近50年来中国干湿气候界线的10年际波动

利用中国北方1951～1999年降水量和年蒸发量资料，计算了干燥度指数（D）。并据此将中国划分为干旱区（D（0.20）），半干旱区（0.20-0.50）和湿润区（D(0.50）），近50a中国干湿气候波动显著，区域差异大；50a波动幅度东北区为20～400km，华北区为40～400km，西北东部为30～350km，西南区为40～370km，以80年代为界，在20世纪80年代以前（包括80年代），西南区气候具有显著变湿趋势；西北东部稍变湿；华北区和东北区具有变干趋势，且华北区变干程度比东北区严重。进入90年代。西南区和西北东部气候有变干迹象。华北区西部气候的干旱程度有所增加，华北区东部有所减弱，东北区气候进一步变湿，半干旱区是湿润区与干旱区之间的过渡区，是中国季风的边缘地带，也是环境变化的敏感区，20世纪60～70年代中国（北方）干湿气候存在一次突变，由较湿润变为干旱。50年来干湿气候界线呈现出整体移动和东西、南北相异波动的特征，当干湿气候界线同时向西或向北移动时，中国北方气候就变得相对湿润；当同时向东或向南移动时，北方气候就变得相对干旱；当干湿气候界线东西、南北相异移动时，北方气候的干旱程度就介于二者之间。     

510年来中国东中部地区气候干湿变化研究

选择上海、武汉、天津和西安为典型区，以1470-1979年逐年干湿等级序列为基本数据源，应用墨西哥帽小波变换方法，对中国东中部地区近510a来不同时间尺度下的气候干湿变化与气候突变特征进行分析，并探讨气候干湿变化的动因。结果显示：19世纪以前气候干湿变化表现出较明显的东西差异；小冰期事件、18世纪气候温和期等非局地性事件在较大区域都有反应，但各地的具体响应程度、方式和时间均有差异；在20世纪气候变暖的大背景下，各地气候均向偏干旱方向演变。百年以上尺度气候干湿变化的原因主要是太阳辐射及其引起的大气环流变化，百年以下尺度的变化则与季风系统短尺度波动、区内各个大气环流系统的相互作用、局地下垫面差异和人类活动等复杂因素的影响有关。     

新疆伊犁地区近40年来的干湿变化

利用多种数理统计方法,分析新疆伊犁地区近４０年来的干湿变化,划分出不同的干湿阶段与变化分析了降水与气温、与大气环流及邻近区域间降水的相关关系     

1480-1940年广东地区气候干湿变化与旱涝灾害区域分异特征

1 IntroductionThe natural disasters, especially the flood and drought disasters, have occurred frequently inG uangdong area since ancienttim es.A ccording to historic statisticaldata,since the 17th century,the occurrence of the flood and drought disasters…     

亚洲季风与中国干湿、农牧气候界线之关系

基于中国553个气象站点1958~2000年日降水量资料、北方295个气象站点同期(20(cm)蒸发皿资料,界定出半干旱区和农牧交错区各自的范围。利用东亚夏季风强度指数(1951~1995年)与印度夏季降水量(1951~1998年)资料, 分析了半干旱区和农牧交错区东南-西北界10年际空间变化与亚洲夏季风的关系。近50年中国干湿、农牧气候界线的动态变化是影响中国的季风环流强弱作用在空间上的实物表现, 季风环流的强弱变化控制着气候界线空间摆动的范围与方向, 其年代际变化是中国干湿、农牧气候界线呈现出年代际变化特征的根源。分析显示, 在现代情况下, 农牧气候界线位置的空间摆动主要反映人类生产活动强度的强弱差异, 人为因素起主导作用。     

