考虑场地效应的ShakeMap系统研究

本文主要以地表地质状况与地形(坡度)的相似性为原则,将中国大陆地区分辨率30″的地形DEM(数字高程模型)数据经过坡度计算后,利用坡度与Vs30(地表至地下30m处的平均剪切波速)的相关关系,得到各场点近似的Vs30值,再用Vs30量化地震动的场地放大系数。将由此建立的场地放大系数运用到本文研发的ShakeMap系统中,校正震后理论计算所得到的基岩地震动参数值,从而获得其地表土层上的地震动参数分布。本文还详细介绍了ShakeMap系统的计算流程、计算模型及相关的软件系统等。最后以应用实例表明ShakeMap系统在中国大陆地区是可用的。     

地球物理测井高低分辨率参数之间的关系

从数学角度研究入手 ,论证线性和非线性响应测井曲线深度积分面积的守恒关系 :线性响应测井曲线的深度积分面积与曲线的纵向分辨率无关 ,而非线性响应测井曲线的深度积分面积与曲线的纵向分辨率有关 ,且纵向分辨率越高 ,其深度积分面积越大 .然后 ,研究了线性和非线性数学变换对不同分辨率线性和非线性响应测井曲线关系的影响 .最后 ,在一定条件下分析了不同分辨率泥质含量曲线深度积分面积的守恒性 ,并研究了孔隙度曲线积分面积的守恒性问题 .     

地形坡度和高程变异系数在识别墨脱活动断裂带中的应用

喜马拉雅东构造结位于青藏高原东南端,是欧亚板块与印度板块碰撞、会聚的地带,其内部的南迦巴瓦峰地区是喜马拉雅山东段的最高山峰,雅鲁藏布江围绕南迦巴瓦峰形成一个"几"字形的大转弯。南迦巴瓦地区东侧的雅鲁藏布江河谷位于喜马拉雅山的南麓,属于亚热带湿润气候区,分布有茂密的热带雨林植被。该地区的阿尼桥右旋走滑断裂带是南迦巴瓦构造结的东边界断裂。利用30m分辨率的DEM数据,在Arc GIS软件平台上获得了南迦巴瓦及其周边地区的地形坡度和高程变异系数2个定量地貌参数。在地形坡度分布图上,墨脱附近的雅鲁藏布江东西两岸的山体地形为坡度>30°的陡坡,在陡地形坡度的背景下,存在NE走向、断续分布的坡度为5°～25°的缓坡条带。地形高程变异系数分布图上,墨脱附近的雅鲁藏布江两岸地形为高程变异系数>0. 9的高地形起伏区,在高地形起伏区的背景上,发育NE走向、断续分布的高程变异系数为0. 2～0. 9的缓地形起伏条带。通过野外地质地貌调查和探槽开挖,发现上述地貌参数异常条带处为活动断裂通过的位置。上述工作表明,地形坡度和高程变异系数2个地貌参数的定量分析有助于发现地形坡度大、植被覆盖严重、剥蚀强度大的地区的活动断层。     

使用高分辨率的地形数据作为地震场地条件替代指标的研究

近年来,从美国航天飞机雷达地形测绘使命（SRTM）30弧秒（arcsec）的数字高程模型（DEM）中提出一种估计全球地震场地条件或者地下30m的平均剪切波速（Vs30）的新方法。在缺少基于地质和岩土的场地条件分布图的地区,使用该方法的前提是通过Vs30的测量值和地形坡度的相关性,可以把地形坡度作为一个可靠估计Vs30的替代指标。在这里,我们来检验使用高分辨率（3弧秒和9弧秒）的数字高程模型数据是否能够解析出比使用低分辨率航天飞机雷达地形测绘数据更详细的Vs30数据。在全球范围内,并不能全部获得比30弧秒更高分辨率的数字高程模型数据。然而,在存在这些数据的许多地区,这些数据被用来解译地形坡度的精尺度变化,并最终解译Vs30。我们使用美国地质调查局地球资源观测和科学（EROS）数据中心的国家高程数据集（NED）,在美国几个地区研究使用高分辨率的数字高程模型数据来估计VS30,这些地区包括加利福尼亚州的旧金山湾地区、洛杉矶、加利福尼亚州及密苏里州圣路易斯市。我们将这些结果与全球范围内都能获取的台湾台北市使用9弧秒航天飞机雷达地形测绘数据的例子作比较。使用较高分辨率的美国国家高程数据集重新得到更精细尺度的地形坡度变化,这可更好地与地质和地貌特征相关联,特别是在丘陵—盆地之间的过渡带,确保使用30弧秒的航天飞机雷达地形测绘数据是可行的。然而,统计分析表明,与低分辨率地形所得到的Vs30测量值相比,测量值很少或者没有得到改善提高。这表明一些地形平滑处理可能会提供更稳定的Vs30估计。此外我们发现,在精度高于30弧秒的航天飞机雷达地形测绘数据有遮盖的地区高程变化范围过大,不能解译出可靠的坡度,特别是在较低坡度的沉积盆地．     

