中科院发现分散元素也可独立成矿

<正> 中国矿山信息港消息,由中科院院士涂光炽领衔完成的一项科研结果认为,分散元素在特殊的地质环境下,能超常富集形成独立矿床。 这项名为“分散元素成矿机制研究”的国家自然科学基金重点项目近日通过了贵州省科技厅的鉴定。这项课题主持人之一、中科院矿床地球化学开放实验室高振敏研究员说,分散元素最初并没有严格     

东秦岭花岗岩类元素丰度及其地质意义

本文报道了东秦岭（东经１０６°３０’─１１３°００’北纬３２°４０＇─３４°３０＇）花岗岩类５１个元素的丰度。花岗岩类总体化学成分特征偏基性，各构造单元花岗岩类的元素丰度存在着明显的差异，基本反映了区域地亮的总体特征和区域地壳组成的不均一性，为区域构造－地球化学分区提供了正确的依据，同时，花岗岩类元素丰度特征较好地阐明了区域成矿作用的特征。     

吉林集安铅锌矿地球化学与分散元素

吉林集安铅锌矿床是我国最早报导的少数几个典型低温铅锌矿床之一。矿化具有多期次特点 ,富矿体都是多期次矿化叠加的产物。根据矿化先后和矿物生成顺序将矿化分为五个阶段 :①石英 黄铁矿矿化阶段 ;②重晶石 闪锌矿矿化阶段 ;③石英 方铅矿矿化阶段 ;④石英 黄铁矿矿化阶段 ;⑤碳酸盐 氧化矿物矿化阶段。用均一法和爆裂法测得石英、重晶石、闪锌矿包裹体成矿温度变化在 1 1 0℃～ 1 97℃之间。矿床中除含铅锌矿外 ,还有微量的Pt和Pd,并普遍含分散元素Cd、Ga、Tl、In、Se、Ge、Te,其中以Cd含量最高 ,闪锌矿中Cd含量最高可达 71 5 5× 1 0 6。分散元素主要呈类质同象形式赋存在各种矿物之中 ,未发现独立矿物。通过矿床地质和硫铅同位素研究表明该铅锌矿床属低温沉积 改造型层控矿床。     

重视内蒙古分散元素矿产资源的开发与利用

分散元素因其独特的地球化学性,多呈分散状态产于主金属矿物中,只有在特殊的地质条件下才能形成独立的分散元素矿床.分散元素具有重要与广泛的用途,是高科技新材料的重要原料,有着极其巨大的市场潜力.内蒙古与分散元素有关的金属矿床种类较多,资源储量丰富,可划分为3个分散元素富集区.对内蒙古的分散元素资源应加强选冶回收技术研究,积极推进资源勘查和开发利用工作.     

中国大陆壳体的区域元素丰度

中国大陆壳体由华夏壳体、西域壳体和藏南壳体构成。本文给出这３个壳体的质量模型和元素丰度,并从成矿元素,热源元素和镧系元素方面讨论它们的区域丰度特征。结论认为,它们的地球化学背景是各不相同的。     

分散元素硒的地球化学循环及其富集作用

本文概述了硒的物理,化学性质,形态和存在形式以及硒的地球化学循环和富集作用。硒呈四种主要的无机形态存在于自然界中：硒化物（－２价）,元素硒（０价）,亚硒酸盐（＋４价）和硒酸盐（＋６价）。不同硒形态的存在,很大程度上取决于ｐＨ和Ｅｈ条件,硒的天然的,总的地球化学循环主要涉及壳岩源和海洋沉积物,次一级的循环强烈受到生物化学反应的影响,这些反应使硒在有机组分中固定或迁移。人类活动向环境中排放的硒极大地改     

分散元素铟富集的矿床类型和矿物专属性

文章研究了我国一些铁锰矿床、铜矿床及铅锌硫化物矿床矿石及矿物中铟的含量变化特点 ,发现In在不同类型的铅、锌、铜、铁、锰等矿床中并不大量富集 ,在这些矿床中矿石平均wIn大都低于 10× 10 -6;在锡石硫化物矿床和富含锡的铅锌多金属矿床中 ,矿石中wIn平均可达 80× 10 -6以上 ,这类矿床中铟的工业储量可达数百吨甚至数千吨 ,80 %以上的铟都富集在闪锌矿中。研究结果表明 ,铟的富集成矿具有矿床类型和矿物专属性 ,这种专属性对铟资源的寻找与利用具有重要意义     