中国干旱区温度带界线对气候变暖的响应

在全球气候变暖大背景下,热量资源的改变与温度带界线的动态变化将会影响到干旱区天然植被的生长与分布,而农业气候资源的变化将对干旱区农业生产的布局与种植制度的调整产生深刻影响。本文采用1961-2007 年均一化气温数据与MPI_ECHAM5 模式输出的21 世纪上半叶A1B情景下的区域降尺度格点数据,选取保证率为80%的日均温≥ 10 ℃持续日数等值线和日均温≥ 10 ℃等积温线为干旱区温度带北界指标,探讨了过去近50 年及21 世纪上半叶气候变暖背景下中国干旱区温度带界线的动态变化。研究表明,(1) 1961-2007 年,干旱区夏、冬半年气温呈显著增加趋势,且冬半年较夏半年增温幅度要大;各年代日均温≥ 10 ℃积温与≥ 10 ℃持续日数的等值线动态变化一致,均表现为显著向北或向高海拔推移;(2) 通过对温度带北界指标变化的判断,1961-2007 年干旱区暖温带和中温带北界普遍北移,北移幅度最大者为阿拉善地区,超过1 个纬度;21 世纪上半叶,暖温带和中温带北界将继续北移,且暖温带移动趋势更为显著;无论是过去近50 年,还是21 世纪上半叶,干旱区暖温带和中温带北界均有向高海拔区域移动趋势;(3) 与温度带北界的变动相对应,干旱区生长期起始日期和终霜日等气候指标显著提早,天然植被与作物种植北界向北向西推移,并呈现向高海拔区域扩展的态势。因此,综合考虑农业气候资源变化以及人类活动的影响,从而确定气候条件与农业生产种植之间的反馈关系,这将是下一步研究的重点。     

太湖流域公元960年以来的气候干湿变化研究

利用史料和文献建立了太湖流域公元960-1992年的逐年干湿等级序列，对此序列进行了周期分析和突变分析。分析表明，本区近千年来的历史干湿气候变化是一种复合振动，其主周期是准100年，另外还有多个周期，这些周期与天体活动密切相关。统计还发现1247-1263年附近由干变湿和1618-1635年附近由湿变干的两次非局地性气候突变事件。其中，14、15世纪是太湖流域近千年来最湿润的时期，它可能是东亚地区大范围气候变湿波动的体现。     

塔克拉玛干地区近四十年来的干湿变化

本文利用塔克玛干,周围山区、及相邻地区的４８个气象站近４０年的降水资料,分析塔克拉玛干地区年与四季干湿变化的阶段与周期,与与周围山区及相邻地区进行相关性分析。     

中国西北气候干湿变化研究进展

西北地区对全球气候变化十分敏感,研究分析该地区干湿变化特征,对区域发展至关重要.本文从气象(降水、温度、蒸发)、水文(地表水、土壤湿度、陆地水储量)和植被等角度综述了近50年西北地区干湿变化特征.结果 表明:西北整体气温升高,降水增加,呈暖湿化.但考虑陆面因素作用的分析表明该地区呈现东西部分化的格局.考虑蒸发因素的结果...     

Interdecadal fluctuation of dry and wet climate boundaries in China in the past 50 years

Based on the mean yearly precipitation and the total yearly evaporation data of 295 meteorological stations in China in 1951–1999, the aridity index is calculated in this paper. According to the aridity index, the climatic regions in China are classified into three types, namely, arid region, semi-arid region and humid region. Dry and wet climate boundaries in China fluctuate markedly and differentiate greatly in each region in the past 50 years. The fluctuation amplitudes are 20–400 km in Northeast China, 40–400 km in North China, 30–350 km in the eastern part of Northwest China and 40–370 km in Southwest China. Before the 1980s (including 1980), the climate tended to be dry in Northeast China and North China, to be wet in the eastern part of Northwest China and very wet in Southwest China. Since the 1990s there have been dry signs in Southwest China, the eastern part of Northwest China and North China. The climate becomes wetter in Northeast China. Semi-arid region is the transitional zone between humid and arid regions, the monsoon edge belt in China, and the susceptible region of environmental evolution. At the end of the 1960s dry and wet climate in China witnessed abrupt changes, changing wetness into dryness. Dry and wet climate boundaries show the fluctuation characteristics of the whole shifts and the opposite fluctuations of eastward, westward, southward and northward directions. The fluctuations of climatic boundaries and the dry and wet variations of climate have distinctive interdecadal features.     

