Age of the fossil Dali Man in north-central China deduced from chronostratigraphy of the loess–paleosol sequence

Dali Man, an archaic type of early Homo sapiens, is of great significance to the origin of Homo sapiens. Achievements have been made during the past decades in the understanding of the fossil human skull as well as the accompanying mammalian fossils and stone artifacts. However, the absolute age of the fossil Dali Man still remains unclear. Based on the magnetic susceptibility of loess sediments and the relationship of terracing process with climatic condition, we correlated the loess sequence and the subjacent terrace alluvium at the Dali Man site with the well-studied loess–paleosol sequence at Luochuan in the central part of the Chinese Loess Plateau. The correlation indicates that the loess–paleosol sequence at the Dali Man site extends down to the paleosol S2, and the underlying fluvial deposits correspond to the loess L3. Because the Dali Man skull appears in the basal gravel layer of the terrace, and because the deposition of the terrace gravels would occur during the transition from S3 paleosol formation to L3 loess accumulation, the age of the fossil Dali Man is inferred to be ca 270 ka, which is equivalent to the age of the boundary between the loess L3 and paleosol S3 on the magnetic susceptibility time series of the Luochuan loess–paleosol sequence.     

Earlier sediment differential compaction in Gibson County, Indiana

A thick wedge of nonmarine gray shale extends from the Galatia Channel and overlies the Springfield Coal Member of the Petersburg Formation (Pennsylvania) in western Gibson Country, but mainly marine black shales overlie the Springfield in the eastern part of the county. The sulfur content of the Springfield coal is lower beneath this wedge of nonmarine gray shale than beneath the marine shales. Fine-grained, compacted bay and overbank deposits form the western delta platform of the coal. Less compacted deposits of fluvial channel sandstone make up the eastern delta platform. Differential compaction of the delta platform of the Springfield coal controlled gray-shale distribution and determined the sulfur content of the coal.     

北京斋堂雁翅地区的黄土

北京西山永定河支流清水河流域的斋堂盆地,是著名的“马兰黄土”的得名地,是我国黄土与三趾马红土首次划分之处。斋堂、雁翅一带又是京郊黄土最为发育的地区之一。近百年来,已见不少有关本区黄土与地文期的报导。     

封顶覆盖黄土气体渗透特性测试及填埋气一维运移分析

黄土在我国西北地区广泛分布,是当地垃圾填埋场封顶覆盖层的主要材料,该材料的气体渗透特性直接影响了覆盖层对填埋气释放的控制效果。利用渗析技术和自制的气体渗透系数测量装置,模拟和测试了干湿气象条件下覆盖黄土服役含水率变化及其对气体渗透系数的影响,并建立填埋气在垃圾体和覆盖层中的一维稳态运移模型,分析了覆盖层气体渗透系数和抽气速率对填埋气释放控制效果的影响。研究结果表明：渗析技术能有效模拟覆盖黄土服役含水率的变化,压实黄土试样的气体渗透系数介于10-17～10-12 m2量级,随服役含水率的增加而降低,且对于压实度比较高的黄土降低得更加明显;覆盖层底部的填埋气压随气体渗透系数的减小而增大,通过覆盖层下部的气体扩散层负压抽气等措施,可有效减小覆盖层底部气压和填埋气的释放量。     

梯田型黄土滑坡隐患发育特征与成因分析

黄河流域地质构造活跃、地貌演化迅速、气候区域分异显著,导致流域内重大灾害类型多、分布广、突发性强。文章以宁夏南部黄土丘陵区为研究区,引入梯田型黄土滑坡隐患的概念,通过结合历史资料收集、遥感影像解译、现场调查和数理统计等手段,分析了梯田型黄土滑坡隐患的发育特征、分布规律及形成原因。结果表明:（1）研究区梯田型黄土滑坡隐患共26处,主要分布于第四系黄土中,中长边坡数量较多,主要为浅层与中层梯田型黄土滑坡隐患,规模以小型为主。（2）梯田型黄土滑坡隐患在空间上主要分布在黄土梁峁区和大起伏山地区,1 800~2 000 m的高程区间,坡向为东南、南、西南时分布较多;在时间上主要分布在雨季或地震活动时期。（3）地形地貌、地层结构、降雨、地表水和人类工程活动是梯田型黄土滑坡隐患发育的主要因素。研究结果对于宁夏南部黄土丘陵区以及黄河流域梯田型黄土滑坡隐患风险识别与风险管理具有指导和借鉴意义。     