微细浸染型金矿床金与分散元素铊的共生关系

铊是分散元素之一,在结晶化学及地球化学性质上既具亲石性,又具亲硫性,前表现为铊与K、Rb等碱金属紧密共生,后使它与Pb、Fe、Zn等元素的硫化物有密切关系。     

分散元素的超常富集与共生

本以地质事实为基础,初步探讨了分散元素的超常富集和共生问题。在一定地质条件下,分散元素可以发生超常富集,乃至形成分散元素的独立矿床。低温条件有利于分散元素的超常富集和形成独立矿物;热水沉积作用在某些分散元素的成矿过程中具有重要意义。分散元素共生,是一种常见的现象。相似的地球化学性质和地球化学行为,是导致分散元素共生的基本原因。男外,区域地质背景也是一个重要因素。     

内蒙古中南部出露地壳元素丰度值的估算

运用区域大规模采样方法,对内蒙古中南部地区所采样品进行元素丰度值加权计算,这是建立区域地壳模型的基础工作之一,同时也为化探异常的检出提供较为准确的背景值。研究区涉及内蒙古地轴和内蒙古中部造山系2个构造单元。采用加权求平均值的方法,得到内蒙古中南部出露地壳10种常量元素氧化物和40种微量元素的丰度值。经地表热流值、地震平均波速和元素比值方法检验后证明所得结果合理。计算所得内蒙古中南部出露地壳平均成分为花岗闪长质,与目前一般认为的结论相同。将结果与其他地区进行比较分析后可知,内蒙古中南部出露的地壳与全球上地壳的组成基本一致。由微量元素、稀土元素的图解和内蒙古中南部出露地壳的元素丰度与中国东部出露地壳元素丰度的对比可以看出,整体上,内蒙古中南部具有较强的壳内分异作用和地壳增生作用(地幔物质加入)。     

内蒙古中南部出露地壳元素丰度值的估算

运用区域大规模采样方法,对内蒙古中南部地区所采样品进行元素丰度值加权计算,这是建立区域地壳模型的基础工作之一,同时也为化探异常的检出提供较为准确的背景值。研究区涉及内蒙古地轴和内蒙古中部造山系2个构造单元。采用加权求平均值的方法,得到内蒙古中南部出露地壳10种常量元素氧化物和40种微量元素的丰度值。经地表热流值、地震平均波速和元素比值方法检验后证明所得结果合理。计算所得内蒙古中南部出露地壳平均成分为花岗闪长质,与目前一般认为的结论相同。将结果与其他地区进行比较分析后可知,内蒙古中南部出露的地壳与全球上地壳的组成基本一致。由微量元素、稀土元素的图解和内蒙古中南部出露地壳的元素丰度与中国东部出露地壳元素丰度的对比可以看出,整体上,内蒙古中南部具有较强的壳内分异作用和地壳增生作用(地幔物质加入)。     

Helioseismic models of the sun with a low heavy element abundance

Helioseismology and neutrino experiments probing the internal structure of the Sun have yieldedmuch information, such as the adiabatic elasticity index, density, and sound speed in the convective and radiative zones, the depth of the convective zone, and the flux of neutrinos from the core. The standard model of the Sun does not adequately reproduce these characteristics, with models with low heavy element contents (mass fraction of metals Z = 0.013 in the convective zone) deviating from the helioseismic data appreciably more strongly than models with high heavy element contents (Z = 0.018). However, a spectroscopic low Z value is supported by studies reconstructing the Γ ₁ profile in the adiabatic part of the convective zone based on the oscillation frequencies. Models of the convective zone show a good agreement precisely for low Z values. This study attempts to construct a model for the Sun with low Z that satisfies the helioseismic constraints. This model requires changes in the p + p reaction cross section and the opacities in the radiative zone. In our view, the helioseismic result for the mass concentrated in the convective zone testifies that the p + p reaction cross section or the electron-screening coefficient in the solar core must be increased by several percent over the current values. This requires a comparatively small correction to the opacities (by less than 5%), in order to obtain a solar model with low Z that is in agreement with the results of helioseismology and the observed solar neutrino fluxes.     