采用立体像对和差分GPS揭示民乐-永昌隐伏断裂地表变形特征

为高效获取民乐-永昌断裂西段活动构造研究的定量参数,利用ERDAS软件,基于SPOT6立体像对提取高分辨率点云数据,经过滤波和插值生成2m分辨率的数字高程模型(DEM);DEM数据线性高程精度达1m。基于DEM数据提取的高地貌面上的3条廊带剖面显示,区域存在明显的褶皱变形,后续通过高精度差分GPS实测河流阶地纵剖面进一步揭示T2阶地存在高度约2.0m的构造抬升。廊带剖面和河流阶地纵剖面显示断裂-褶皱变形整体走向为311°,与小震精定位反演拟合断层参数和震源机制解结果相近,其位置也与地震应急科考资料显示现场情况吻合。上述结果表明,民乐-永昌隐伏断裂西段民乐—大马营段存在明显的构造变形,支持该断裂为2003年民乐-山丹MS6.1和5.8级地震发震断层的认识。立体像对对于活动构造研究具有重要的作用,可为室内确定构造变形的空间位置和野外详细考察提供重要指导。     

场地区域类别划分方法的应用分析

基于场地成因的场地分类方法主要是依靠大量的地质资料,建立地质条件和成因的场地分类矩阵[1],通过GIS完成场地类别划分。以遵义市为例,收集了比例尺为1:50万的地质图资料,借助Arcgis建立了遵义市地质数据库,结合地层年代和岩石坚硬程度等地质因素,完成了遵义场地类别划分,并根据实测钻孔对场地分类结果进行验证,分类结果大致正确。基于地形坡度的场地类别划分方法是利用DEM数据进行坡度分析,借助V_S30建立坡度与场地类别之间的关系,从而进行场地类别划分。获取了30 m精度的DEM数字高程数据,对其进行坡度分析,并建立了坡度与场地分类之间的关系,完成了美国标准下的遵义场地区域类别划分,并根据实测钻孔对场地分类进行验证,分类结果大致正确。     

基于接收函数直达P波振幅研究地壳浅层S波速度结构新方法及在青藏高原东北缘的应用

文章提出了一种基于接收函数直达P波振幅的频率依赖性特征研究地壳浅层S波速度结构的新方法.该方法基于高频近似假设下直达P波理论振幅公式,拟合单个台站不同频率下观测的直达P波振幅-射线参数分布,提取各个频率下的S波速度;通过近似的频率-深度转换,将不同频率观测的S波速度投射至地下不同深度处,得到单个台站S波速度随深度的变化曲线.相较于传统的反演方法,该方法不需要任何先验模型,且其横向分辨率和垂向分辨率仅分别取决于台站间距和数据频率.将新方法应用于从青藏高原东北缘至四川盆地中部的一条近线性宽频带流动地震台阵的远震资料,提取了该地区地壳浅层S波速度结构信息,并进一步分析了地壳浅层波速结构特征与区域地质构造小尺度横向变化的关系.基于观测结果,对比分析了稳定克拉通与活动构造带沉积盆地特点差异、探讨了浅表地质与深部构造过程的关系.     

海原断裂带中东段地貌差异及其成因探讨

以定量化地形因子为切入点的构造地貌学方法已成为活动构造研究的有效手段,被广泛用于定性或半定量解析地貌对新构造运动的响应及其演化过程。针对海原断裂带中东段现今地貌差异,以SRTM 90m分辨率DEM为基础,利用ArcGIS软件和Matlab程序脚本,提取了海原断裂带中东段高程、坡度、地形起伏、地形侵蚀以及河流陡峭系数等地形因子。从空间分布上看,上述各项地形因子沿断裂走向均呈现 “西高东低”的整体分布特征。西段海拔高、坡度陡、起伏大、侵蚀强、抬升快,中段和东段海拔低、坡度缓、起伏小、侵蚀弱、抬升慢,此外,在断裂带的东南尾端呈略微增加趋势,达到小范围内的峰值。在此基础上,通过对比分析地形因子与年降水量、基岩岩性,初步探讨了构造与降水、岩性等因素对地形地貌的控制作用,认为不同降水条件对地貌后期改造起显著作用,基岩岩性与现今地貌之间并无显著关系,该区域地貌类型主要受构造抬升差异所控制。沿断裂带走向上的现今地貌差异表明,西段处于相对快速的构造隆升和强挤压造山构造背景,中段由于受到黄河下切及河流冲积作用影响,地貌参数记录的抬升特征并不显著,而东段则反映出大型断裂带尾端挤压调整效应。     