冲击压实路基黄土的微观特征研究

采用扫描电镜和压汞试验研究了天然黄土和冲击压实8～40遍路基黄土的微观结构和孔隙特征。结果表明：天然黄土和冲击压实8遍的路基黄土,其微结构以粒状架空结构为主;冲击压实16～40遍,土的微结构变成粒状镶嵌结构。冲击压实16遍前后,土的孔隙直径分布在0.006～164 μm之间,平均孔径从0.767 9 μm降低到0.0 711 μm,中等孔径从5.264 μm减少到0.568 4 μm;但孔隙表面积从0.624 m2/g增加到7.517 m2/g。孔径分布在10 μm和2 μm处出现分界值,16遍前2     

山西太原盆地全新世地貌演化及其对古人类聚落分布的影响*

人地关系是现代地理学重要的研究课题,其中地貌是影响古人类文化进程的重要因素。基于研究区野外地貌考察和沉积物的光释光年代测定,并利用地理信息系统分析技术,探讨山西省太原盆地全新世地貌演化过程、人类聚落分布变化规律及两者之间的关系。研究结果表明: 从仰韶到夏商时期,太原盆地平原区一直是不适宜人类居住的河流和湖泊环境,而在盆地边缘有一圈环绕盆地的黄土台地,所以人类文化遗址一直呈环状分布于太原盆地边缘。晚更新世,盆地边缘以洪积过程为主,盆地中部以河流过程为主,形成了盆地边缘高、中间低的地势;晚更新世末期到全新世早期,由于盆地中部构造下陷与气候转变为暖湿的共同影响,盆地边缘地带下切形成黄土丘陵或台地。此时,太原盆地的仰韶文化遗址就分布在环盆地边缘的黄土台地和黄土丘陵上。到了龙山早期,盆地东侧中部陷落平原边缘地势稍高的地区,由于河流进一步下切而高出洪水水位,龙山早期先民开始进入这些地势稍高的平原地区活动;盆地西侧清徐—文水一带也转为下切,形成低台地,开始有人类在此台地上活动。到了龙山晚期,盆地平原区及各河流均发生向上加积,导致盆地平原区水位上升,洪水影响扩大到平原边缘地区,太谷—介休一带,龙山晚期先民开始退出平原地区。夏商时期,先民也从清徐—文水一带低台地上退出。约距今3,ka之后,随着灵石隆起段汾河干流的下切,太原盆地边缘地带及中部平原区河流均有不同程度的下切,人类聚落才又开始向平原地区扩展。全新世太原盆地的地貌演化是影响古人类聚落分布的主要因素。     

露天煤矿排土场土层重构及接菌对植物根系提水作用试验研究

露天煤矿排土场土层重构对于生态重建具有重要意义,为研究接种深色有隔内生真菌(dark septate endophytes, DSE)对不同重构土层模式下玉米根系水分的利用效应,采用土柱模拟培养试验,设置4种类型土层处理,每种土层类型下设置接菌及对照处理,共8组处理。结果表明:掺黄土20%处理下玉米根长密度最大,分别为掺黄土0%、10%和40%的3.2、2.4、2.8倍,水分胁迫后根系具有向下生长、吸取深层水分的能力;基于δ18O值的MixSIAR模型水源分析,掺黄土0%处理下玉米主要利用0~25 cm处的水分,水分利用效率达到80%;掺黄土10 %处理下玉米主要利用15~35 cm处的水分,水分利用效率达到64%;而掺黄土20%处理下玉米对0~25 cm处的水分利用效率仅为36%,对25~45 cm处水分利用率达到64%,说明掺黄土20%处理下玉米主要利用土壤深层水分。接种DSE提高了植物吸收更深层水的能力,掺黄土20%处理下水分利用深度向下增加了5 cm,掺黄土20%基质中接菌处理在干旱胁迫后植物根系提水量达到最大,生长期总提水量较不接菌处理提升了45%;在不接菌条件下掺黄土20%植物根系提水量是掺黄土0%的1.45倍,而在接菌条件下掺黄土20%植物根系提水量可达到掺黄土0%的1.72倍。综上认为,接种DSE及土层重构均对提升植物提水能力具有显著作用。此外,本研究结果对露天矿区排土场土层重构过程中土壤改良及植物的水分利用效率提供实验参考依据。      

煤矸石释放重金属环境效应研究--淮南煤矿塌陷区水体试验场实例调查

概要分析了淮南新孜5号井煤矸石所含的重金属元素对塌陷区鱼塘水质的影响,指出除个别水样中Zn、Cu超标外,其他均不超标,该鱼塘水质适宜养鱼要求。矸石样与华北及整个地壳泥岩中元素的丰度比,矸石中Cr、Pb、Zn与泥岩丰度基本持平,而Cd、Cu均超过其他泥岩中丰度值。因此,煤矸石在地面遭受风化,其所含有害物质可能会释放到环境,在煤矸石堆放处适当进行监测还是必要的。     

Loess sedimentation in Tibet: provenance,processes, and link with Quaternary glaciations