中国花岗岩类化学元素组成的分维数特征

将各种化学元素的丰度集合视为一组丰度序列,首次将分维数(盒维数)应用于研究中国花岗岩类的化学元素组成及演化特征。原理上,分形的遍在性源于随机性的遍在性,分维数的取值可表征丰度序列的内部结构性及演化的方向性,为矿产资源勘查提供重要信息;实践上,以观测元素相容性序列为基础分析其地球化学行为,采用盒维数以不失观测变量的整体性。详细探讨了分维数与成岩序列上的演化趋势或分异程度与研究对象地球化学特征间的相互关系及作用机制,据以解释为何在组分、时间与空间上同属花岗岩类却呈现出截然相异的成矿专属性与含矿性;确立了从频数特征角度探讨化学元素组成研究的新思路。研究结果表明：中国花岗岩类化学元素在丰度序列演化中均存有某种形式的结构性演化,即在组成、时间及空间上的有序结构,传统的(对数)正态分布模型难以描述其频数规律。然而,累加(差)的频数却是服从分形分布的,分维数与聚类分析的结果十分接近,且其递减序列可作为研究体系演化程度的判据,具有相当重要的地球化学意义。     

Trace Element Abundance Relationships in the Multi—stage Comagmatic Fractional Crystallization and Their Applications

In this study a mathematical expression of trace element abundance relationship for the mul-ti-stage comagmatic fractional crystallization has been established ,based on geochemical studies of the Emeishan basalt-trachyte series and adjacent mafic-ultramafic layered intrusions, as well as on the avail-able data for basalt, andesite, dacite and rhyolite series in southern Andes,Chile ,which have been well documented.It is demonstrated that the abundance constant (R) for a given trace element at dif-ferent stages of fractional crystallization of a parental magma is highly variable,which can be used as a criterion to divide fractional crystallization stages.     

Trace element abundance patterns of garnet inclusions in peridotite-suite diamonds

Individual, sub-calcic, chrome-pyrope crystals from Finsch and Kimberley diamonds, Finsch and Bultfontein kimberlite heavy mineral concentrate, and from diamondiferous harzburgite-dunite xenoliths from the Udachnaya kimberlite pipe were analyzed for rare earth elements (REE), Sc, Ti, and Zr with the ion microprobe. The abundances and abundance ratios of these trace elements including LREE enrichment and low Ti, together with high and variable Cr contents, are inconsistent with a simple equilibrium relationship between peridotite-suite garnet and silicate and carbonate liquids. It is suggested that the trace element abundance patterns represent a signature of ancient mantle metasomatism which preceded the formation of peridotite-suite garnet and diamond.     

Trace element partitioning between vapor, brine and halite under extreme phase separation conditions

Experiments were conducted to investigate the partitioning of Li, Br, Rb, Cs and B between vapor, brine and halite during subcritical and supercritical phase separation in the NaCl-H₂O system (388-550 °C, 250-350 bars). Results indicate that Li and Br partition preferentially into the low-salinity vapor fluids, while Rb and Cs become more enriched in the coexisting brines. Under more extreme conditions of pressure and temperature in the two-phase region, especially near the vapor-brine-halite boundary, strong salting-out effects imposed on neutral aqueous species enhance significantly partitioning of all trace elements into the low-salinity fluid. Dissolved boron is strongly affected by this and a particularly strong enrichment into vapors is observed, a trend that can be effectively correlated with changes in reduced density. Exclusion of Li, Br, Rb, Cs and B from halite, when precipitated, further increases the solubility of these species in the coexisting Cl-poor fluid. In general, the lack of distortion in the partitioning behavior of trace elements between vapor, brine and/or halite with the transition from subcritical to supercritical conditions in the NaCl-H₂O system precludes the need for special reference to the critical point of seawater when interpreting phase relations in submarine hydrothermal systems. The combination of experimentally determined trace element partitioning data with constraints imposed by mineral solubility provides a means to better understand the origin and evolution of hot spring vent fluids. For example, in Brandon hydrothermal system (21°S EPR) supercritical phase separation and subseafloor mixing appear to be the main heat and mass transport mechanisms fueled by a shallow magmatic intrusion, with boron systematics ruling out major contributions from magmatic degassing processes accompanying the near-seafloor volcanism.     