Interdecadal fluctuation of dry and wet climate boundaries in China in the past 50 years

Based on the mean yearly precipitation and the total yearly evaporation data of 295 meteorological stations in China in 1951-1999, the aridity index is calculated in this paper. According to the aridity index, the climatic regions in China are classified into three types, namely, arid region, semi-arid region and humid region. Dry and wet climate boundaries in China fluctuate markedly and differentiate greatly in each region in the past 50 years. The fluctuation amplitudes are 20-400 km in Northeast China, 40-400 km in North China, 30-350 km in the eastern part of Northwest China and 40-370 km in Southwest China. Before the 1980s (including 1980), the climate tended to be dry in Northeast China and North China, to be wet in the eastern part of Northwest China and very wet in Southwest China. Since the 1990s there have been dry signs in Southwest China, the eastern part of Northwest China and North China. The climate becomes wetter in Northeast China. Semi-arid region is the transitional zone between humid and arid regions, the monsoon edge belt in China, and the susceptible region of environmental evolution. At the end of the 1960s dry and wet climate in China witnessed abrupt changes, changing wetness into dryness. Dry and wet climate boundaries show the fluctuation characteristics of the whole shifts and the opposite fluctuations of eastward, westward, southward and northward directions. The fluctuations of climatic boundaries and the dry and wet variations of climate have distinctive interdecadal features.     

Intensified risk to ecosystem productivity under climate change in the arid/humid transition zone in northern China

Assessing the climate change risk faced by the ecosystems in the arid/humid transition zone(AHTZ) in northern China holds scientific significance to climate change adaptation. We simulated the net primary productivity(NPP) for four representative concentration pathways(RCPs) using an improved Lund-Potsdam-Jena model. Then a method was established based on the NPP to identify the climate change risk level. From the midterm period(2041–2070) to the long-term period(2071–2099), the risks indicated by the negative anomaly and the downward trend of the NPP gradually extended and increased. The higher the scenario emissions, the more serious the risk. In particular, under the RCP8.5 scenario, during 2071–2099, the total risk area would be 81.85%, that of the high-risk area would reach 54.71%. In this high-risk area, the NPP anomaly would reach –96.00±46.95 gC·m~(-2)·a~(-1), and the rate of change of the NPP would reach –3.56±3.40 gC·m~(-2)·a~(-1). The eastern plain of the AHTZ and the eastern grasslands of Inner Mongolia are expected to become the main risk concentration areas. Our results indicated that the management of future climate change risks requires the consideration of the synergistic effects of warming and intensified drying on the ecosystem.     

过去45年中国干湿气候区域变化特征

利用中国1960-2004年降水、平均气温、风速和相对湿度等资料,分别采用降水指数和干湿分类函数作为干湿区域的划分标准,将中国划分成三个干湿等级的区域:干旱区、半干旱区和湿润区。结果发现无论以哪种指数作为衡量干湿的标准,我国过去45年的干旱总面积,即干旱区面积和半干旱区面积之和,均为扩大趋势,湿润面积则为减小趋势,这种情况在近十年表现得尤为显著。而半干旱区面积在分析时段变化的幅度最大,是干湿变化的敏感区。但两种结果之间也存在不同:降水指数的结果表明干旱区和湿润区的面积减小,半干旱区的面积增大;而干湿分类函数得到的各个干湿区域的面积则表明干旱区的增大,半干旱区和湿润区的减小。从定量的角度讲,干湿分类函数估算的干旱区面积的45年平均值比降水指数估算的干旱区面积的45年平均值约大15%,其估算的半干旱面积的45年平均值比降水指数的结果约小9%,而两者湿润区面积的45年平均值相差约6%。最后给出了仅分析降水指数就能反映干湿状况的地区和必须分析干湿分类函数才能确定干湿状况的区域。     