Well-preserved loess deposits are found on the foothills of mountains along the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River in southern Tibet. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating is used to determine loess ages by applying the single-aliquot regeneration technique. Geochemical, mineralogical, and granulometric measurements were carried out to allow a comparison between loess from Tibet and the Chinese Loess Plateau. Our results demonstrate that (i) the loess deposits have a basal age of 13–11 ka, suggesting they accumulated after the last deglaciation, (ii) loess in southern Tibet has a “glacial” origin, resulting from eolian sorting of glaciofluvial outwash deposits from braided river channels or alluvial fans by local near-surface winds, and (iii) the present loess in the interior of Tibet has accumulated since the last deglaciation when increased monsoonal circulation provided an increased vegetation cover that was sufficient for trapping eolian silt. The lack of full-glacial loess is either due to minimal vegetation cover or possibly due to the erosion of loess as glaciofluvial outwash during the beginning of each interglacial. Such processes would have been repeated during each glacial–interglacial cycle of the Quaternary.     

末次盛冰期北美风成环境变化及其在全球气候突变事件中的意义

本文用末次冰期北美大冰盖南缘的风尘堆积记录来重建末次盛冰期的亚极地环境变化.磁化率、有机碳含量和潜育化程度的资料表明,末次盛冰期的前期(约21000～15000aB P.)植被覆盖较差,而后期(15000～10000aB.P.)植被覆盖较好,15 000aB.P.环境发生了急剧的变化,磁化率曲线显示了大约1000a的氧化-还原周期.这种大约1000a的环境变化周期很可能由低纬地区的海洋和大气的扰动所驱动,这种扰动的能量通过北美大冰盖及时地传递到北大西洋.     

黑龙江省依兰盆地古近系达连河组油页岩沉积特征

达连河油页岩含矿区位于黑龙江省依兰地区,该区是一个半地堑式断陷盆地。古近系达连河组为一个完整的三级层序,油页岩形成于水进体系域和高水位体系域发育时期。油页岩沉积相类型为半深湖相沉积,与泥炭沼泽相煤层伴生,为煤层的顶板,含油率为3.75%~8.37%,有较高的开采价值。煤层顶部发育的巨厚湖相劣质油页岩,分布广,层位稳定,含油率<3.5%。研究区油页岩成因类型为混合型和腐殖型。根据油页岩工业划分标准,达连河油页岩属于中灰分、低含油率的油页岩。     

An approach to the classification of Utah mine spoils and tailings based on surface hydrology and erosion

The physical similarities among mine spoils may be strongly influenced by the geologic source of the spoils where overburden is produced from areas of simple geologic structure. Textures and bulk densities are influenced by the methods of handling the materials during mining and disposal operations. Where these influences are the same in more than one mining site, surface hydrology and erosion parameters are often similar. A specific tailing deposit may be highly variable with respect to the physical and chemical characteristics produced by methods of ore treatment and concentration. This variability makes it difficult to classify tailings based on surface hydrology and erosion. Hydrologic characteristics of spoil deposits as related to future successful rehabilitation may be improved by (1) conducting mining activities to permit identification and segregation of favorable overburden strata for use in revegetation, (2) reconstituting soil for optimum plant growth, (3) shaping spoils to be compatible with surrounding topography, (4) mulching with organic materials, and (5) avoiding or ameliorating compaction of the soil-spoil surface. Mr. Burton is currently hydrologist with the Bureau of Land Management in Lewiston, Montana, U.S.A.     

黄土的湿陷性与击实试验指标关系研究

进行了黄土的击实试验,提出了击实率的概念,拓展了CART(classification and regression trees)决策树算法的功能。将其用于相关性挖掘,进行了原状黄土湿陷性与击实率等指标的相关性挖掘,结果表明,击实率与湿陷系数具有相关性,击实率与最优含水率状态的击实率呈显著负相关性。根据试验及分析结果提出黄土在击实过程中的变形特性可反映黄土的湿陷性,黄土的击实效果同其湿陷性具相关性。这一研究为黄土湿陷性的评价提出了一条新的思路,同时成果具有实用性。     

黄土地区挤密桩桩周土体挤密模型的确定

研究分析了邓肯-张模型在挤密桩周土体应用中的不足。通过室内试验及对黄土地区挤土桩成孔对桩周土挤密原理的分析,认为桩周挤密黄土变形模量在破坏前符合邓肯-张模型,破坏后可用重塑土室内压缩试验的压缩模量与建议的转换系数? 确定,并进一步给出了相应的计算模式,提出了黄土成孔挤密模型并通过一个实例验证了模型的合理性。此模型为以后对桩周土体的应力分析打下了良好的基础,对进一步完善挤密桩设计理论具有参考价值。     

