细粒浊积岩特征、分布及发育机制:以川北唐家河剖面寒武系郭家坝组为例*

细粒浊积岩是一类较为特殊的浊积岩类型,与可用鲍马序列解释的完整经典浊积岩相比,其颗粒粒径明显偏细,小于63μm的颗粒含量超过50%。通过对四川盆地北部唐家河剖面寒武系第二统郭家坝组上部地层的系统研究发现,Stow细粒浊积岩序列发育广泛。该序列下部(T0-T3)主要为极细砂、粉砂与泥质纹层互层,发育微弱冲刷构造和泄水构造等软沉积物变形构造;中部(T4-T6)为泥质层段夹断续粉砂质纹层;上部(T7-T8)转变为均质泥岩段,生物扰动构造发育,整体序列具有正粒序特征。浊积岩序列中碎屑颗粒主要为石英、岩屑和云母,长石少见,杂基含量高;粒度频率分布曲线(直方图)显示颗粒分选性比传统浊积岩好,且自下而上各砂质纹层内颗粒粒径变细;概率值累计曲线表现为“一段式”和“上凸的折线式”2种,且悬浮组分占据了绝大优势;C-M图以平行于“C=M”基线为特征,但受碎屑颗粒粒级偏小的影响,投点整体沿C=M基线向左下偏移,显示该序列具有浊流递变悬浮沉积的特点。结合筇竹寺阶(第二统)沉积背景,认为靠近研究区西北侧的摩天岭古陆为浊积岩发育的主要物源区,台内地形的遮挡为细粒浊积岩的发育提供了良好的地形条件,悬浮搬运和阵发性环境事件(如风暴、洪水等)搬运为细粒沉积物主要的搬运机制。以唐家河剖面为代表的寒武系郭家坝组细粒浊积岩的广泛发育,对于认识四川盆地北缘古地理格局和非常规油气勘探具有重要意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地黄陵地区上三叠统延长组长7、长6油层组浊积岩沉积特征及地质意义*

利用岩心观察、薄片鉴定和粒度分析等方法,对鄂尔多斯盆地黄陵地区上三叠统延长组长7、长6油层组浊积岩沉积特征与油气地质意义进行了研究。研究结果表明,浊积岩主要为长石砂岩,以棱角状—次棱角状为主,粒度具有典型的浊流沉积特征。沉积构造可见泥底构造、同生变形构造、粒序递变层、鲍玛序列等。最常见的鲍玛序列有ABC型、AB型、ADE型、AE型、CDE型和A段叠置型,具备浊积岩的典型特点。识别出薄层浊积岩和中厚层浊积岩,其属于三角洲前缘滑塌成因,可分为中心微相和边缘微相。浊流砂体是半深湖—深湖区发育的良好储集体,其分布区可作为重要的油气勘探区。     

北山地区红柳园组沉积时代、沉积环境及源区构造背景分析

北山地区位于华北板块、塔里木板块和哈萨克斯坦板块交汇带,晚古生代构造演化倍受关注且久有争议,该地区晚古生代地层的研究对探讨大地构造演化具有重要意义。利用同位素定年、沉积相分析、粒度分析和碎屑成分统计分析方法对北山地区早石炭世红柳园组进行研究。在下部火山岩中获得LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为359.9±1.4 Ma,参考区域古生物资料,其形成时代应为早石炭世早期。红柳园组上部碎屑岩中发育大量浊流沉积构造和典型鲍马序列,其中砂岩成熟度较低,并且粒度分析结果显示具有浊流沉积的粒度特征,这些证据共同指示红柳园组为近物源浊流沉积。此外通过碎屑组分统计和Qt-F-L、Qm-F-Lt以及Qp-Lv-Ls图解对沉积构造背景进行了探讨,发现研究区红柳园组物源主要来自火山弧,表明其形成的构造环境应为与岛弧邻近的沉积盆地。     