星载InSAR技术在西藏崩错地区构造地貌研究中的应用

利用ERS-1/2雷达卫星数据,通过合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术,提取了西藏崩错地区的数字高程模型(DEM),得到的ERS-1/2DEM在反映微地貌特征时明显优于中国1/25万DEM和2004年美国公布的90m分辨率的SRTMDEM。基于ERS-1/2DEM对崩错断层带进行地貌分析发现:在崩错断层带和蓬错断层带的交接部位地貌特征复杂,一类似于蓬错断层带的构造地貌穿过了崩错断层带上达孜-打沙断层,在这一位置达孜-打沙断层切过冲沟,表明达孜-打沙断层的这个段落在近期内活动过,同时被达孜-打沙断层切穿的冲沟切断了那卡-纳堆多断层,说明那卡-纳堆多断层比达孜-打沙断层形成时间要早     

两种不同DEM处理方法提取的水系比较

水系不但是重要的自然地理要素,而且对防洪减灾、资源开发等有着重要意义。基于DEM的坡面径流法是最为常用的水系提取方法,其提取精度直接取决于DEM中洼地的处理方法。为了比较不同DEM处理方法对水系提取精度的影响,本文以江西省潦河流域为例,利用基于DEM数据的J＆D算法及基于辅助数据的AGREE方法来处理实验区DEM,然后利用坡面径流法提取水系。结果表明,经两种方法后均可以提取出连续的水系,且提取水系的等级、数量及长度相差不大;在提取精度上,在受人类活动影响较小的山地丘陵地区两种方法提取的水系比较吻合,而在平坦地区或受人类活动影响较大的地区提取的水系差异较大,且AGREE方法处理后提取的水系精度较高。     

Impact of grid resolution on the integrated and distributed response of a coupled surface–subsurface hydrological model for the des Anglais catchment,Quebec

Digital elevation models (DEMs) at different resolutions (180, 360, and 720 m) are used to examine the impact of different levels of landscape representation on the hydrological response of a 690‐km² catchment in southern Quebec. Frequency distributions of local slope, plan curvature, and drainage area are calculated for each grid size resolution. This landscape analysis reveals that DEM grid size significantly affects computed topographic attributes, which in turn explains some of the differences in the hydrological simulations. The simulations that are then carried out, using a coupled, process‐based model of surface and subsurface flow, examine the effects of grid size on both the integrated response of the catchment (discharge at the main outlet and at two internal points) and the distributed response (water table depth, surface saturation, and soil water storage). The results indicate that discharge volumes increase as the DEM is coarsened, and that coarser DEMs are also wetter overall in terms of water table depth and soil water storage. The reasons for these trends include an increase in the total drainage area of the catchment for larger DEM cell sizes, due to aggregation effects at the boundary cells of the catchment, and to a decrease in local slope and plan curvature variations, which in turn limits the capacity of the watershed to transmit water downslope and laterally. The results obtained also show that grid resolution effects are less pronounced during dry periods when soil moisture dynamics are mostly controlled by vertical fluxes of evaporation and percolation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Research on the ShakeMap System with Consideration of Site Effects

In accordance with the principle of similarity in geology and topography,the V3S0(the average shear-velocity down to a 30m depth below the surface) approximation of sites is acquired by correlation between V3S0 and slopes after calculating the maximum slope of topography using the 30-sec Chinese Mainland DEM(Digital Elevation Model) data set.Site-amplification factors are then quantified with V3S0 and applied to the ShakeMap system developed by this study to revise ground-motion amplitudes on bedrock estimated from empirical relationships.Finally,the distribution of ground motion parameters on the surface is obtained.This article also introduces the calculation process,calculation models of the ShakeMap systems and related software systems.In conclusion,certain examples indicate that the ShakeMap system is feasible in the Chinese Mainland.     

Effect of digital elevation model spatial resolution on depression storage

Surface water storage—including wetlands and other small waterbodies—has largely been disregarded in traditional hydrological models. In this paper, the grid resampling method is adopted to study the influence of the digital elevation model (DEM) grid resolution on depression storage (DS) considering different rainfall return periods. It is observed that the DEM grid size highly affects DS, and the higher the grid resolution is, the larger the DS value. However, when the grid resolution reaches a certain value, the maximum DS value decreases. This suggests that a critical grid resolution value exists at which the water storage capacity of depressions is maximized, namely, 20 m in this work (except for the overall area simulation under infiltration). This phenomenon is further verified in two test cases with and without the infiltration process, that is, calculations of the local area and without infiltration area, respectively. This research may facilitate the accurate computation of the DS process, which is greatly affected by the grid resolution, thereby improving the reliability of hydrological models.     