强夯法加固湿陷性黄土的微观研究

黄土的湿陷性对于建筑的安全具有极大的危害性,而强夯法可以有效地消除黄土的湿陷性。通过对强夯前后湿陷性黄土的物理力学性质及微观结构进行对比分析,强夯效果沿深度可分为三段,从3 m至8 m为强夯效果最佳段。强夯使土体中孔径大于20 μm的孔隙含量减少,小于5 μm的孔隙含量增加,土体的致密程度提高。     

Landscape Reconstruction and Recreation of Damaged Land in Opencast Coal Mine: A Review

Land resources in opencast coal mine are excavated and occupied during the process of mining. Severe soil compaction resulted from heavy machinery lead to a series of consequences: vegetation cannot grow normally, loss of soil and water take place constantly, and landscape is damaged. Therefore, for the future development of reclamation and ecological restoration in opencast coal mine, it has become one major task to carry out the reconstruction of damaged landscape. According to the damage characteristics of land landscape in mining area, this paper summarized the data acquisition methods of damaged land landscape in this field, including remote sensing, GPS RTK, UAV, 3D laser scanning. Fractal and landscape index methods reflecting landscape were also reviewed. Besides, landscape remodeling and reconstruction theories were concluded, which include landscape ecology, microtopography and imitated-nature landform. Base on the above mentioned, it was found out that the UAV, 3D laser scanning technologies and fractal characterization method were rarely applied. In order to provide theoretical guidance and scientific basis for improving the effect of damaged landscape reconstruction and recreation in opencast coal mine, future research should be targeted on strengthening technology, deepening the fractal theory, creating landscape planning and technology system of damaged land.     

The dynamics of shale compaction and evolution of pore-fluid pressures

A mathematical model of sedimentation and compaction of fine-grained rocks such as shale has been constructed. Water is considered to flow upward or downward out of a compacting rock according to Darcy's law until the pore-water pressure within the rock is normal for the depth in question. The porosity decreases during compaction until a minimum porosity, determined by the difference between total vertical stress (overburden pressure) and pore-water pressure, is obtained. The model takes into account the dependence of permeability on porosity for a given rock type, and the dependence of water viscosity on salinity, temperature, and pressure. The derived equations have been computer programmed to obtain the time dependence of porosity, pressure, water velocity, permeability, and other factors within a compacting shale during (a) shale sedimentation, (b) a time lapse following shale deposition, (c) the deposition of normally pressured sediments over the shale, and (d) a second time lapse following deposition of the normally pressured unit. Solutions to these problems are given for the situation when the unit underlying the shale is normally pressured, and for the situation when the underlying unit is impermeable. The calculations show that a portion of a thick shale adjacent to a normally pressured unit may have a considerably reduced porosity and permeability, and act as a seal for the remainder of the shale. High fluid pressures may persist for many millions of years in thick shales with low permeability. The computations can be extended to cover more complicated cases of interbedded shales, sands, and other lithologies.     

Use of mine spoils from Teruel coal mining district (NE,Spain)

Coal mine restoration projects increase public perception of mining companies. Spain has relatively few examples of completed opencast mine rehabilitation projects. This study seeks to obtain the use of mine spoils from coal mines in Teruel. The studied mine spoils may be used as raw material for the Spanish ceramic industry, located in the provinces of Castellon, Valencia and Teruel. This study specifically discusses the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the Lower Cretaceous materials from coal deposits in Estercuel basin, around Teruel and Castellon in Spain. These provinces have a large ceramic industry. A characterization of mine spoils from coal deposits has been carried out. This characterization is based on the data of both mineral and chemical analysis. The mineralogical characterization was complemented with SEM/EDAX. The study of the chemical composition allows the evaluation of the applicability of the studied mine spoils to the following industries: refractory, fine clay, red clay for pavement and coating, and heavy clay. The clay used for refractory industry has the highest compositional demand. The positive results obtained on this set of preliminary tests lead us to envisage new research programs, focusing on testing these mine spoils on a semi-industrial scale.     

淮北海孜煤矿采煤塌陷区煤矸石充填复垦条件分析

为了增加塌陷区耕地资源,有效地提高土地利用率,减少环境污染,本文通过对海孜煤矿塌陷区进行实地勘查,室内测试和实验,分析塌陷区煤矸石充填复垦条件。分析结果表明:塌陷区的地形地貌条件有利于土地复垦工程的实施,较高的地下水位可以为重构土壤提供充足的水分;塌陷区塌陷深度小,且绝大部分塌陷区已达到稳沉状态,有益于煤矸石充填复垦;大量的煤矸石为充填复垦提供了充足的物质基础,煤矸石中有害元素含量低,复垦后不会对地下水和土壤造成显著的污染,且煤矸石的块度组分有利于水分的保持和上移。