Water escape structures in coarse-grained sediments

Three processes of water escape characterize the consolidation of silt-, sand-and gravel-sized sediments. Seepage involves the slow upward movement of pore fluids within existing voids or rapid flow within compact and confined sediments. Liquefaction is marked by the sudden breakdown of a metastable, loosely packed grain framework, the grains becoming temporarily suspended in the pore fluid and settling rapidly through the fluid until a grain-supported structure is re-established. Fluidization occurs when the drag exerted by moving pore fluids exceeds the effective weight of the grains; the particles are lifted, the grain framework destroyed, and the sediment strength reduced to nearly zero. Diagenetic sedimentary structures formed in direct response to processes of fluid escape are here termed water escape structures. Four main types of water escape structures form during the fluidization and liquefaction of sands: (1) soft-sediment mixing bodies, (2) soft-sedimsnt intrusions, (3) consolidation laminations, and (4) soft-sediment folds. These structures represent both the direct rearrangement of sediment grains by escaping fluids and the deformation of hydroplastic, liquefied, or fluidized sediment in response to external stresses. Fundamental controls on sediment consolidation are exerted by the bulk sediment properties of grain size, packing, permeability, and strength, which together determine whether consolidation will occur and, if so the course it follows, and by external disturbances which act to trigger liquefaction and fluidization. The liquefaction and fluidization of natural sands usually accompanies the collapse of loosely packed cross-bedded deposits. This collapse is commonly initiated by water forced into the units as underlying beds, especially muds and clays, consolidate. The consolidation of subjacent units is often triggered by the rapid deposition of the sand itself, although earthquakes or other disturbances are probably influential in some instances. Water escape structures most commonly form in fine- to medium-grained sands deposited at high instantaneous and mean sedimentation rates; they are particularly abundant in cross-laminated deposits but rare in units deposited under upper flow regime plane bed conditions. Their development is favoured by upward decreasing permeability within sedimentation units such as normally graded turbidites. They are especially common in sequences made up of alternating fine-(clay and mud) and coarse-grained (sand) units such as deep-sea flysch prodelta, and, to a lesser extent, fluvial point bar, levee, and proximal overbank deposits.     

Sustained high-density turbidity currents and the deposition of thick massive sands

The origin of massive sands in turbidite successions has commonly been attributed to the rapid dumping of sand due to flow unsteadiness in collapsing, single surge-type, high-density turbidity currents. The general applicability of this model is questioned here, and we propose that rapid deposition of massive sands also occurs due to non-uniformity in prolonged, quasi-steady high-density turbidity currents. We attempt to eliminate ambiguity in the use of the terms ‘deceleration’and ‘unsteadiness’with respect to non-uniform sediment gravity flows, and stress that, as with any particulate current, unsteadiness is not a prerequisite of sediment deposition. We propose a mechanism of gradual aggradation of sand beneath a sustained steady or quasi-steady current, and upward-migration of a depositional flow boundary that is dominated by grain hyperconcentration and hindered settling. Formation of tractional structures is prevented by the absence of a sharp rheological interface between the lowest parts of the flow and the just-formed dewatering deposit. Deposition continues as long as the downward grain flux to the depositional flow boundary is balanced by grain supply from above or from upcurrent. Massive sand deposited in this way is not, strictly, a result of ‘direct suspension sedimentation’in that it is characterized by grain interactions, hindered settling, shear and, possibly, by interlocking of grains. The thickness of the resulting massive sand bears no relation to the thickness of the parental current, and the vertical variation within the deposit may reveal little about the vertical structure of the current, even during deposition. Thin, normally graded tops or mud drapes represent the eventual waning of sustained currents.     

川西马尔康—金川地区晚三叠世松潘甘孜残留洋盆复理石建造沉积特征与沉积模式

西康群是松潘-甘孜复理石沉积盆地的主体,分布范围广、岩性单调,强烈的构造变形和褶皱叠加导致地层原始的沉积序列、沉积构造破坏殆尽,基于野外露头的沉积学研究较少,巨量复理石的沉积模式也没有合理的解释。详细研究了川西马尔康-金川县一带西康群典型剖面的沉积构造、砂板比、古流向、砂岩粒度及矿物组成,讨论了西康群的沉积环境及沉积模式。认为该区复理石沉积环境属于海底扇扇中-扇端,局部存在砂质碎屑流或等深流的参与和叠加改造;存在两期次的海底扇,其触发机制均为海平面下降,导致三角洲向陆架边缘进积形成海底扇,而随着冲积平原及三角洲复合体的逐渐消耗,沉积物供应量逐渐减小,海底扇的规模及影响范围逐渐缩减,形成两期向岸退积的海底扇沉积。松潘-甘孜盆地复理石建造属于受周缘造山带提供多源或线源,多期次叠加的,以细粒浊积体为主的海底扇,海岸冲积平原及三角洲复合体经过二次搬运使得砾级粗粒沉积物进一步破碎,形成中-细粒砂岩及泥岩为主的扇体沉积。     

