Predicting Seabed Burial of Cylinders by Wave-Induced Scour: Application to the Sandy Inner Shelf Off Florida and Massachusetts

A simple parameterized model for wave-induced burial of mine-like cylinders as a function of grain-size, time-varying, wave orbital velocity and mine diameter was implemented and assessed against results from inert instrumented mines placed off the Indian Rocks Beach (IRB, FL), and off the Martha's vineyard coastal observatory (MVCO, Edgartown, MA). The steady flow scour parameters provided by Whitehouse (1998) for self-settling cylinders worked well for predicting burial by depth below the ambient seabed for (0.5 m) diameter mines in fine sand at both sites. By including or excluding scour pit infilling, a range of percent burial by surface area was predicted that was also consistent with observations. Rapid scour pit infilling was often seen at MVCO but never at IRB, suggesting that the environmental presence of fine sediment plays a key role in promoting infilling. Overprediction of mine scour in coarse sand was corrected by assuming a mine within a field of large ripples buries only until it generates no more turbulence than that produced by surrounding bedforms. The feasibility of using a regional wave model to predict mine burial in both hindcast and real-time forecast mode was tested using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, Washington, DC) WaveWatch 3 (WW3) model. Hindcast waves were adequate for useful operational forcing of mine burial predictions, but five-day wave forecasts introduced large errors. This investigation was part of a larger effort to develop simple yet reliable predictions of mine burial suitable for addressing the operational needs of the U.S. Navy.     

“数字海底”--海底数据集成管理与可视化研究

针对目前"数字海底"建设中存在海底调查数据集成管理与三维可视化表达不足等问题,本文采用GIS技术,以黄河水下三角洲埕北海域为研究对象,利用地理空间数据集成理论与三维建模方法,建立了埕北海域三维海底空间数据库,实现了研究区域地形数据、地层数据、钻孔数据、表层沉积物数据的有效组织管理与可视化,并在此基础上,采用ArcGIS Engine 10.0,结合.NET平台,在Visual Studio 2010开发环境下,利用C#语言进行了二次开发,实现了基于C/S (Client/Server)架构的三维海底虚拟仿真系统的开发,设计了一套面向埕北海域的三维海底虚拟仿真原型系统。     

Evaluation of the flushing rates of Apalachicola Bay, Florida via natural geochemical tracers

We used naturally occurring radium isotopes as tracers of water exchange in Apalachicola Bay, a shallow coastal-plain estuary in northwestern Florida. The bay receives fresh water and radium from the Apalachicola River, and mixes with Gulf of Mexico waters through four inlets. We deployed moored buoys with attached Mn-fibers at several stations throughout the estuary during two summer and two winter periods. After deployment for at least one tidal cycle we measured the ratio of the two short-lived radium isotopes ²²³Ra (half-life = 11 d) and ²²⁴Ra (3.6 d) to estimate “radium ages” of the water in the bay.During our four seasonal deployments the river discharge ranged from 338 to 1016 m³ s^− 1. According to our calculations the water turnover time in the bay during these samplings ranged from 6 to 12 days. Age contours in the bay showed that winds and tides as well as river discharge influence the water movement and the residence time of freshwater in the bay. We also calculated the mean age of river water in the bay which was between 5 to 9 days during the studied periods. We suggest that this approach can be used to quantify transport processes of dissolved substances in the bay. For example, soluble nutrient or pollutant transport rates from a point source could be examined. We conclude that the radium age technique is well suited for flushing rate calculations in river dominated shallow estuaries.     

Effect of Wave Nonlinearity on the Instantaneous Seabed Liquefaction

The nonlinear variation of wave is commonly seen in nearshore area, and the resulting seabed response and liquefaction are of high concern to coastal engineers. In this study, an analytical formula considering the nonlinear wave skewness and asymmetry is adopted to provide wave pressure on the seabed surface. The liquefaction depth attenuation coefficient and width growth coefficient are defined to quantitatively characterize the nonlinear effect of wave on seabed liquefaction. Based on the 2D f...     