The extreme dry/wet events in northern China during recent 100 years

Using monthly precipitation and monthly mean temperature, a surface humid index was proposed. According to the index, the distributed characteristics of extreme dryness has been fully analyzed. The results indicated that there is an obvious increasing trend of extreme dryness in the central part of northern China and northeastern China in the last 10 years, which shows a high frequency period of extreme dryness; while a low frequency period in the regions during the last 100 years. Compared with variation trend of the temperature in these regions, the region of high frequent extreme dryness is consistent with the warming trend in the same region.     

中国近代北方极端干湿事件的演变规律

Using monthly precipitation and monthly mean temperature, a surface humid index was proposed. According to the index, the distributed characteristics of extreme dryness has been fully analyzed. The results indicated that there is an obvious increasing trend of extreme dryness in the central part of northern China and northeastern China in the last 10 years, which shows a high frequency period of extreme dryness; while a low frequency period in the regions during the last 100 years. Compared with variation trend of the temperature in these regions, the region of high frequent extreme dryness is consistent with the warming trend in the same region.     

两种干湿气候类型评价方法在内蒙古地区应用比较

Holdridge可能蒸散率(PER)和徐文铎湿润指数(HI)在内蒙古地区的应用结果表明:两种干湿气候类型划分差异主要体现在半干旱和亚(半)湿润区,其余气候类型地域分布比较一致。其年代变化的共同点是半干旱区+干旱区+极干旱区面积逐年增加,亚(半)湿润区+湿润区面积逐年减少。PER分类与降水量分布规律明显,而HI分类更多体现了温度和降水的综合影响。在考虑下垫面特征的情况下,徐文铎湿润指数更符合内蒙古地区干湿气候带划分。30 a温度与降水相关分析表明:温度呈显著增加趋势,而降水的下降趋势属正常气候波动。     

中国北方干湿过渡区生态系统生产力的气候变化风险评估

气候变化风险是人类社会发展面临的严峻挑战,评估识别对气候波动响应敏感且复杂的干湿过渡区生态系统所面临的气候变化风险是一个重要科学问题,对区域气候治理和风险管理具有科学意义.本文利用参与耦合模式比较计划第五阶段(CMIP5)的多气候模式多情景数据,通过改进和验证Lund-Potsdam-Jena(LPJ)动态全球植被模型...     

近58a我国西北地区干期与湿期变化特征

利用西北地区1960—2017年68个站点逐日降雨气象数据,分别将日降雨小于（大于等于）0.1 mm和1 mm定义为旱日（湿日）,从干期和湿期变化特征的角度分析西北地区雨日年内分配变化。结果表明：西北地区东部年降雨量变化不明显,降雨频率下降,平均降雨强度增加;西北地区西部年降雨量、降雨频率和平均降雨强度均呈现增加趋势,平均降雨强度增加主要是由于降雨量增加速率快于降雨频率增加速率。结合干期和湿期变化特征,发现西北地区东部虽然干期旱日总数增加,但干期平均长度、干期次数和最长干期旱日数变化不明显,同时湿期湿日数和次数减少,说明西北地区东部在降雨量不变情况下,降雨更加集中。在西北地区西部,干期次数增加,但干期旱日总数、干期平均长度以及最长干期旱日数减少,湿期湿日数和湿期次数增加,湿期平均长度不变,西北地区西部在降雨量和降雨频率增加过程中,干期持续时间缩短,对该区域农业生产和生态环境有利。另外,使用不同阈值会影响特征值变化趋势大小及其显著性,甚至会得到相反的变化趋势,说明选择合理阈值对于研究降雨、干期以及湿期变化十分重要,需要结合区域气候特征进一步研究。