Mineralogical controls on element dispersion in regolith over two mineralised shear zones near the Peak, Cobar, New South Wales

Effective exploration for polymetallic ore deposits in the Cobar region is hampered by incomplete knowledge of the mineralogical controls on element dispersion in the different regolith-landform settings throughout the area. A detailed mineralogical and geochemical study of regolith profiles over two major mineralised shear zones in a strongly weathered but dominantly erosional setting has delineated the important host minerals for a range of base metal cations. Iron oxides/oxyhydroxides, particularly goethite and to a much lesser extent hematite, are major hosts for Pb, Cu, and Zn as substituted/adsorbed cations and as constituents of associated or intergrown minerals, probably including members of the jarosite–alunite group. Correlations between elements and major regolith minerals suggest that goethite is also a host phase for As, Bi and Sb. Minor manganese minerals, including lithiophorite and cryptomelane group minerals, also host base metals in appreciable amounts. No clear association was found between gold and any particular secondary mineral. It is likely that gold is present largely as elemental gold particles associated with a range of minerals.Sampling strategies for geochemical exploration in variably leached and stripped regolith in the Cobar area should take into account the relative abundance of goethite and manganese oxides/oxyhydroxides within the profiles and overlying lag. Goethite would appear to be the preferred sampling medium for base metals. Highly ferruginous lag has a high proportion of hematite with variable maghemite and very low manganese oxide contents. Most of the base metal content in this surface material is strongly bound to the crystalline oxides/oxyhydroxides. More work is required to understand the effects of surface transformation of goethite to hematite and maghemite on the mobility and distribution of base metal cations in soil and ferruginous lags.     

The effect of acid soil leaching on trace element abundance in a medium-sized stream,W. Finland

The concentration variations of 16 trace elements were determined along the main stem of a medium-sized stream (catchment area=107 km²), which drains areas covered with acid sulphate soils developed on sulphide-bearing marine sediments. During high flows in autumn, there was a strong downstream increase in the concentrations of Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Se, U and Zn and a moderate increase in those of Cr and Tl, related to extensive leaching of the acid sulphate soils, which increase in abundance from the headwater towards the basin outlet. During high flow in early summer, the downstream increase in the concentrations of these elements was not as strong as in autumn, due to decreased amounts of available mobile element fractions in the acid sulphate soils. Under baseflow conditions, the runoff from areas with acid sulphate soils is low in comparison to that in areas covered with other soils/sediments, resulting in relatively small loads of trace elements throughout the stream. The concentration variations of As, Pb, Sb, Ti and V were unrelated to catchment cover and did not vary along the stream in a regular manner. These 5 elements are, therefore, in contrast to the others, not leached more abundantly from the acid sulphate soils than from other soils/sediments. Based on the identified hydrogeochemical features and controls, it is suggested that water-quality improvement measures should include methods that primarily aim at reducing the leaching of hazardous chemical elements in the source areas (acid sulphate soils).     

Finite element evaluation of diffusion and dispersion tensors in periodic porous media with advection

This paper presents three-dimensional finite element simulations to evaluate diffusion and dispersion tensors in periodic porous media in the presence of an advective velocity field. These tensors are evaluated in the framework of the double-scale expansion technique. Two problems, a Newtonian flow and a vector-valued advection–diffusion equation, have to be sequentially solved at the pore scale. Finite element techniques to approximate these problems are proposed and analyzed. Numerical results in three-dimensional networks of spheres are presented to quantitatively assess the impact of the pore morphology and of the advection velocity on the diffusion and dispersion tensors.