海床基海洋环境自动监测系统的研究

介绍了一种适用于在浅海(水深100m以内)工作的海床基海洋环境自动监测系统的工作原理和组成.对水下集成监测平台、数据采集和传输、系统布放回收等关键技术进行了深入研究并开发了海床基监测系统工程样机.系统结合水声通讯与卫星通讯技术实现了水下监测数据的实时传输;在水下集成平台的设计上采取了防拖网、防泥沙等安全性和环境适应性措...     

海床CPT和井下CPT在砂土中贯入机理差异研究

海洋石油建设中的一个关键环节是对有关海域的工程地质条件作出准确评价。海上原位静力触探(CPT)是主要的原位勘察手段,与陆地CPT不同,其贯入方式主要有Seabed和Downhole两种形式。这两种CPT由于贯入方式不同,所得到的锥端阻力存在一定的差异。采用有限元方法对这两种形式的CPT锥端阻力和贯入模式进行计算分析。研究显示,CPT入土过程中,周围土体存在两种不同位移状态,即滑动状态和排挤状态。在入土初期,土体以滑动状态为主,土体中竖向应力随贯入深度的增加而递增。在入土一定深度以后,土体的排挤状态占主导地位,竖向应力变化趋于平稳。这两种位移状态的相互转化解释了Seabed CPT和Downhole CPT实测数据之间的差异。在贯入深度较大时,Seabed CPT受排挤状态控制,而Downhole CPT仍然受滑动状态的影响。     

基于生态系统的海底功能区划初步构想

文章研究界定了海底功能区划的概念,并结合定义从3个视角对海底生态系统特征进行了深入探讨。提出海底功能区划整体区划思路,并设计其具体步骤。以资源区位、可开发资源种类与海底区域环境条件为依据,开展了海底资源分类研究。基于生态系统的区划理念,结合海洋资源开发特征,从空间立体配置、时间动态配置和功能兼容配置3个角度探讨海底资源配置的具体原则。最后,提出我国下一步开展海底功能区划的对策建议。     

海底观测系统关键技术研究

为实现海底观测系统长期连续观测,设计一套基于水下接驳技术的的海底观测系统水槽工程样机,通过分析海底观测系统的体系结构,结合在研项目的技术经验,详细论述的开发过程中涉及到的海底观测系统关键技术如电能传输与转换技术、信息传输与管理技术、机电集成封装技术、状态监测与控制技术、防护结构的三防设计等关键技术,通过水槽试验,验证了海底观测系统工程样机可以在水槽环境下吃寻正常工作,并得到了具有指导意义的结论,为实现海况的海底观测网络的连续观测提供了技术支撑。     

关于中国国际海底区域矿区采矿的思考

文章结合国际深海采矿的现状和中国现有国际海底区域矿区的情况,分析中国国际海底区域矿区采矿存在缺少法律依据、尚未完成矿区资源评价和"区域"放弃、深海采矿技术发展相对滞后、海洋环境影响评估尚有不足等问题;在此基础上提出未来发展建议,即开展与国际海底管理局的深度合作,在制定"区域"内矿产资源开发规章中有所作为;加快对中国国际海底区域的勘探工作,尽快完成矿区资源评价和"区域"放弃;跟踪国际深海采矿行业进展,加快推进中国深海采矿系统的建造并尽快试开采;继续加大深海采矿对海洋环境的影响研究,尽快形成深海采矿环境影响预测评价技术指南。     

Numerical Simulation of Wave Forces on Seabed Pipelines

A three-step finite element method(FEM)together with Large Eddy Simulation(LES)is ap-plied to incompressible turbulent flow around seabed pipelines at relatively high Reynolds numbers.Bothtwo-dimensional and three-dimensional numerical simulation is carried out to determine thethree-dimensional effect.The results of numerical simulation agree quite well with the wave forces actingon pipeline models measured in physical model test.     

