国家标准《国家基本比例尺地形图分幅和编号》修订情况说明

国家基本比例尺地形图分幅和编号是国家基本比例尺地形图成果的基本要求之一,也是基础地理信息成果生产的主要依据。GB/T13989《国家基本比例尺地形图分幅和编号》规定了国家基本比例尺地形图的分幅和编号,并给出了示例以及各比例尺地形图图幅编号和图幅经纬度计算公式及示例。本次修订将标准的范围由1∶1000000～1∶5000比例尺地形图扩展到1∶1000000～1∶500比例尺地形图,增加了1∶2000、1∶1000、1∶500比例尺地形图的分幅和编号的内容及要求,特别是根据调研和意见征求情况,增加了1∶2000、1∶1000、1∶500地形图经纬度分幅和编号的有关内容,同时充分考虑了与《国家基本比例尺地图图式第1部分:1∶5001∶10001∶2000地形图图式》的附录C"地形图分幅和编号"中的相关规定的协调性,保留了1∶2000、1∶1000、1∶500地形图正方形、矩形分幅和编号的内容。     

Android平台下的地形图图幅信息检索

针对当前移动端缺少快速、实时检索地形图图幅信息的系统,本文依据国家基本比例尺地形图分幅与编号标准,提出了基于Andriod平台的地形图图幅信息检索方法并编程实现了该系统。该系统实现的功能有:点所在图幅编号检索、图幅范围检索、地形图新旧编号的转换及区域范围内图幅编号集检索。此系统可应用于Andriod智能手机和平板电脑等移动设备。实验表明,本文的方法和系统执行效率能够基本满足移动用户实时检索地形图图幅信息的需求。     

地形图新旧图幅编号变换公式的探讨

通过对我国国家基本比例尺地形图的新旧图幅分幅编号系统的比较分析 ,获得了新旧图幅编号相互转换的方法 ,提出了国家基本比例尺地形图新旧图幅编号的变换公式。     

用解析法求国家基本地形图图号的公式和方法

我国国家基本比例尺地形图(1:1万——1:100万比例尺地形图)和大面积的1:5千与1:2千比例尺测图,采用以经纬线按一定经纬差分幅的梯形分幅编号法,这种方法是以国际百万分一地图的分幅编号为基础,故称为以国际百万分一地图为基础的行列式分幅编号法。应用它可以解决这样两个紧密联系的问题:(1)依地形图图号,求该图幅的经纬范围,即内图廓的经纬度;(2)按某地的地理坐标(纬度和经度),求该地所在某比例尺地形图的图号。由分幅编号规律依某点的经纬度求地形图图号的方法很多,总括起来不外三种:(1)查图(地形图分幅接合图表,实际上称地形图分幅接合地图)法,(2)图解法,(3)解析法。本文专论用解析法求国家基本地形图图号的计算公式和计算方法。     

根据比例尺计算图幅经差、纬差

各种比例尺地形图图幅的经差和纬差，是确定图幅分幅编号的基本元素。在1991年国家颁布的《国家基本比例尺地形图分幅编号方案》中，各种比例尺地形图的图幅都是在I：100万图上直接划分的。图幅的经差和纬差决定其在1：100万日中分得的行数和列数，从而决定其图幅编号。各种比例尺地形图图幅的经差和纬差不一致，不易记忆，给具体应用带来了不便。本文介绍一种根据比例尺计算图幅经差、纬差的方法（见下表）。说明：以比例尺分母的数字部分（千、万等数量单位不考虑）参加计算，如1：10万图纬差为10×2=20’，经差为20×1．5=30’，余类推…     

基于石油勘探要素的地形图图幅编号自动检索方法

分析了石油勘探元素所在地形图分幅和编号规律,给出了实用算法,实现了不使用第三方控件的石油勘探要素地形图图幅编号自动检索。     

地形图分幅编号的自动检索

我们在地理调查、水利工程、城市建设的规划设计和地质勘探中，需要各种比例尺的地形图。为了地形图生产、管理和使用的方便，每一种基本比例尺地形图都规定有一定的图廊大小，每一幅图都具有相应的号码标志，这项工作就叫做地形图的分幅和编号。     

