亚硝酸测定工艺流程优化及试剂稳定性研究

对《海洋调查规范》中测定海水 NO2 - N的常规方法进行了优化 ,达到简化操作过程 ,缩短分析时间以适应水下现场自动分析的目标。此外还对亚硝酸盐测定所使用的试剂及标准贮备液的稳定性进行了一系列的研究 ,改进试剂保存方法 ,延长试剂使用寿命 ,以满足长期现场测定的要求。     

营养盐自动分析仪测量海水氨氮盐度效应分析及解决方案探讨

以营养盐自动分析仪为研究对象,研究海水氨氮测量过程中海水盐度效应的特点,并在此基础上研究降低盐度效应的方法。采用营养盐自动分析仪测量不同盐度标准溶液,标准曲线线性度都能达到0.999 0以上,说明海水盐度对分析仪标准曲线线性度基本没有影响;随海水盐度增加,标准曲线斜率呈增加趋势。通过对比15条不同盐度标准曲线测量准确性,确定在海水盐度已知情况下选取与被测海水盐度最为相近的人工海水定标能够最大程度降低盐度效应;在海水盐度未知或海水盐度变化较大情况下,以盐度15的人工海水定标,能够最大程度降低盐度效应对氨氮测量结果的影响。     

水下光谱辐射测量技术

海水中的叶绿素、泥沙、黄色物质等及其含量直接影响海水的光谱特性。此外，海洋水色遥感算法的建立及验证也离不开现场相关光学参数的测量，准确的海水现场光谱辐射测量，是提高海洋水色定量化遥感精度的重要环节。文章通过开展水下光谱辐射测量方法的讨论、仪器总体方案的设计及相应的试验的结果分析，提出了有关水下光谱辐射测量仪器构成的一些想法。     

海水营养盐现场自动分析技术

介绍了目前国内外对海水营养盐浓度测量仪器的研究现状，论述了吸光光度法测量营养盐浓度的基本原理，以及硅酸盐和氨氮现场测量分析工艺流程。     

水下激光散射仪的研制

一、前言海洋光学发展至今已经成为一个范围广泛、具有巨大潜力的重要学科。光在水中的传输特性,始终是人们感兴趣的课题。散射和吸收是决定光在海水中传播的基本过程。海水对光的散射是比较复杂的,这是由于海水中悬浮粒子的大小范围很广,粒子的散射特性是与粒子的大小相对于光的波长之比有关,同时海水对光的散射还与粒子的性质和数量有关。此外,它们又随着时间而变化,并受制于水文要素。因此,必须对光散射作比较详细地研究,并对各海区的光散射特性作现场调查。海水光散射的测量对水下照相、水下电视、水下伪装、水下照明工程、水下捕捞、遥感沿岸水深和水色、海水表     

海水营养盐自动测定研究Ⅱ.氨氮的反流动注射分析

自从流动注射分析技术提出以后,很多作者用于测定水中氨氮的研究。其主要测定方法有奈氏试剂法、气体扩散法、电测法等。这些方法有的检出限较高,不适于海水中NH_4~+-N的测定,有的则还没有直接应用于海水介质中。Johnson等提出了反流动注射分析技术,利用样品分散度低的特点,使分析灵敏度显著提高,并对海水中NO_3~-,NO_2~-,PO_4~(3-),SiO_3~(2-),的测定进行了研究。鉴于我国调查规范的要求,本文利用流动注射技术对次溴酸钠氧化法进行了研究,并通过因子设计及单纯形最优化选择等条件实验,得到了满意的结果。     

抗坏血酸还原海水中硅酸盐化学工艺优化研究

为了满足硅酸盐水下自动测量的要求,采用抗坏血酸作还原剂对硅酸盐进行检测,并对该工艺进行了优化.实验研究了溶液浓度、显色时间与吸光度的关系,确定了盐度对测量结果的影响,给出了硅酸盐现场自动分析工艺优化流程图.将此方法应用到水下现场分析仪上,能连续测量43 d,数据重现性较好.     

用于沉积物-海水界面污染通量监测的自动采样技术

研究海底沉积物一海水界面污染物迁移规律的最佳方法是通过原位无扰动采样技术获取该界面水样,经过实验室分析计算得出污染通量.文中介绍了用于沉积物-海水界面污染通量监测的自动采样技术,通过测量通量舱在海底沉积物上隔离海水中的污染物含量的变化,能实现痕量重金属等污染通量的实时、现场、自动采样和监测.     