碎屑颗粒粒度分析在东营凹陷辛176块沙四上亚段砂体成因研究中的应用

利用粒度资料进行沉积物的粒度结构分析, 能有效地判定沉积物搬运方式、判别水动力条件、区分沉积环境类型, 研究沉积物的成因机制。本文通过大量粒度频率曲线、概率累计曲线和粒级-标准偏差曲线等图件的分析, 详细研究了沉积物所包含的粒度组分及各自特征, 并提取出对沉积环境变化敏感的粒度组分, 确定了各自组分所对应的沉积水动力类型, 结合沉积相和构造背景研究, 探讨了东营凹陷辛176块沙四上亚段纯上5砂组砂体的成因, 认为辛176块王斜583、辛176斜1井砂体是广饶凸起的碎屑物质在南斜坡形成三角洲后被入湖河流继续搬运、沉积并被波浪改造形成的滩坝砂体; 牛114斜1、王587井砂体为青坨子凸起的碎屑物质以重力流方式搬运并与广饶凸起的物质混合、沉积, 后又被波浪改造而形成; 王58井砂体为来自青坨子凸起的重力流入湖后发生卸载形成的沟道砂体。     

湘西黔东寒武纪深水碳酸盐重力沉积

湘西黔东武陵山地区位于江南寒武纪边缘海的西北边缘[1],自早寒武世清墟洞期开始,本区主要表现为一呈北东-南西向展布的深水碳酸盐斜坡。其东南侧为深水盆地。西北侧为广阔的扬子碳酸盐台地。台地边缘区发育有以表附藻、葛万藻为主要造礁生物的蓝绿藻礁和鲕粒滩、砂屑滩。由于台地边缘的快速堆积及其向海推进,造成了台地边缘极大的不稳定性,在重力作用下,发生了大规模的沉积物横向位移。因此,自中寒武世开始，在斜坡带及盆地边缘形成了类型繁多的重力沉积物。     

On the frequency distribution of turbidite thickness

The frequency distribution of turbidite thickness records information on flow hydrodynamics, initial sediment volumes and source migration and is an important component of petroleum reservoir models. However, the nature of this thickness distribution is currently uncertain, with log‐normal or negative‐exponential frequency distributions and power‐law cumulative frequency distributions having been proposed by different authors. A detailed analysis of the Miocene Marnoso Arenacea Formation of the Italian Apennines shows that turbidite bed thickness and sand‐interval thickness within each bed have a frequency distribution comprising the sum of a series of log‐normal frequency distributions. These strata were deposited predominantly in a basin‐plain setting, and bed amalgamation is relatively rare. Beds or sand intervals truncated by erosion were excluded from this analysis. Each log‐normal frequency distribution characterizes bed or sand‐interval thickness for a given basal grain‐size or basal Bouma division. Measurements from the Silurian Aberystwyth Grits in Wales, the Cretaceous Great Valley Sequence in California and the Permian Karoo Basin in South Africa show that this conclusion holds for sequences of disparate age and variable location. The median thickness of these log‐normal distributions is positively correlated with basal grain‐size. The power‐law exponent relating the basal grain‐size and median thickness is different for turbidites with a basal A or B division and those with only C, D and E divisions. These two types of turbidite have been termed ‘thin bedded’ and ‘thick bedded’ by previous workers. A change in the power‐law exponent is proposed to be related to: (i) a transition from viscous to inertial settling of sediment grains; and (ii) hindered settling at high sediment concentrations. The bimodal thickness distribution of ‘thin‐bedded’ and ‘thick‐bedded’ turbidites noted by previous workers is explained as the result of a change in the power‐law exponent. This analysis supports the view that A and B divisions were deposited from high‐concentration flow components and that distinct grain‐size modes undergo different depositional processes. Summation of log‐normal frequency distributions for thin‐ and thick‐bedded turbidites produces a cumulative frequency distribution of thickness with a segmented power‐law trend. Thus, the occurrence of both log‐normal and segmented power‐law frequency distributions can be explained in a holistic fashion. Power‐law frequency distributions of turbidite thickness have previously been linked to power‐law distributions of earthquake magnitude or volumes of submarine slope failure. The log‐normal distribution for a given grain‐size class observed in this study suggests an alternative view, that turbidite thickness is determined by the multiplicative addition of several randomly distributed parameters, in addition to the settling velocity of the grain‐sizes present.     

