测井以及电成像测井解释资料,对库车坳陷KS2气田目的 层巴什基奇克组的储层岩石学特征、砂体组合特征以及裂缝的性质、开度、填充性等特征进行了分析,并对砂体...     

沁水盆地寿阳区块煤层气排采动态成因机理及排采对策

外来水补给导致煤层气井产水量高,影响了煤层内压力传播的有效性,最终影响产气量。为了查明不同补给水类型对煤层气井产水量的影响及产水/产气特征,以寿阳区块25口煤层气井勘探开发资料为基础,阐述了补给水类型划分参数获取的一般方法,提出了“阶梯法”的补给水类型划分方法,划分了补给水类型。分析了不同补给水类型对煤层气井产水量的控制作用和产水/产气曲线特征,并提出相应的开发对策。结果表明：煤层气井补给水类型可以划分为地表水补给、围岩水补给、无补给等三类,其中围岩水补给分为断层沟通型、突破隔层型、侧向补给型。寿阳的中、高产水块段主要分布在北部、西南部和南部;北部煤层埋藏浅,地表水是煤层气井外来水的主要补给源;西南部,围岩水补给-断层沟通型是煤层气井高产水的主控因素;中部、南部,围岩水补给-突破隔层型和侧向补给是煤层气井高产水的主控因素。最后,以柿庄南区块为例,验证了本文划分方法的可靠性,并提出不同补给水类型下的开发对策：地表水补给区,一般含气量较低,煤层气井一般表现为产气量小产水量大,需慎重布井;侧向补给区,产水量大,布井时避开径流区;断层沟通型补给区,产水量大、产气不稳定,建议不布井;突破隔层型补给区,压裂参数优化、井网协同排水降压是实现较高产气量的关键;无补给区,排水降压容易,优化压裂和排采工艺是煤层气高产的重要保障。多种补给水类型叠加区,开发难度大,布井需谨慎。

     

Steady critical discharge rates from vertical and horizontal wells in fresh–saline aquifers with sharp interfaces

In this study, the critical (or maximum) discharge rates before saline water enters a well were determined for vertical and horizontal wells in a freshwater aquifer which is separated from a static saline aquifer by a sharp interface. Flow around the well was solved by integration of a point sink solution along the well axis, and both the critical discharge rate and critical interface rise were determined through a comparison of the heads and vertical gradients at the saline–fresh water interface. The rates were determined for vertical and horizontal wells with various lengths and depths for different aquifer salinities. Results were generalized by drawing dimensionless type curves. The results showed that the dimensionless total critical discharge rates are higher for the longer horizontal wells and longer vertical wells with a certain bottom depth, and they almost linearly decrease with well depth at rates of 0.7–0.9. For the dimensionless well length of 0.2, the dimensionless total discharge rate of a horizontal well is about 0.1 more than that of a vertical well with the same length and well-top depth. Also, the critical discharge rates per unit length of well are inversely proportional to well length and remarkably higher for shallower wells. Additionally, the critical pumping rate is proportional to the salinity difference of the aquifers. These results were confirmed by comparison to existing solutions for vertical wells with dimensionless lengths of 0.2, 0.5 and 0.6, and for critical interface rises in the range of 0.75–0.9.     

虚拟井约束地震反演方法在台地斜坡带鲕滩储层预测中的应用——以四川盆地龙岗地区某单元为例

目前的地震反演均是基于已钻井的地质信息,对无井或少井地区的地震储层预测仍然比较困难。采用叠前和叠后混合反演的办法,实现虚拟井约束地震反演,能弥补缺少钻井的缺陷。该方法充分利用了叠前反演分辨率高和叠后反演效率高、抗噪能力强的优点,运用遗传算法原理,在优选控制点处进行精细的叠前地震波形反演以构建虚拟井,然后以虚拟井作为约束信息进行叠后反演,能够达到储层预测的目的。对四川盆地龙岗地区无井台缘斜坡带鲕滩储层进行了应用尝试,预测效果较好。虚拟井约束地震反演方法对油气勘探初期少井或无井研究区的储层预测是行之有效的技术方法之一。     

Detection of free vertical convection and double-diffusion in groundwater monitoring wells with geophysical borehole measurements

Two algorithms for in-situ detection and identification of vertical free convective and double-diffusive flows in groundwater monitoring wells or boreholes are proposed. With one algorithm the causes (driving forces) and with the other one the effects (convection or double-diffusion) of vertical transport processes can be detected based on geophysical borehole measurements in the water column. Five density-driven flow processes are identified: thermal, solutal, and thermosolutal convection leading to an equalization, as well as saltfingers and diffusive layering leading to an intensification of a vertical density gradient. The occurrence of density-driven transport processes could be proven in many groundwater monitoring wells and boreholes; especially shallow sections of boreholes or groundwater monitoring wells are affected dramatically by such vertical flows. Deep sections are also impaired as the critical threshold for the onset of a density-driven flow is considerably low. In monitoring wells or boreholes, several sections with different types of density-driven vertical flows may exist at the same time. Results from experimental investigations in a medium-scale testing facility with high aspect ratio (height/radius = 19) and from numerical modeling of a water column agree well with paramters of in-situ detected convection cells.     

中深层地热单井换热数值计算

中深层地热单井换热是一种\