不同海水营养盐现场连续观测系统的比较研究*

海水营养盐自动观测技术是海洋观测技术的核心之一, 也是世界各国海洋观测技术发展的重点。本文概述了海水营养盐自动观测技术在海洋环境监测中的研究进展, 并基于航次的现场实践, 比较了海水营养盐自动观测设备的应用情况, 归纳了不同设备的优缺点。基于紫外光谱法的硝酸盐传感器(in-situ ultraviolet spectroscopy, ISUS)具有不需化学试剂、响应速度快、适合连续长期观测、耐压深度深的优点, 可广泛应用于海水和淡水环境的走航观测、现场剖面观测和浮标定点观测; 其缺点是测定参数少、灵敏度低。基于湿化学法的营养盐剖面自动分析仪(Autonomous Profiling Nutreint Analyzer, APNA)与连续流动在线分析仪(型号为QuAAtro)具有测定精度和准确度高、多营养盐参数同步测定的优点, 可用于浅水剖面和短时间连续观测, 但存在操作复杂、工作时间短、试剂用量大的缺点, 不适合长期时间序列或深水观测; APNA能进行原位观测, QuAAtro基于船载, 需要加载样品采集过滤系统。本研究基于以上实践与经验, 进一步探讨了现有海水营养盐自动观测技术目前所面临的技术瓶颈及未来发展趋势, 旨在为海洋现场自动监测仪器的选用提供参考。     

水下连接器故障分析及预防

介绍了海洋石油钻井设备水下连接器,以H-4型水下连接器在现场使用中出现的故障现象为例,通过对H-4型水下连接器的结构原理的分析,分析在现场使用连接器发生脱不开故障的原因,并根据原因介绍了其预防的措施;旨在为海洋浮式钻井平台现场使用水下连接器作业提供借鉴和指导作用.     

对核潜艇保持隐蔽性的支援掩护保障需求分析

现代化战争中,核潜艇的作战地位重要、作战海域远、航渡时间长,其能否隐蔽进入海上预定阵地,是完成作战任务的关键。为支援掩护核潜艇保持隐蔽性,分析了支援掩护行动的特点以及支援保障的需求,可以为保障对潜支援掩护行动提供一定的参考。     

An appeal for a code of conduct for marine conservation

Marine conservation actions are promoted to conserve natural values and support human wellbeing. Yet the quality of governance processes and the social consequences of some marine conservation initiatives have been the subject of critique and even human rights complaints. These types of governance and social issues may jeopardize the legitimacy of, support for and long-term effectiveness of marine conservation. Thus, we argue that a clearly articulated and comprehensive set of social standards - a code of conduct - is needed to guide marine conservation. In this paper, we draw on the results of an expert meeting and scoping review to present key principles that might be taken into account in a code of conduct, to propose a draft set of foundational elements for inclusion in a code of conduct, to discuss the benefits and challenges of such a document, and to propose next steps to develop and facilitate the uptake of a broadly applicable code of conduct within the marine conservation community. The objectives of developing such a code of conduct are to promote fair conservation governance and decision-making, socially just conservation actions and outcomes, and accountable conservation practitioners and organizations. The uptake and implementation of a code of conduct would enable marine conservation to be both socially acceptable and ecologically effective, thereby contributing to a truly sustainable ocean.     

A review of sustainable sea-transport for Oceania: Providing context for renewable energy shipping for the Pacific

This paper summarises research and options for sustainable sea transport in Oceania with a focus on domestic shipping. This debate is situated initially within the context of the current Pacific domestic shipping scenario, a region of minute economies connected by some of the longest sea transport routes in the world. All current options are fossil fuel powered and increasingly uneconomic and unsustainable. Many routes are marginal or unviable and a vicious cycle of old ships replaced with old ships prevails. Although a central and essential issue of many Pacific communities, the option of pursuing sustainable sea transport is currently invisible within the policy space at all levels. Various renewable energy options are possible and increasingly available. Recent research finds that these have strong potential for providing benefits across multiple wellbeings. The barriers to pursing this agenda are complex and poorly understood but are perceptual and institutional more than technological. A small number of critical experiments during the last oil crisis provide critical lessons and direction.     