Sandy-gravelly mass-flow deposits in an ice-marginal lake (Saalian,Leuvenumsche Beek Valley,Veluwe, the Netherlands), with emphasis on plug-flow deposits

In three pits in the Leuvenumsche Beek Valley (near Ermelo and Elspeet), massive and diffusely banded clean gravelly sands, found in association with sandy sediments showing some similarities to the Bouma sequence, were interpreted as originating from sediment gravity flows. The flows, which came to rest on a ca. 6° paleoslope, probably originated from slumping of parts of the ice-pushed ridges at either side of an ice-marginal lake.Major characteristic features in the three sand pits studied are U-shaped channel forms with a maximum depth and width of 10 × 25 rmm. The fills consist of sand and gravels, locally containing giant sand-clasts. The sediments just below the base of these channel-forms are commonly distorted and folded. Especially the massive more sandy fills are surrounded by a finer-grained diffusely bedded and inversely graded zone.These sedimentary features suggest that “rigid” sediment plugs sheared downslope, generating a finer-grained shear zone around the plug scouring a slide scar till its present semi-cylindrical form and preserving the steep sides (exceeding the angle of repose) of the channel-form by “freezing”.The U-shaped channel forms (plugged troughs) are locally overlain by shallower gently sided trough structures, with mainly diffusely banded infillings. Very shallow and often smaller troughs are found again on top of these massive and diffusely banded infillings. The sediments in these troughs consist of repetitions of two types of microsequences: (1) thickly bedded sequences of normally graded massive sands, near-horizontal stratifications, plane beds and cross-bedded sets; and (2) thinly bedded sequences of relatively thick units T_A and thin units T_C and T_D of the Bouma sequence.The repetitions of the microsequences are interpreted as flow pulsations. Upwards thinning of the sequence, together with a finer grain size may point to waning flow conditions. Their association with plugged troughs is suggestive of retrogressive flow-slides.     

东营凹陷永55区块沙四上亚段深水浊积扇沉积与油气

深水浊积扇是东营凹陷北部陡坡带永55区块沙四上亚段最发育的沉积相,也是最有利的砂砾岩储层。在岩心观察基础上,通过薄片鉴定、粒度分析等测试手段,综合地质、物探和测井资料,对永55区块砂砾岩体储层的沉积特征进行了研究。结果表明,本区深水浊积扇沉积具有如下特征：(1)岩石成分成熟度和结构成熟度均较低;(2)碎屑物质以递变悬浮搬运为主;(3)沉积构造具有典型的重力流成因特征;(4)岩心中见典型鲍马沉积序列。建立了深水浊积扇退积型沉积模式,并进一步细分为内扇、中扇和外扇3个亚相及4个微相。位于中扇的辫状沟道砂体物性好,可以构成优质储层,较深湖暗色泥岩为主要的烃源岩和盖层,本区生、储、盖发育齐全,有着良好的勘探开发前景。     

浅谈沉积物重力流分类与深水沉积模式

从浊流理论创立到现在的60余年时间里,深水沉积学研究已经取得了长足进展.但由于水下过程的复杂性,对沉积物重力流及沉积模式的认识存在颇多分歧.本文在对深水沉积研究历史与进展进行回顾与总结的基础上,对重力流各种分类方案及相应沉积模式进行了对比分析,认为:①人们对深水沉积的认识经历了一个螺旋式上升旋回;Bouma序列成因存在多种解释;砂质碎屑流概念是对Bouma序列、扇模式的发展.②沉积物重力流分类必须遵循流变学和沉积物搬运机制的重力流分类方法.③Shanmugam新近建立的碎屑流主导斜坡模式解决了斜坡区的砂体成因分布问题(原来认为此处“过路不停”无砂质沉积).④地震沉积学的发展与应用必将促进人们对深水沉积的认识,从而建立更合理的深水沉积模式.     