带状数字线划图（DLG）坐标转换方法研究

带状地形图狭长,带状数字线划图坐标转换涉及坐标转换参数和接边问题。本文采用多项式拟合法和分区块重叠带,确定区块坐标转换参数,实现了带状数字线划图坐标转换,解决了分区图形坐标转换的接边问题。并采用实测带状数字线划图数据进行坐标转换实验,转换精度高,能够满足大比例尺带状数字线划图坐标转换要求。     

全国1∶5万标准图幅计算机管理系统

一前言地图是我们在经济建设和日常生活中必不可少的工具，为了地图生产、管理和使用的方便，每一种基本比例尺的地图都有其规定的图廓大小、范围以及相应的号码标志。我国地域辽阔，图幅较多，为适应图幅计算机管理的要求，1991年公布了地形图分幅编号的新的国家标准，该标准在老标准的方法上作了重大改革，吸取了发达国家地图分幅编号的一些优点，建立了形式一致、系统性强、简单明了、便于计算的国家基本比例尺地形图的新系列，新的国家标准为地形图分幅计算机处理与管理提供了可能。然而，目前大多数生产应用部门在地形图图幅的管理上仍…     

基于AutoCAD的大比例尺数字地形图管理系统的设计与实现

结合大比例尺数字地形图的特点和管理需求,采用VB技术对AutoCAD软件进行二次开发,建立集调图、图形编辑、图形裁剪、图廓生成、地形图分幅于一体的大比例尺数字地形图管理系统,为大比例尺地形图的管理与使用提供了一个实用性的平台。     

Choosing Geographic Units for Choropleth Rate Maps,with an Emphasis on Public Health Applications

Choropleth maps are the most widely used map type for mapping rates, such as those involving disease, crime, and socioeconomic indicators. The essential step of choosing a geographic unit to map is often made in an ad hoc manner. Among the desirable characteristics of choropleth mapping units are high degree of resolution, homogeneity of population size, homogeneity of land area, observation of minimum population thresholds and land area thresholds, temporal stability and currency, compactness of shape, audience familiarity, data availability, and the functional relevance of the unit to the phenomena mapped. Because of the uneven distribution of human populations, no single geographic unit can meet all of these characteristics in practice, and a well designed choropleth map necessarily involves some compromise. We present guidelines for choosing geographic units that take into account the above criteria, considering 12 geographic units ranging from census blocks to states. Even allowing for differences in scale and purpose, some units confer clear advantages over others.     

利用TM数据识别二道沟金矿地表地质特征

卫星TM数据以其丰富的光谱和连续的空间信息以及合理的市场价格被广泛地应用在中、小比例尺的金矿勘查中。利用TM数据所提供的信息指导大比例尺的矿区勘查和进行危机矿山外围找矿尚属探索性工作。本课题在利用TM数据对辽宁二道沟金矿地表矿床地质特征的识别就是这方面研究的一个尝试,并取得了很好的效果。     

Value-by-alpha maps: An alternative technique to the cartogram

The cartogram, or value-by-area map, is a popular technique for cartographically representing social data. Such maps visually equalize a basemap prior to mapping a social variable by adjusting the size of each enumeration unit by a second, related variable. However, to scale the basemap units according to an equalizing variable, cartograms must distort the shape and/or topology of the original geography. Such compromises reduce the effectiveness of the visualization for elemental and general map-reading tasks. Here we describe a new kind of representation, termed a value-by-alpha map, which visually equalizes the basemap by adjusting the alpha channel, rather than the size, of each enumeration unit. Although not without its own limitations, the value-by-alpha map is able to circumvent the compromise inherent to the cartogram form, perfectly equalizing the basemap while preserving both shape and topology.     

Value-by-alpha Maps: An Alternative Technique to the Cartogram

Abstract

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The cartogram, or value-by-area map, is a popular technique for cartographically representing social data. Such maps visually equalize a basemap before mapping a social variable by adjusting the size of each enumeration unit by a second, related variable. However, to scale the basemap units according to an equalizing variable, cartograms must distort the shape and/or topology of the original geography. Such compromises reduce the effectiveness of the visualisation for elemental and general map-reading tasks. Here we describe a new kind of representation, termed a value-by-alpha map, which visually equalizes the basemap by adjusting the alpha channel, rather than the size, of each enumeration unit. Although not without its own limitations, the value-by-alpha map is able to circumvent the compromise inherent to the cartogram form, perfectly equalizing the basemap while preserving both shape and topology.     