Development of acoustic techniques for assessment of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus biomass off Namibia,and of methods for correcting for bias

Orange roughy form dense spawning aggregations in specific small areas in deep water on the Namibian shelf between late June and early August each year. The biomass in three such areas, where most commercial fishing occurs (the Johnies, Frankies and Rix Quota Management Areas, or QMAs) has been assessed acoustically each year since 1997. Acoustic estimates of the aggregated portion of the biomass (the only component that can be assessed reliably using acoustics) were obtained for all three QMAs in 1997 and 1998, but only for Frankies in 1999 owing to increased problems with target identification as the biomass declined. The methodology developed for these surveys, including the equipment used, survey design, target identification, data processing and error analysis are described. Some important biases that should be corrected for when estimating absolute abundance of orange roughy acoustically are addressed. Individual sources of error were quantified as well as possible, and input to an error model that simulated the error process and produced probability density functions of absolute biomass, from which the mean absolute biomass and its standard error could be computed for each survey, effectively correcting for identified sources of bias and quantifying the overall uncertainty. The correction factors ranged from 1.58 to 1.71 and the CVs increased by factors of 1.2–2.1. Target strength uncertainty and negative bias attributable to the dead zone close to the bottom were considered to be the most serious errors. The acoustic estimates indicate a substantial decline in orange roughy biomass in all three QMAs since 1997, in accord with indices from contemporaneous swept-area surveys and the catch rate of the commercial fleet. Acoustic estimates have already been used extensively to manage the resource and are likely to remain important in the future.     

海洋信息共享工程标准化展望

日本在日前发表的《信息通信白皮书》中提出,要建立网络无所不在的社会;美国1999年提出了“21世纪信息技术计划”,由此看出,信息社会正向人类走来,人们唯有通过网络才能快捷、有效地获得有用信息,海洋产业唯有借助网络才能推动科学研究,有效地利用海洋资源,促进海洋经济发展,海洋信息共享工程建设势在必行。标准化原理能确保海洋信息共享工程建设有序、高效、质量优良。     

Research for enhancing the precision of asymmetrical SBL system for any vessels

The SBL system (Short Baseline System) is usually utilized by offshore working vessels when performing its underwater orientation task so as to facilitate the exploitation of abundant benthal resources, therefore, the precise distance between the vessel and underwater targets for SBL system's estimation module are highly emphasized. However, hydrological data cited in the SBL system's estimation module is not real-time information and is difficult to accurately measure, which causes the calculation errors. Studies with regard to symmetrical SBL system are carried out by most of the researchers these days, yet research in this text shows the advantage to the asymmetrical SBL system's sensor on the vessel's bottom to be installed at discretion to measure and calculate the position. In addition to the locus equation used in the traditional position calculation, Haussiam Elimination, Cramer's rule, 3D geometry relation theory as well as substitution corrections applied to this asymmetrical SBL system to educe the correction for relative geometrical position between the underwater beacon and the sensor on the ship bottom. Through numeric simulation analysis, this SBL system is proved to be a high precision acoustic positioning system based on its quick correction and high precision position calculated by the asymmetrical SBL system established in this study.     

舰艇随船备件需求量的数学模型研究

针对舰艇的随船备件需求,在现有的备件数量计算模型上,分别建立了基于经济性和任务成功性的备件需求量数学计算模型,并利用实例进行了计算演示.理论分析和实例计算表明了该模型的合理性和可行性,对于新装备备件数量的确定具有指导作用.     

GIS for land evaluation for shrimp farming in Haiphong of Vietnam

This study was conducted to identify appropriate sites for shrimp farming development in Haiphong province of Vietnam using geographical information systems (GIS). Thirteen base layers (thematic maps) were grouped into four main land use requisites for aquaculture, namely, (1) potential for pond construction (slope, land use type, soil thickness, elevation), (2) soil quality (soil type, soil texture, soil pH), (3) water availability (distance to sea, and water source), and (4) infrastructure and socio-economical status (population density, distance to roads, local markets, and hatcheries). A constraint layer was used to exclude areas from suitability maps that were not allowed to implement shrimp farming. A series of GIS models was developed to identify and prioritize the most suitable areas for shrimp farming.This study shows that the land evaluation model is useful for identifying suitable areas for shrimp farming and for allocating land for efficient income generation, effective conservation, and sustainable land management. It was estimated that about 31% (2604 ha) of the total land area (8281 ha) in Haiphong was highly suitable for shrimp farming. Since existing shrimp farms cover only 1690 ha of land in the study area, the potential for expanding shrimp farms should take into consideration further political and environmental issues.     

Citation analysis for the 1995 FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries

This paper presents the results of a 2008 citation-analysis study that was undertaken for the 1995 FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries and its associated instruments. The overall objective of this study was to contribute towards a strategy for improved dissemination, awareness raising and communication about the Code and its implementation. For each citation, additional information was collected to identify patterns by year, topic, author affiliation or type of literature. Results support previously suggested anecdotal patterns, in particular related to the diversity of publishing outlets and the high proportion of fisheries information published as grey literature. The results also point to areas of concern for long-term preservation and dissemination of fisheries information.