渤海湾含油气盆地中的浊积岩

随着我国对油气藏勘探的深入,在渤海湾含油气盆地中相继发现了一些浊流沉积体--浊积扇。由于浊积扇位于深湖区,插人湖盆腹地生油区,它本身又有较好的储油物性,因此,研究浊积扇的沉积特征及其含油性,对油气勘探具有重要的现实意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组重力流沉积特征及其模式

利用岩心、测井资料和重力流沉积理论,系统研究了鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组重力流沉积特征及其沉积模式。该区重力流沉积物可分为浊积岩、砂质碎屑流沉积物、泥质碎屑流沉积物和滑塌岩。其中,浊积岩发育正粒序;砂质碎屑流沉积物以冻结块状沉积为特征;泥质碎屑流沉积物以泥质为主,内部含少量砂质颗粒和砂质团块;滑塌岩发育包卷层理等液化构造。不同重力流沉积物发育程度差异明显,浊积岩和砂质碎屑流沉积物的钻遇井数最多,泥质碎屑流沉积物最少。在重力流单期沉积厚度方面,砂质碎屑流沉积物单期沉积厚度平均为0.986m,明显高于其他类型;浊流沉积厚度最低,平均厚度为0.414m。本区重力流是由三角洲前缘沉积物失稳滑塌所致,砂质碎屑流沉积物和浊积岩是主要的重力流沉积类型,其次为滑塌岩和泥质碎屑流沉积物。砂质碎屑流沉积物主要发育于北东向曲流河三角洲前缘前方的深水区;浊积岩主要发育于西部、西南部和南部物源形成的辫状河三角洲前缘前方的深水区域;泥质碎屑流沉积物和富含泥砾砂质碎屑流沉积物在平面分布极少,且规律不明显。     

Sedimentation by river-induced turbidity currents: field measurements and interpretation

Turbidity currents, initiated from spring runoffs of an influent river, were observed in the upper region of a reservoir in Hokkaido, Japan, by measuring water temperature, velocity and suspended-sediment concentration. Their profiles offer some physical parameters for the sedimentary conditions, assuming the turbidity currents to be quasi-uniform. The bottom sediment deposited by the turbidity currents was then collected by a portable core sampler. The bottom sediment consists of more than 90% silt and clay, and thus offers a hydraulically smooth bed for shear flow; a plane bed as a bed configuration was formed on the reservoir bed, probably because of the low shear velocity and small grain size of sediment. Using a graphic method with log-normal probability paper, the bottom sediment is divided into several overlapping log-normal subpopulations. Grain-size analysis indicates that the bottom sediment may be regarded as cohesionless; criteria for ‘complete deposition’ of transported grains can then be incorporated into the ‘extended Shields diagram’ giving the minimum shear stress to erode bottom sediment. Applying the new diagram to the grain size distribution of the bottom sediment, it is suggested that each of the log-normal subpopulations was deposited in each of four different ‘modes of deposition’, i.e. ‘traction’, ‘saltation (or intermittent suspension)’, ‘suspension’ and ‘suspension under equilibrium’. The last mode may be observed under a sedimentary condition where upward flux of suspended sediment by eddy diffusion is almost equal to its depositional flux due to gravity. The mean and critical grain sizes for bottom sediment and each of the corresponding subpopulations decrease consistently with an increase of Ψ=F_d² log₁₀Re (F_d is the densimetric Froude number and Re is the flow Reynolds number). Ψ correlates inversely with shear velocity, which bears a linear relationship to mean velocity. These results lead to the conclusion that relatively fine suspended sediment is deposited as a result of decreasing bottom friction with a relative decrease of turbulent energy.     