基于“数字城市”的测量标志巡查维护信息系统

数字城市以地理空间框架为定位基准,集成城市自然、社会、经济、人文、环境等综合信息,基于网络基础设施实现城市信息的广泛共享。本文基于数字城市公共服务平台开发建设市级测量标志巡查维护系统,并充分利用数字城市基础地理信息成果为测量标志管理与巡查维护提供方便、快捷的地图浏览,为测绘主管部门和测绘单位管理和使用测量标志提供方便。     

ArcGIS+MAPublisher制图技术流程的应用研究

以陕西省宝鸡峡灌区专题图编制为例,探讨ArcGIS+MAPublisher制图技术流程及其在灌区专题图方面的应用,并分析该制图流程相比于其他制图流程的优势所在.实践研究表明该技术流程在地图工艺、制图效率等方面有一定优化,可以为相关行业地图制图人员提供技术参考.     

宗海图编绘要素在AutoCAD中的实现技术方法探讨

宗海图是用海项目确权、范围界定的重要载体,考虑到宗海图编绘过程中各制图要素的重要性,本文通过分析宗海图编绘规范中关于比例尺、地图注记和图式等相关要求,结合在Auto CAD软件中的实现方法进行了探讨,期望以此实现宗海图编绘过程的规范化。     

基于数据匹配的建筑物群典型化快速算法

分析了多尺度数据库和在线综合集成的途径与网格简化技术的矛盾及改进方法．提出了基于多尺度数据匹配的建筑物群典型化算法。算法基于分治原则．将整个图面空间划分为多个分区，每个分区进而划分为多个簇，以簇为单元，支持并行计算。此方法快速有效，适于网络制图。     

A novel approach to optimize hierarchical vegetation mapping from hyper-temporal NDVI imagery,demonstrated at national level for Namibia

This paper presents a novel methodological approach to countrywide vegetation mapping. We used green vegetation biomass over the year as captured by coarse resolution hyper-temporal NDVI satellite-imagery, to generate vegetation mapping units at the biome, ecoregion and at the next lower hierarchical level for Namibia, excluding the Zambezi Region. Our method was based on a time series of 15 years of SPOT-VGT-MVC images each representing a specific 10-day period (dekad). The ISODATA unsupervised clustering technique was used to separately create 2–100 NDVI-cluster maps. The optimal number of temporal NDVI-clusters to represent the information on vegetation contained in the imagery was established by divergence separability statistics of all generated NDVI-clusters. The selected map consisted of legend of 81 cluster-specific temporal NDVI-profiles covering each a 15-year period of averaged NDVI data representing all pixels classified to that cluster. Then, by legend-entry using the dekad-medians of all 15 annual repeats, we produced generalized legend-entries without year-specific anomalies for each cluster. Subsequently, a hierarchical cluster analysis of these temporal NDVI-profiles was used to produce a dendrogram that generated grouping options for the 81 legend-entries. Maps with cluster-groups of 8 and 4 legend-entries resulted. The 81-cluster map and its 65 legend-entries vector version have no equivalent in published vegetation maps. The 8 cluster-group map broadly corresponds with published ecoregion level maps and the 4 cluster-group map with the published biome maps in their number of legend units. The published vegetation maps varied considerably from our NDVI-profile maps in the location of mapping unit boundaries. The agreement index between our map and published biome maps ranges from 70−93. For the ecoregion level, the agreement index is much lower, namely 51−75. Our methodological approach showed a considerably higher discretionary power for hierarchical levels and the number of vegetation mapping units than the approaches applied to previously published maps. We recommended an approach to transform our three hyper-temporal NDVI-profiles based legend-entries into more specific vegetation units. This might be accomplished by re-analysis of available, spatially-comprehensive plant species occurrence data.     

地图空间认知的数学原理

根据非退化区间为等势集合的原理,论证了从制图区域到二维地图平面间的映射与复合映射是双一一函数;主体意图对制图物体性质的确定,使地图符号既满足视觉感受的要求又满足制图物体Ax与地图符号pgf(Ax)之间的双一一函数关系。根据集合的连续定理,证明了地图符号pgf(Ax)是制图物体Ax的同胚象,从而为地图的空间认知提供了数学基础和理论支持。