自平衡抗吸附海床基的吸附力研究分析

针对自平衡抗吸附海床基,结合其在渤海和北黄海近百次的应用,采用Skempton,Terzaghi经验模型和有限元计算模型方法,分析不同底质、不同浸深和不同起吊方式对海床基的吸附力影响。结果表明:(1)海床基的吸附力主要取决于底质粘聚力的大小,相同浸深条件下粘土底质吸附力最大,以下依次为亚粘土、亚砂土、淤泥和砂土。不同底质吸附力相差较大,粘土底质吸附力最大可达172.6 kN,而在砂土底质下吸附力最大仅有20.4 kN。同一底质条件下随着海床基浸深的增大,海床基的破坏位移也随之增大,相应的吸附力也增大明显;(2)相对于Terzaghi模型,Skempton吸附力模型结果与有限元结果更接近,因此其更适合用来估算海床基吸附力的上限解;(3)海床基侧向单点起吊的吸附力仅为竖向对称起吊的44%～47%。     

海洋环境中平台钢腐蚀速率的三层BP神经网络预测

利用三层BP神经网络预测海洋环境因素对材料的腐蚀速率的影响。结合实测的pH值、温度、溶解氧、盐度、生物附着等影响因素,分析了上述环境因素对平台钢腐蚀的影响,建立环境因素与腐蚀速率之间的映射关系,预测了平台钢在海洋环境中的腐蚀速率。结果表明,全浸区腐蚀速率预测误差为6.95%,潮差带腐蚀速率预测误差为4.2%,预测精度较高。说明利用三层BP神经网络预测钢在海水中腐蚀速率技术可行,具有较高的预测精度和应用价值。     

金塘大桥桥墩附近的海床冲刷

东起舟山市金塘岛的沥港镇,跨越灰鳖洋,西至宁波市镇海区新泓口的金塘大桥,为舟山大陆连岛工程的主体.大桥全长为18.5 km,海面桥墩近350个,桥墩附近海床冲刷深度主要包括因风浪和潮流引起的自然冲刷、因建桥使过水断面缩窄而产生的一般冲刷和桥墩阻水形成的马蹄形漩流引起的局部冲刷.河流上桥墩局部冲刷已进行过大量研究,建立了可供设计使用的桥墩冲刷计算公式,而金塘大桥位于灰鳖洋海域,作用水流为极其复杂的往复流,使海床局部冲刷深度难以利用现有公式进行计算,因此采用海域实测地形资料分析了桥轴线附近的海床自然冲刷,利用水槽正态模型试验模拟研究了桥墩附近的一般冲刷和局部冲刷.实测资料表明,该海域潮流流速大小与潮差有较好的相关关系,潮差越大,潮流流速也越大,而桥墩的局部冲刷深度也随流速的增大而增大,因此,选取潮差频率为300年一遇和10年一遇的特大潮分别作为运行期和施工期的潮流边界.桥位所处的海床较为稳定,故以最新的实测地形各桥墩处高程作为冲刷试验起始高程.试验初期桥墩附近海床快速下切形成冲刷坑,随后冲刷值迅速减小,海床渐趋稳定.研究表明,该大桥所处海域总体上趋于动态平衡状态,桥轴线东段微冲、西段微淤.运行期金塘大桥附近的海床自然冲刷,一般均在1.1 m以内,仅在主槽附近较大,约5 m左右.试验表明,潮流作用下桥墩附近的一般冲刷和局部冲刷均明显大于自然冲刷幅度,主墩最大局部冲刷幅度为14.4 m,引桥桥墩最大局部冲刷幅度为7.8～10.3 m;据此可得到桥墩附近海床的总体冲刷幅度和设计高程,不仅为工程建设、运行的安全性及经济性提供了坚实的技术支撑,而且可供其它海域建桥后桥墩附近海床的冲刷研究提供参考.     