Carbonate turbidite sequences deposited in rift-basins of the Jurassic Tethys Ocean (eastern Alps, Switzerland)

Syn-rift sediments in basins formed along the future southern continental margin of the Jurassic Tethys ocean, comprise, in the eastern Alps of Switzerland, up to 500 m thick carbonate turbidite sequences interbedded with bioturbated marls and limestones. In the fault-bounded troughs no submarine fans developed; in contrast, the fault scarps acted as a line source and the asymmetric geometry as well as the evolution of the basin determined the distribution of redeposited carbonates. The most abundant redeposits are bio- and lithoclastic grainstones and packstones, with sedimentary structures indicating a wide range of transport mechanisms from grain flow to high- and low-density turbidity currents. Huge chaotic megabreccias record catastrophic depositional events. Their main detrital components are Upper Triassic shallow-water carbonates and skeletal debris from nearby submarine highs. After an event of extensional tectonism, sedimentary prisms accumulated in the basins along the faults. Each prism is wedge-shaped with a horizontal upper boundary and consists of a thinning- and fining-upward megacycle. Within each megacycle six facies associations are distinguished. At the base of the fault scarp, an association of breccias was first deposited by submarine rockfall and rockfall avalanches. A narrow, approximately 4000 m wide depression along the fault was subsequently filled by the megabreccia association, in which huge megabreccias interfinger with thin-bedded turbidites and hemipelagic limestones. The thick-bedded turbidite association covered the megabreccias or formed, farther basinward, the base of the sedimentary column. Within the thick-bedded turbidites, thinning- and fining-upward cycles are common. The overlying thin-bedded turbidite association shows nearly no cyclicity and the monotonous sequence of fine-grained calciturbidites covers most of the basin area. With continuous filling and diminishing sediment supply, a basin-plain association developed comprising fine-grained and thin-bedded turbidites intercalated with bioturbated marls and limestones. On the gentle slopes opposite the fault escarpment, redeposited beds are scarce and marl/limestone alternations as well as weakly nodular limestones prevail.     

新疆准噶尔盆地西北缘石炭纪深水沉积的发现及其沉积特征

准噶尔盆地西北缘石炭纪地层主要由碎屑岩组成,沉积厚度达5000-7000米,前人认为属浅海沉积环境,然而,笔者在这套地层中首次发现了大量包括浊流在内的重力流沉积和其它一些深水沉积标志。它们集中出现于下石炭统(不包括底部)和中石炭统,该深水沉积标志除重力流沉积外,尚发现了平流岩、产于泥岩和硅岩中的硅质放射虫、多种深水遗迹化石以及与深水环境有关的沉积构造序列等。     

黔西南中三叠世陆棚-斜坡沉积特征

黔西南及黔南中三叠世边缘带经历了从陆棚、斜坡至槽盆环境的演化。该带除发育正常事件沉积外,还发育风暴流和重力流的钙屑沉积以及陆源碎屑浊流沉积。其中,陆屑浊积岩的宏观特征和旋回曲线特征表明其属纵向搬运槽盆型浊积岩。根据垂向和横向上沉积特征的研究,建立了在盆地整体坳陷的背景下,盆地边缘的演化模式。     

北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷湖底扇的沉积特征

综合利用岩芯、测井、地震和粒度曲线等资料,研究了涠西南凹陷古近系流沙港组一段湖底扇的沉积特征。结果表明,湖底扇具有典型浊积岩的鲍马序列特征,且分为高能量型沉积和低能量型沉积两种,在沉积结构上,粒度概率图和C-M图具有浊流沉积独有的粒度分布特征,同时具有丰富的浊流沉积构造现象。涠西南湖底扇在陡峭的古地貌和充足的物源供应条件下形成,沉积在断裂坡折带或同沉积坡折带坡脚的深水区。湖底扇沉积于深水区,圈闭条件好,临近烃源岩,油源富足,易于形成油气藏,已有多口井钻获工业油流,勘探前景广阔。     

藏北那曲盆地中—上侏罗统拉贡塘组浊流沉积特征及微量元素地球化学

藏北那曲地区中上侏罗统拉贡塘组发育典型的深水浊流沉积,根据浊积岩鲍马序列和粒度特征,可以进一步将其区分为近源砂质浊积岩和远源细屑浊积岩。微量及稀土元素地球化学研究表明,拉贡塘组浊积岩富集Cr、Co、Sc、Th等元素,无Ce负异常或负异常不明显,沉积物物源主要来自于变质岩区或再循环的沉积岩分布区。那曲盆地是冈底斯中生代多岛弧盆系统的组成部分之一,中上侏罗世深水浊流沉积形成于活动大陆边缘中的弧后盆地环境,该弧后盆地的形成与班公湖怒江中特提斯洋盆的洋壳向南的俯冲作用有关。