基于决策树考虑地形特征的场地参数估计方法

发展基于地形特征的场地参数V_S30估计方法因其具有重要应用需求而成为研究热点.以我国新疆维吾尔自治区和河北省的DEM数据和工程钻孔资料验证了基于决策树理论考虑地形特征的V_S30估计方法在我国的适用性,检验方法的准确性和对DEM数据精度的敏感性.得到如下结论：(1)基于决策树理论考虑地形坡度、表面纹理和局部凸度划分了两个地区的16类地形类别,建立了考虑这三项地形特征的V_S30预测模型;(2)经验证基于决策树理论考虑三项地形特征的V_S30估计方法具有普遍适用性,但同时存在区域依赖性,需要分区建立适用的V_S30预测模型;(3)发现引入了表面纹理和局部凸度两项地形特征后,较使用单一的地形坡度对V_S30预测的准确性有所提升;(4)地形分类对DEM数据精度存在敏感性,高精度数据对陡峭的山脉地区划分可能更为详细,而低精度数据则能够对平坦的平原地区识别可能更为充分,相比较而言900 m精度的DEM数据对于基于地形特征的V_S30估计方法相对较为实用.上述模型和方法可为发展我国区域场地分类图提供一种有效的技术途径.

     

Effect of elevation resolution on evapotranspiration simulations using MODFLOW

Surface elevations represented in MODFLOW head-dependent packages are usually derived from digital elevation models (DEMs) that are available at much high resolution. Conventional grid refinement techniques to simulate the model at DEM resolution increases computational time, input file size, and in many cases are not feasible for regional applications. This research aims at utilizing the increasingly available high resolution DEMs for effective simulation of evapotranspiration (ET) in MODFLOW as an alternative to grid refinement techniques. The source code of the evapotranspiration package is modified by considering for a fixed MODFLOW grid resolution and for different DEM resolutions, the effect of variability in elevation data on ET estimates. Piezometric head at each DEM cell location is corrected by considering the gradient along row and column directions. Applicability of the research is tested for the lower Rio Grande (LRG) Basin in southern New Mexico. The DEM at 10 m resolution is aggregated to resampled DEM grid resolutions which are integer multiples of MODFLOW grid resolution. Cumulative outflows and ET rates are compared at different coarse resolution grids. Results of the analysis conclude that variability in depth-to-groundwater within the MODFLOW cell is a major contributing parameter to ET outflows in shallow groundwater regions. DEM aggregation methods for the LRG Basin have resulted in decreased volumetric outflow due to the formation of a smoothing error, which lowered the position of water table to a level below the extinction depth.     

联合钻孔资料及地形数据估算宝鸡地区vS30

将地形数据经过坡度计算,利用坡度与v_S30相关关系,计算宝鸡地区场地近似v_S30。为了得到接近实际的波速分布,借助宝鸡地区钻孔资料,研究选定区域内v_S30近似值与实测结果的差异,并对差异的空间变化趋势进行分析,在此基础上,对模型估算的v_S30进行修正,进而得到接近实际的v_S30分布,并给出基于NEHRP的宝鸡地区场地分类。     

Evaluation of digital channel network derivation methods in a glaciated subalpine catchment

The digital elevation model (DEM) has become an essential tool for an increasing array of mountain runoff analyses, particularly the derivation and mapping of stream channel networks. This study examines how well commonly applied DEM‐based channel derivation methods at different spatial resolutions can represent the channel network for a glaciated Rocky Mountain headwater catchment. The specific objectives are to (1) examine how differences in gridded DEM resolution affect spatially distributed values of local slope, specific contributing area, and topographic wetness index derived from both eight and infinite directional flow algorithms, (2) map the actual stream channel network to examine the influence of surface variables on channel initiation, and (3) assess accuracy of DEM‐derived networks compared with the field surveyed network. Results show that for the same contributing area threshold, increasing grid cell size leads to increased channelization of modeled networks. A plot of local slope versus contributing area reveals a negative relationship similar to that of prior studies in un‐glaciated areas but with breaks in slope at contributing areas that are too small to represent thresholds for channelization. Field survey results and evaluation of DEM‐derived channel networks suggest that channel network formation is not clearly related to surface topographic variables at Loch Vale. Digitally derived channel networks do not accurately predict low order channel locations, but approximations of the channel network with drainage density and headward extent of channelization similar to the observed network can be derived with both a 1 m and 10 m DEM using a contributing area threshold of approximately 4x10⁴ m². Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Loess erosion change modeling during heavy rainfall

A typical gully sub-basin with a complex geomorphological form is used to do a model test of gravity erosion of loess by considering the sequence of slopes in a prototype gully creating a sequence of underlying surface forms in the upper reaches. The results show that the runoff from heavy rainfall is the main external force for the erosion of loess, and also is an important influencing factor to stimulate and intensify the development of gravity erosion. The soil structure and the height of the...