Analysis of Penetration Depth of Pipeline on Cohesive Soil Seabed

This paper conducts laboratory tests to investigate detailedly the soil deformation law around the pipeline and its penetration depth under self-gravity. The seabed model is prepared by consolidating saturated soil using vacuum pressure technology, and the pipeline models are specifically designed to possess different radii. Based on the experimental results and digital images, the soil deformation process is analyzed and summarized, a kinematic admissible velocity field is given and an upper bound solution of pipeline penetration depth and soil reaction force is derived and proposed in this paper. In order to verify the accuracy of the upper bound solution deduced in this paper,a comparison is made among some published results and the solution suggested in this paper, the comparison results confirm that the upper bound solution and the soil failure mode are reasonable. Finally two empirical formulas are given in this paper to estimate the soil reaction force of seabed and the penetration depth of pipeline. The empirical formulas are in agreement with the upper bound solution derived in this paper, and the conclusion of this paper could provide some theoretical reference for the further study of the interaction between the pipeline and the soil.     

多波束海底地形三维虚拟仿真研究

基于多波束探测获得的高精度海底地形数据,通过对水下地形进行设色纹理渲染生成地形和纹理数据集,以三维建模软件Multigen Creator和Terra Vista为主要工具,采用细节层次LOD(Levels of Detail)技术和虚拟纹理映射技术,建立起视景仿真领域通用的OpenFlight数据格式的三维地形数据库模型。利用交互式三维可视化分析软件Vega Prime可以真实直观地反映海底地形环境,实现了海底地形的三维可视化与漫游,可以更直观地表现和解译水下地形数据。虚拟现实技术为海洋测量数据的三维可视化展示方面提供了新的技术途径,在水下目标分析、航行保障和水下AUV、ROV安全保障中具有良好的应用前景。     

基于侧扫声纳图像海底目标物提取方法

分析了侧扫声纳数据成像原理,利用凹凸目标成像与阴影的关系,依次采用二值化处理、中值滤波处理、开启与闭合操作、Canny边缘提取等多种图像处理的手段,实现了海底目标物的提取与定位,并通过实验验证了本方法的可行性。     

海洋底质测量专用标准规范研究

研究海洋底质测量专用标准体系构成及作业规范技术要点.分析专用海洋底质测量的任务构成和技术特点,依据底质测量的专用需求和国内外底质测量技术规范与数据格式标准的发展趋势,对海洋底质测量专用标准体系构成、数据格式标准及作业技术规程进行了探讨.     

广西钦州湾海域海床稳定性特征的研究

综合钦州湾龙门站与近海区钓鱼台站长年历史观测资料和2003年7月的6个站点全潮观测资料,阐述了钦州湾的表层沉积物分布和钦州外湾典型位置沉积物组成状况,并结合钦州电厂建设规划,通过海床稳定性的概念和稳定性指标的计算方法,研究钦州电厂取排水工程附近海域及钦州外湾在潮流和波浪作用下的海床稳定情况,计算结果表明所提出的稳定性理论能够反映实际,是可靠的,可以进一步作为钦州电厂相关模拟研究的基础。     

海底地形对脐带缆深水安装影响分析

研究复杂海底地形对脐带缆深水安装过程中的力学特性影响,对提高脐带缆深水安装的安全性与稳定性有较大意义。通过建立具有不同坡度、隆起高度以及低洼深度的海床地形模型,分析在不同地形参数下脐带缆深水安装时的应力响应,并对不同参数下的等效应力与接触压强对比,探讨了海底地形对脐带缆深水安装的影响。研究结果分析表明:海床坡度对脐带缆的最大等效应力与接触压强影响不大;隆起区域对脐带缆的安装过程的影响较大,隆起高度的增加使最大等效应力明显增大,且易超过脐带缆的最大许用等效应力;低洼区域的脐带缆与隆起区域相似,低洼深度的增加最大等效应力明显增大,隆起区域与低洼区域的触地点处的接触压强最大。